ABSTRACT
Attention precues improve the performance of perceptual tasks in many but not all circumstances. These spatial attention effects may depend upon display set size or workload, and have been variously attributed to external noise filtering, stimulus enhancement, contrast gain, or response gain, or to uncertainty or other decision effects. In this study, we document systematically different effects of spatial attention in low- and high-precision judgments, with and without external noise, and in different set sizes in order to contribute to the development of a taxonomy of spatial attention. An elaborated perceptual template model (ePTM) provides an integrated account of a complex set of effects of spatial attention with just two attention factors: a set-size dependent exclusion or filtering of external noise and a narrowing of the perceptual template to focus on the signal stimulus. These results are related to the previous literature by classifying the judgment precision and presence of external noise masks in those experiments, suggesting a taxonomy of spatially cued attention in discrimination accuracy.
Subject(s)
Attention/classification , Cues , Discrimination, Psychological/classification , Psychomotor Performance/classification , Space Perception/classification , Visual Perception/physiology , Adult , Attention/physiology , Discrimination, Psychological/physiology , Humans , Judgment , Models, Psychological , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Space Perception/physiologyABSTRACT
Durante las últimas décadas se ha demostrado que la experiencia con el habla cambia la percepción fonética en humanos. Varios estudios más recientes realizados con animales han demostrado que, al igual que en los humanos, una experiencia previa con los estímulos del habla también cambia su percepción de los estímulos fonéticos. Estos estudios, en mayor o menor medida, se han basado en procedimientos con entrenamiento para medir la capacidad de discriminación fonética en los animales. En el presente estudio se realizaron dos experimentos con ratas con la intención de explorar la influencia de la exposición previa a estímulos fonéticos, usando una medida que permitiera obtener una respuesta del animal sin necesidad de un entrenamiento extenso. Los resultados mostraron que una experiencia previa con estímulos fonéticos modifica su percepción. Las ratas expuestas previamente a sonidos del mismo conjunto fonético que el usado en la fase de prueba, mostraron un nivel de generalización más alto de los estímulos cercanos al estímulo referente en comparación a un grupo de ratas previamente expuestas a un conjunto de sonidos distinto y a otro grupo de ratas no expuestas previamente a ningún sonido (AU)
During the last decades it has been demonstrated that language experience changes phonetic perception in humans. Some of the recent studies with animals have also revealed that, like humans, linguistic experience also changes phonetic perception in animals. These studies have relied on training procedures to measure phonetic discrimination. In the current study two experiments with rats were run to explore the role of phonetic pre-exposition using a training-exempt procedure. The results revealed that previous non reinforced exposure to phonetic stimuli modifies their subsequent perception. Rats previously exposed and tested with sounds from the same phonetic set showed a higher generalization level of these sounds than a group of rats previously exposed to a distinct phonetic set and a group of rats not previously exposed to any speech sound (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Rats , Sensation/physiology , Phonetics , Discrimination, Psychological/classification , Discrimination, Psychological/physiology , Psychology, Experimental/methods , Psychology, Experimental/trends , Psychology, Comparative/methods , Psychology, Comparative/trends , Perception/physiology , Psychology, Experimental/organization & administration , Psychology, Experimental/standards , Analysis of Variance , Psychology, Comparative/organization & administrationABSTRACT
A diminished top-down influence has been proposed in autism, to account for enhanced performance in low-level perceptual tasks. Applied to perceptual categorization, this hypothesis predicts a diminished influence of category on discrimination. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared categorical perception in 16 individuals with and 16 individuals without high-functioning autism. While participants with and without autism displayed a typical classification curve, there was no facilitation of discrimination near the category boundary in the autism group. The absence of influence of categorical knowledge on discrimination suggests an increased autonomy of low-level perceptual processes in autism, in the form of a reduced top-down influence from categories toward discrimination.
Subject(s)
Autistic Disorder/psychology , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Discrimination, Psychological/classification , Perception/classification , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
La epidemia VIH/SIDA ha crecido aceleradamente en apenas 20 años después de su descubrimiento. Por su forma principal de transmisión, i.e., sexo y sangre, está asociada a aspectos humanos de dificil abordaje en el entorno social, familiar y personal, colocando al individuo infectado o altamente vulnerable a la infección, en condiciones de desventajas social y económicas, que producen discriminación y estigmatización. Con el afán de establecer un proceso de análisis y discusión crítica de lo9s elementos y factores que afectan a las personas conviviendo con VIH/SIDA (PVS), y a los que estan en riesgo elevado de contraerlo, se promovió un encuentro nacional sobre el tema de derechos humanos y HIV/SIDA, con amplia participación de organizaciones ciudadanas trabajando en la temática, la Asociación Nacional de PVS, organismo del Estado, empresa privada, organizaciones gremialesy agencias de cooperación internacional. Se hizo evidente la alta carga de discriminación y estigma que todavía prevalece en la sociedad hondureña, tanto para la PVS como para aquellas que pertenecen a colectivos sociales débiles y marginados (homosexuales, meretrices, garifunas, niños abandonados, entre otros). Finalmente se elaboró un listado de propuestas inmediatas a desarrollar, para mantener una lucha sistemática de defensa y promoción de los derechos humanos en el campo de la epidemia HIV/SIDA
Subject(s)
Humans , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/psychology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Opportunistic Infections/complications , Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Discrimination, Psychological/classification , Prejudice , Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
O artigo busca refletir - através do testemunho narrativo de Rigoberta Menchú como uma das expressões da alteridade latino-americana - as questões relativas a uma justaposição dos conceitos de identificação e identidade no contexto da globalização. Essa justaposição ofusca o discurso político da alteridade pela construção de uma racionalidade homogênea de desenvolvimento econômico, político e cultural, que, ao trabalhar com a verossimilhança de significados, interdita a enunciação de vozes locais, a partir de seus contextos posicionais(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Identification, Psychological , Discrimination, Psychological/classification , Social Group , CommunicationABSTRACT
This chapter examines racial disparities in the application of zero tolerance, describes legal avenues available to parents and children's advocates, and summarizes recent court decisions issued on school discipline cases.
