Diseases of Africans, an African disease: transformations of quijila between Central West Africa and Minas Gerais, in Brazil, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. / Doenças de africanos, doença africana: transformações da quijila, entre a África centro-ocidental e as Minas Gerais, Brasil, séculos XVII e XVIII.

This article discusses the origin of quijila/kijila in Central West African culture, more particularly in the cultural universe of the Imbangala (Jaga) and the Ambundu and Kimbundu populations who lived in the Portuguese regions of Angola and the Congo in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Following this, it investigates how the concept of quijila was structured, comprehended, and transformed, both in Africa, where it was basically a food prohibition, but whose applications and meanings varied; and in Brazil, to where it was transported in the 1700s, and where it transformed into a disease which attacked blacks, especially Africans of various origins, being framed as such in the Hippocratic-Galen universe characteristic of that time.

Este artigo discute a origem da quijila/kijila na cultura centro-ocidental africana, mais particularmente no universo cultural dos imbangalas (jagas) e das populações ambundos e kimbundos, que viviam nas regiões portuguesas de Angola e do Congo, nos séculos XVII e XVIII. Em seguida, investiga como foi estruturado, compreendido e transformado o conceito de quijila tanto na África, basicamente um interdito alimentar, mas cujos significados e aplicações variam, quanto no Brasil, para onde foi transportado nos Setecentos, transformando-se numa doença que atacava os negros, especialmente os africanos de diversas origens, sendo enquadrada pelos médicos locais no universo da medicina hipocrática-galena vigente na época.

Las enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes: una mirada desde la obra del Dr. Juan Guiteras Gener / Emerging and re-emerging diseases: a look from the work of Dr. Juan Guiteras Gener

RESUMEN Se describen los principales aspectos de la labor del Dr. Juan Guiteras con relación a la sanidad cubana y a los avances de la ciencia de su época. Se presenta la situación higiénico-epidemiológica y las principales actividades de control realizadas bajo su dirección. Se siguió el método histórico-lógico, apoyado en la técnica de la revisión documental. En documentos del Archivo Histórico Provincial José Jacinto Milanés, y en artículos científicos del período, se revisaron informaciones y estadísticas de las principales epidemias ocurridas en Cuba entre 1900 y 1925: viruela, paludismo, fiebre amarilla, poliomielitis, peste bubónica, la gripe de 1918-1919 y la tuberculosis. Estas enfermedades se caracterizaron por una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. La respuesta institucional ante las epidemias fue acertada y oportuna, a partir de los recursos y avances científicos con los que contaban: permitió erradicar la fiebre amarilla (1908), la peste bubónica (1915), la viruela (1923), y disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad de la gripe, la tuberculosis, la fiebre tifoidea, la poliomielitis y el paludismo. El Dr. Guiteras tuvo una participación decisiva en el control de las epidemias y en la sanidad de la Isla, desde sus altos cargos en el ramo (AU).

ABSTRACT The main aspects of Juan Guiteras Gener's work in relation to Cuban health care and to the scientific advances of his times are described. The hygienic-epidemiological situation of those times and the main control activities carried out under his direction are presented. The historical-logical method was followed, based on documental review technique. Information and statistics of the main epidemics that occurred in Cuba in the period 1900-1925: smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, bubonic plague, 1918-1919 influenza, and tuberculosis were reviewed in documents of the Archivo Histórico Provincial José Jacinto Milanés[Provincial Historic Archive Jose Jacinto Milanes] and in scientific articles of the period. Those diseases were characterized by a high morbidity and mortality. The institutional answer toward epidemics was successful and timely, based on the resources and scientific advances then had: it allowed to eradicate yellow fever (1908), bubonic plague (1915), smallpox (1923) and decrease the morbidity and mortality of influenza, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, poliomyelitis and malaria. Doctor Guiteras made a decisive contribution in the control of epidemics and health in the Island, due to his high responsibilities in the field (AU).

Salud en Penitenciaria: acerca de un Documento Inédito de la Historia de la Salud en Chile, 1853 / Health in Penitentiary: about an Unpublished Document on the History of Health in Chile, 1853

El presente artículo presenta un documento inédito de la historia republicana de Chile donde se muestra el estado de la Penitenciaría de Santiago, principal centro de reclusión nacional en el siglo XIX y que da a conocer la vida y labor de los reos como, asimismo, del quehacer del personal administrativo.

This article presents an unpublished document of the republican history of Chile showing the state of the Penitentiary of Santiago, the main center of national detention in the nineteenth century and that publicizes the life and work of the ins and outs, as well as the work of administrative staff.

Linking isotope analysis and paleopathology: An andean perspective.

This paper reviews the significant advances in isotopic investigations in Andean South America and directs scholars to explore new theoretical and analytical directions, specifically the applicability of isotope data to paleopathology. Excellent preservation and large skeletal collections of human remains make the Central Andes ideal for biogeochemical reconstructions and advancements in isotopic methods. Our aims are twofold: first, we present a meta-analysis of stable and radiogenic isotope research in the Central Andes since 1985, and highlight those that combine analyses of isotope ratios and pathological conditions. Second, we discuss useful directions for incorporating stable isotope analysis more explicitly in studies of paleopathology in the Andes more in the future. Principle research foci have described dietary variation and regional population mobility since the 1980s, where early methodological explorations identified significant trends in isotopic variation. For the years 1980-2017, we identified 96 scholarly publications through a meta-data analysis of major peer-reviewed journals, book chapters, and conference proceedings. These demonstrate specific trends in topical and methodological preferences across the Andean region and a shift from 10 publications pre-1997 to 67 in the last 10 years. However, combined isotope and paleopathology studies in this region remain sparse; given the ecological, geological, and cultural complexity of the Central Andes, analyses of pathological conditions in different regions would significantly benefit from the information on diet, mobility, and local ecology that isotope ratios provide. Isotope analysis requires destruction of archaeological tissues, and interpreting isotope data can be complex, but it can also provide unique insights into the pathogenesis of multifactorial conditions and assist differential diagnosis. Therefore, we also discuss research designs for pairing isotopic and paleopathological variables that will allow researchers to better capture disease ecologies in archaeological samples and their variation across different regions, within related sites, and within individual lifespans.

