Construção e validação de simulação clínica sobre testagem e aconselhamento para o hiv em gestantes / Construction and validation of a clinical simulation on hiv testing and counseling in pregnant women / Construcción y validación de un simulacro clínico sobre pruebas y asesoramiento del vih en mujeres embarazadas

RESUMO Objetivo: construir e validar um cenário de simulação clínica sobre a testagem rápida e aconselhamento para o HIV em gestantes. Método: estudo metodológico, de validação de aparência e conteúdo, desenvolvido no período de junho a outubro de 2020 por meio da técnica Delphi. Para a validação, foram incluídos os juízes que obtiveram cinco ou mais pontos segundo os critérios de Fehring adaptados. Os dados foram analisados mediante o cálculo do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC). Resultados: depois da primeira rodada Delphi, dois itens (5,7%) não atingiram o I-CVI necessário para validação em todos os critérios avaliados, que foram: comportamental, objetividade, simplicidade, clareza, relevância, precisão, variedade, modalidade, tipicidade e credibilidade. Ao final da segunda rodada Delphi, todos os itens (100%) atingiram o I-CVI necessário para validação. Conclusão: o roteiro se mostrou válido, contribuindo para subsidiar o ensino da testagem e do aconselhamento de gestante sobre o HIV.

ABSTRACT Objective: to construct and validate a clinical simulation scenario on rapid HIV testing and counseling in pregnant women. Method: methodological study, of appearance and content validation, developed between June and October 2020 through the Delphi technique. For validation, the judges who obtained five or more points according to the adapted Fehring criteria were included. The data were analyzed by calculating the Content Validity Index (CVI). Results: After the first Delphi round, two items (5.7%) did not reach the I-CVI required for validation in all the criteria evaluated, which were: behavioral, objectivity, simplicity, clarity, relevance, accuracy, variety, modality, typicality, and credibility. At the end of the second Delphi round, all items (100%) reached the I-CVI required for validation. Conclusion: the script proved to be valid, contributing to subsidize the teaching of HIV testing and counseling of pregnant women.

RESUMEN Objetivo: construir y validar un escenario de simulación clínica sobre pruebas rápidas y asesoramiento para el VIH en mujeres embarazadas. Método: estudio metodológico, de valoración de la apariencia y el contenido, desarrollado en el período de junio a octubre de 2020 mediante la técnica Delphi. Para la validación, se incluyeron los jueces que obtuvieron cinco o más puntos según los criterios adaptados de Fehring. Los datos se analizaron calculando el Índice de Validez del Contenido (IVC). Resultados: Tras la primera ronda Delphi, dos ítems (5,7%) no alcanzaron el I-CVI requerido para la validación en todos los criterios evaluados, que fueron: comportamiento, objetividad, simplicidad, claridad, relevancia, precisión, variedad, modalidad, tipicidad y credibilidad. Al final de la segunda ronda Delphi, todos los ítems (100%) alcanzaron el I-CVI requerido para la validación. Conclusión: el rodillo se mostró válido, contribuyendo a subvencionar la enseñanza de la prueba y el asesoramiento de gestores sobre el VIH.

Optimizing natural fertility: a committee opinion.

This committee opinion provides practitioners with suggestions for optimizing the likelihood of achieving pregnancy in couples or individuals attempting conception who have no evidence of infertility. This document replaces the document of the same name previously published in 2013 (Fertil Steril 2013;100:631-7).

Time to conceive after myomectomy: should we advise a minimum time interval? A systematic review.

The optimal time interval between myomectomy and pregnancy is unclear and no specific guidelines exist. The aim of this review was to study the time interval from myomectomy to pregnancy and the occurrence of uterine rupture after myomectomy. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and retrospective studies were used to assess the primary objective, and case reports, cases series or letters to the editor for the secondary objective. Only articles reporting myomectomy performed via the vaginal route, laparotomy, laparoscopy or robot-assisted surgery were selected for inclusion. Among 3852 women who wanted to become pregnant after the surgery, 2889 became pregnant, accounting for 3000 pregnancies (77.9%) and 2097 live births (54.4%). Mean time between myomectomy and pregnancy was estimated at 17.6 months (SD 9.2) for 2451 pregnant women. Among 1016 women, a third were advised to delay attempting to conceive for between 3 and 6 months and another third for between 6 and 12 months. A total of 70 spontaneous uterine ruptures with a mean gestational age of 31 weeks at occurrence were identified. No linear relationship was found between gestational age at the event and time interval from myomectomy to conception (P = 0.706). There are insufficient data to advise a minimal time interval between myomectomy and conception.

Maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with disorders of lipid metabolism.

OBJECTIVES: The effects of lipid metabolism disorders (LMD) on pregnancy outcomes is not well known. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of LMD on maternal and fetal outcomes. METHODS: Using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project - National Inpatient Sample from the United States, we carried out a retrospective cohort study of all births between 1999 and 2015 to determine the risks of complications in pregnant women known to have LMDs. All pregnant patients diagnosed with LMDs between 1999 and 2015 were identified using the International Classification of Disease-9 coding, which included all patients with pure hypercholesterolemia, pure hyperglyceridemia, mixed hyperlipidemia, hyperchylomicronemia, and other lipid metabolism disorders. Adjusted effects of LMDs on maternal and newborn outcomes were estimated using unconditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 13,792,544 births were included, 9,666 of which had an underlying diagnosis of LMDs for an overall prevalence of 7.0 per 10,000 births. Women with LMDs were more likely to have pregnancies complicated by diabetes, hypertension, and premature births, and to experience myocardial infarctions, venous thromboembolisms, postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal death. Their infants were at increased risk of congenital anomalies, fetal growth restriction, and fetal demise. CONCLUSIONS: Women with LMDs are at significantly higher risk of adverse maternal and newborn outcomes. Prenatal counselling should take into consideration these risks and antenatal care in specialized centres should be considered.

Telemedicine for contraceptive counseling: Patient experiences during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.

OBJECTIVE: During theCOVID-19 pandemic, many clinicians increased provision of telemedicine services. This study describes patient experiences with telemedicine for contraceptive counseling during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. STUDY DESIGN: This is a mixed-methods study which includes a web-based or phone survey and in-depth phone interviews with patients who had telemedicine visits for contraception. RESULTS: A total of 169 patients had eligible telemedicine visits between April 1 and June 30, 2020. Of these, 86 (51%) responded to the survey, and 23 (14%) participated in the interviews. We found that 86% of survey respondents were very satisfied with the telemedicine visit, and 63% said it completely met their needs. A majority (73%) strongly agreed that these visits should be maintained after the COVID-19 pandemic, and half (51%) would be very likely to choose them over in-person visits. In-depth interviews highlighted the convenience of telemedicine, especially for those with work or parenting responsibilities. Although some patients had in-person visits after telehealth, many appreciated the counseling they received remotely, and found the subsequent in-person visits more efficient. Patients identified visits that do not require physical exams as ideal visits for telehealth, and some hoped that all or most of their future visits would be telehealth visits. Many patients (43%) expressed a preference for phone over video visits. CONCLUSIONS: Patients reported an overall positive experience with telemedicine visits for contraceptive counseling during the COVID-19 pandemic. They appreciated the convenience of telemedicine visits and valued the virtual counseling experience. IMPLICATIONS: Health care providers who initiated or expanded telemedicine services for contraceptive counseling during the COVID-19 pandemic should consider continuing to offer them after the pandemic. At the policy level, these findings favor expanding access to telemedicine and providing reimbursement for virtual visits, including telephone visits.

Self-medication consultations in community pharmacy: an exploratory study on teams' performance, client-reported outcomes and satisfaction

BACKGROUND: Community pharmacy teams (CPTs) have an established role in assisting self-medication, contributing to the safe and effective use of non-prescription medicines. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to describe CPTs' performance in self-medication consultation, client-reported outcomes, and satisfaction. A secondary purpose was to develop an explanatory model for better understanding clients' satisfaction with this service. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional exploratory study. Data were collected in a purposive sample of pharmacy clients recruited in six community pharmacies in Portugal. CPTs adopted a structured approach to self-medication consultations, encompassing 11 quality criteria (five for case evaluation and six for counselling). An evaluation score, a counselling score and an overall quality score were estimated. Client-reported outcomes and satisfaction were ascertained via a follow-up telephone interview. Besides descriptive statistics, the association with several independent variables on the clients' overall satisfaction was explored, using linear regression. RESULTS: Product-based dispensing was more frequent for lower educated clients. Reported compliance with the criteria by CPTs was overall high (93.95% of maximum compliance), mostly missing the 'other medication' questioning. Most clients (93%) reported improvement after the consultation. Clients' satisfaction score was 4.70 out of 5. The variables that seem to better explain clients' overall satisfaction are pharmacy loyalty, the evaluation score, and the female gender. CONCLUSIONS: Clients' reported outcomes were favourable, as well as satisfaction with the service. Clients' satisfaction appears to be determined by consultation quality (evaluation score), suggesting the advancement of the pharmacists' clinical role. A larger study is warranted to confirm these findings

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Improving Cardiovascular Health in a Pediatric Preventive Cardiology Practice.

Poor childhood cardiovascular health translates into poor adult cardiovascular health. We hypothesized care in a preventive cardiology clinic would improve cardiovascular health after lifestyle counseling. Over a median of 3.9 months, mean cardiovascular health score (range 0-11) improved from 5.8 ± 2.2 to 6.3 ± 2.1 (P < .001) in 767 children.

Implementation of a Standardized Approach to Improve the Pediatric Discharge Medication Process.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The pediatric inpatient discharge medication process is complicated, and caregivers have difficulty managing instructions. Authors of few studies evaluate systematic processes for ensuring quality in these care transitions. We aimed to improve caregiver medication management and understanding of discharge medications by standardizing the discharge medication process. METHODS: An interprofessional team at an urban, tertiary care children's hospital trialed interventions to improve caregiver medication management and understanding. These included mnemonics to aid in complete medication counseling, electronic medical record enhancements to standardize medication documentation and simplify dose rounding, and housestaff education. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of discharge medication-related failures in each 4-week period. Failure was defined as an incorrect response on ≥1 survey questions. Statistical process control was used to analyze improvement over time. Process measures related to medication documentation and dose rounding were compared by using the χ2 test and process control. RESULTS: Special cause variation occurred in the mean discharge medication-related failure rate, which decreased from 70.1% to 36.1% and was sustained. There were significantly more complete after-visit summaries (21.0% vs 85.1%; P < .001) and more patients with simplified dosing (75.2% vs 95.6%; P < .001) in the intervention period. Special cause variation also occurred for these measures. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic approach to standardizing the discharge medication process led to improved caregiver medication management and understanding after pediatric inpatient discharge. These changes could be adapted by other hospitals to enhance the quality of this care transition.

Infant growth during the first year of life following a pregnancy lifestyle intervention in routine care-Findings from the cluster-randomised GeliS trial.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle interventions in pregnancy may influence postpartum development and obesity risk in offspring. The impact of lifestyle interventions as health system-based approaches is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of an antenatal lifestyle intervention conducted as public health approach on infant development and feeding practices. METHODS: We followed offspring born to women participating in the cluster-randomised GeliS trial who received usual care (CG) or repeated lifestyle counselling (IG). We collected data on offspring development and complementary feeding until the 12th month postpartum. RESULTS: Of the 1998 mother-child pairs, 1783 completed the follow-up. Mean infant weight at 12 months was comparable between groups (IG: 9497.9 ± 1137.0 g; CG: 9433.4 ± 1055.2 g; P = .177). There was no significant evidence of differences in sex- and age-adjusted z-scores or in the odds of offspring being overweight. More infants in the IG received whole-grain products compared to the CG (95.6% vs. 90.8%; P = .003). Despite small differences in the timing of introducing solid foods, there were no further significant differences in the pattern of complementary feeding. CONCLUSIONS: The antenatal lifestyle intervention embedded in routine care did not substantially influence infant anthropometrics and is thus unlikely to impact future development.

Sport activity in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: evidence and perspectives.

Demographic characteristics of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices have significantly changed during the last few years, according to the ageing of the population and the consequent increase in the number of elderly individuals with indication for pacemaker implant and, on the other hand, to the increased number of young individuals implanted with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator for the primary prevention of sudden death. More and more often, both elderly and young patients ask the physician to deal with the device in their daily activities, which often include sport practice. This latter is advisable because of its recognized benefits on cardiovascular prevention, although there are many limitations for patients with a cardiac implantable electronic device. Hence, the need to balance the patient's request with the appropriate precautions emerging from existing evidence. The current article aims to provide an overview of the most recent data on this topic, derived from registries and observational studies. Over the years an attempt to standardize recommendations has been made, but robust evidence is still lacking. Substantial differences exist between countries based on their sports regulations. Official recommendations of European and American Scientific Societies are resumed. The future perspective is to obtain data to allow these patients a safer practice of sport activity also through technological advances in terms of device materials and programming improvement and the possibility of remote monitoring.

Enhanced Recovery and Surgical Optimization Protocol for Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery: An AAGL White Paper.

This is the first Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) guideline dedicated to standardizing and optimizing perioperative care for women undergoing minimally invasive gynecologic surgery. The guideline was rigorously formulated by an American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists Task Force of US and Canadian gynecologic surgeons with special interest and experience in adapting ERAS practices for patients requiring minimally invasive gynecologic surgery. It builds on the 2016 ERAS Society recommendations for perioperative care in gynecologic/oncologic surgery by serving as a more comprehensive reference for minimally invasive endoscopic and vaginal surgery for both benign and malignant gynecologic conditions. For example, the section on preoperative optimization provides more specific recommendations derived from the ambulatory surgery and anesthesia literature for the management of anemia, hyperglycemia, and obstructive sleep apnea. Recommendations pertaining to multimodal analgesia account for the recent Food and Drug Administration warnings about respiratory depression from gabapentinoids. The guideline focuses on workflows important to high-value care in minimally invasive surgery, such as same-day discharge, and tackles controversial issues in minimally invasive surgery, such as thromboprophylaxis. In these ways, the guideline supports the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists and our collective mission to elevate the quality and safety of healthcare for women through excellence in clinical practice.

Bilateral immediate two-stage breast reconstruction in patients with unilateral breast cancer: Outcomes analysis and risk assessment.

INTRODUCTION: Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy has the potential to decrease the occurrence of cancer and reduce psychological burden. However, it is known that complications after bilateral mastectomy are higher compared with unilateral mastectomy. Our goal was to evaluate outcomes of immediate breast reconstruction in patients undergoing bilateral mastectomy and to compare complication rates between therapeutic and prophylactic sides. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Electronic medical records of patients with unilateral breast cancer who underwent bilateral mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with expanders were reviewed. Postoperative complications were compared between therapeutic and prophylactic mastectomy sides. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients were analyzed. The overall complication rate after both stages was 23.9% on the therapeutic side and 16.5% on the prophylactic side. Infection was the most common complication on both sides. All infections on the prophylactic mastectomy side were successfully treated with intravenous (IV) antibiotics (salvage rate of 100%), whereas 35.7% of infected tissue expander/implants on the therapeutic mastectomy side were explanted despite treatment. CONCLUSION: Careful counselling of patients undergoing elective contralateral prophylactic mastectomy is essential as complications can develop in either breast after reconstruction.

Reduced Alcohol Use Is Sustained in Patients Provided Alcohol-Related Counseling During Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic hepatitis C and risky/harmful alcohol use experience poor outcomes. Granular data evaluating whether alcohol counseling during hepatitis C treatment impacts longitudinal alcohol consumption are lacking. AIMS: To evaluate whether provider-delivered counseling in the context of direct-acting antiviral hepatitis C treatment associates with decreased longitudinal alcohol consumption. METHODS: We performed secondary data analysis from the Hep ART study including adults with hepatitis C who underwent provider-delivered counseling during direct-acting antiviral treatment between October 2014 and September 2017. Demographics and disease characteristics were summarized. Alcohol consumption, abstinence, and heavy drinking were evaluated in periods before, during, and after direct-acting antiviral treatment. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of alcohol consumption with each 12-week time period for all patients and a subsample with cirrhosis. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-three patients were included; 41 had cirrhosis. Most patients were male (74.0%) and Black (58.5%). Alcohol consumption improved during direct-acting antiviral treatment and was notably sustained (< 12 weeks before treatment 32.5 g/day; during treatment 20.0 g/day; and 12-24 weeks after treatment 23.7 g/day). Multivariable analyses showed significantly improved alcohol consumption metrics during and after antiviral treatment compared to < 12 weeks before treatment (during treatment 13.04 g/day less, p = 0.0001; > 24 weeks after treatment 15.29 g/day less, p = 0.0001). The subsample with cirrhosis showed similar results (during treatment 13.21 g/day less, p = 0.0001; > 24 weeks after treatment 7.69 g/day less, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic HCV and risky/harmful alcohol use given provider-delivered alcohol-related counseling during HCV treatment sustain decreased alcohol consumption patterns during and after treatment.

The experience of general practitioners with Very Brief Advice in the treatment of tobacco addiction.

Although tobacco smoking is the world's most important preventable cause of many chronic diseases (including COPD and asthma) and premature death, many physicians do not routinely apply smoking cessation in the daily health care of their patients. Two widely felt important concerns of physicians are that smoking cessation as part of a treatment is time-consuming and may jeopardize their relationship with patients. Very Brief Advice (VBA) is a non-confrontational method, which could assist general practitioners (GPs) as a simple, quick first step in getting patients to stop smoking. In this study, we investigated the opinions and experiences of GPs with VBA in their routine care in two rounds of telephone interviews with 19 GPs. The interviews were recorded and transcribed and subsequently analysed with NVivo12. We observed that the GPs had a very positive experience with using VBA. They found the method to be efficient as to the time involved, patient-friendly and easy to implement.

The effect of individualized education with support on breast cancer patients' anxiety and depression during radiation therapy: A pilot study.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to determine the effects of individualized education with support intervention on breast cancer patients' anxiety and depression while undergoing radiation therapy (RT). Moreover, the intervention was assessed for its feasibility in the context of Pakistan. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design was used to conduct this study in RT department of a public hospital in Karachi. A total of 61 breast cancer patients receiving radiation as adjuvant therapy participated in the study. The experimental group (n = 31) received individualized education with support in the form of face-to-face sessions and information booklet prior to the commencement of RT. In addition, the nurse remained available for the consultation during the RT sessions and on telephone throughout the RT period. However, the control group received only information booklet. Patients' anxiety and depression were measured in both of the groups before the commencement of RT, and at the completion of RT by using the Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS). RESULTS: A significant reduction was found in the overall mean anxiety and depression scores of the experimental group (p = 0.000) from pre-test to post-test. The overall mean anxiety and depression scores of the control group showed no significant difference (p = 0.187). The effect size of the intervention was large (Cohen's d = 2.5). CONCLUSION: The intervention was effective in reducing anxiety and depression among breast cancer patients receiving RT. Replication of the study on a larger scale in multiple settings on other cancer patients is recommended.

Analysis of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions to laypersons in an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest / Análisis de las instrucciones de la reanimación cardiopulmonar guiada por teléfono en paradas cardiacas extrahospitalarias atendidas por ciudadanos

Randomized simulation trial to analyze dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions provided from the emergency call center in an out-of-hospital heart arrest assisted by lay persons. An analysis of the telephone instructions was performed using a 14-item checklist by two external researchers. Simulations lasted nine minutes. Twenty-one volunteers were enrolled. All of them started resuscitation maneuvers. Telephone instructions were verbalized in very heterogeneous ways. Half of the indicators exceeded 90% compliance. Frequently the recommendation of push hard and fast on the patient's chest was omitted and the dispatcher tended to mark a slower compression rate. The average time from the call to the start of the resuscitation was 3 min 33 s (SD: 1 min 7 s). The telephone instructions were verbalized in a very heterogeneous way. It is necessary to standardize and provide training in how to guide a dispatcher-assisted resuscitation

Estudio de simulación para analizar el contenido de las instrucciones telefónicas de reanimación cardiopulmonar emitidas por un centro coordinador de urgencias durante la parada cardiaca extrahospitalaria asistida por ciudadanos sin entrenamiento. Cada simulación duró nueve minutos. El análisis de las instrucciones telefónicas fue realizado por dos observadores mediante una lista de comprobación de catorce indicadores. Participaron veintiún voluntarios. Todos fueron capaces de iniciar maniobras de reanimación. La mitad de los indicadores superaron el 90% de cumplimiento. Frecuentemente se omitió la necesidad de comprimir fuerte y rápido el tórax, con tendencia a marcar un ritmo de compresiones lento. El tiempo medio desde la llamada hasta el inicio de la reanimación fue de 3 min 33 s (DE: 1 min 7 s). Las instrucciones telefónicas se verbalizaron de formas muy heterogéneas. Es preciso normalizar y entrenar la forma de guiar telefónicamente una reanimación

HPV: Injecting Truth into the Vaccine and Making Effective Recommendations.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization rates are significantly below the Healthy People 2020 target of 80% and lag behind other adolescent vaccines that are given at the same time. There is no top reason for parents' lack of HPV initiation, and many concerns could be addressed by talking to a health care provider. This article aims to equip clinicians with information regarding the impa-cts of HPV, address vaccine concerns, and guide clinicians with best practices regarding effective vaccine recommendations.[Pediatr Ann. 2020;49(6):e244-e247.].