An introduction to advances in Andean South American paleopathology.

In the 20 years since the publication of John Verano's foundational paper "Advances in Paleopathology of Andean South America," paleopathological and bioarchaeological investigations of human skeletal remains in the region have increased dramatically. Today, primary foci have grown to span the identification of disease, detailed reconstructions of biocultural interactions, embodied social experiences, and ancient living worlds. In this special issue, more than a dozen scholars reflect on the state of developments in the scientific analyses of ancient disease, life, and society across the region. For this introductory article, we frame the current state of Andean paleopathology by reviewing key historical contributions beginning in the last century. More recent trends since 1997 are defined via a meta-analysis of the literature. We then highlight current innovations and consider future directions of study. We then close with an overview of the papers comprising this special issue. Each article explores major theoretical, topical, and methodological advances that have transpired since 1997 and charts the course for the next two decades of work - with implications and insights that transcend the Andes and speak to key paleopathological issues around the world.

Cranial modification and the shapes of heads across the Andes.

This broad literature review considers advances in the study of cranial vault modification with an emphasis on investigations of Andean skeletal remains over the last two decades. I delimit three broad categories of research, building on Verano's synthesis of the state of Andean paleopathology in 1997. These are associations with skeletal pathological conditions, classification and morphology, and social identity. Progress is noted in each of these areas with a particular emphasis on methodological advances in studying morphology as well as the growth of contextualized bioarchaeology and the incorporation of social theory in the consideration of cranial modification as a cultural practice. The article concludes with avenues for future research on head shaping in the Andes specifically and paleopathology more broadly.

Paleopathology and children in the Andes: Local/situated biologies and future directions.

In the decades since Verano (1997) published his foundational piece on Andean paleopathology, scholars have recognized the importance of the bioarchaeology of childhood. Yet, scholarship on ancient childhood in the Andes deemphasizes paleopathology. Nonadult paleopathological data are often employed in large-scale, biocultural studies focused on environmental or political adaptations; however, they can also elucidate children's individual lived experiences and roles in society. To generate culturally-meaningful paleopathological data, we must take a contextualized approach to our analyses and interpretations. Disparate use of chronological age in published datasets makes synthesis across studies problematic, and ethnohistorical and ethnographic data on Andean children demonstrate that developmental age categories, rather than chronological age ranges, are most appropriate. Further, paleopathological data can best inform our investigations when they are combined with related datasets such as those on sex, diet, activity, and mobility. With that in mind, we use the theoretical framework of "local biologies" (and the related "situated biologies"), where biology is viewed as heavily contingent on culturally-specific beliefs and practices and local physical, sociocultural, and political environments (Lock, 1993, 2001; Niewöhner and Lock, 2018). Local biologies approaches can enrich social bioarchaeology and paleopathology to by specifically situating children and their experiences within the ancient Andean world.

Looking back, looking forward: Paleopathology in Andean South America.

Over the past twenty years, the field of Andean paleopathology has advanced significantly thanks to a new generation of scholars who have been attracted to this region and whose innovative research has expanded our knowledge substantially. The papers in this special issue demonstrate how the field of Andean paleopathology has diversified and grown to become what is today a truly interdisciplinary enterprise involving archaeology, ethnohistory, biological anthropology, geochemistry, medical imaging, and genetics. These studies apply theoretical approaches to research questions that are increasingly innovative and nuanced as well as analytical methods that were in their infancy when I wrote my 1997 survey of the field.

Advances in regional paleopathology of the Southern Coast of the Central Andes.

Because of a rich cultural history and excellent preservation of archaeological materials the south coast of the Central Andes is a region where many anthropological questions can be explored, using the latest methods and techniques. Over the last 20 years, multidisciplinary paleopathological studies have revealed interesting and unanticipated perspectives regarding the lives and cultures of the peoples who inhabited this region in pre-Hispanic times. This paper presents a panorama of these recent investigations, beginning with a review of the data sources - the collections of human remains - available for study, their numbers, preservation, accessibility, strengths and weaknesses. Then follows a revision of recent investigations, presenting new knowledge about temporal trends in human health in the region, including mortality curves, stature achieved in adulthood, porotic hyperososis, cribra orbitalia, linear enamel hypoplasias, dental caries, biochemical analysis, trauma, and violence. This review shows how the knowledge of the history of this region has increased but also the many new questions that have emerged. Hopefully this paper will encourage more investigation, as the collections of human remains from this region are abundant, well documented and well preserved.

Advances in paleopathology in context: A focus on soft tissue paleopathology.

Skeletal and mummified remains from South America have had a significant impact on the progress of paleopathological research. In 1997, John Verano synthesized the state of paleopathological research, identifying trends and highlighting future potentials. The goal of this contribution is to consider Verano's observations on advances in soft tissue paleopathology within the context of the development of the field of mummy studies. As his article was published near the midpoint between the present and the early 1970s, when the modern form of mummy studies began to form, considering his observations in this context allows researchers the opportunity to consider how the field has progressed since the late 1990s.

VIII Taller de Historia Social de la Salud y la Enfermedad en Argentina y América Latina Octubre de 2018 en la Ciudad de Córdoba, República Argentina / VIII Workshop on Social History of Health and Disease in Argentina and Latin America October 2018 in the city of Córdoba, Argentina

En el siguiente número se incluyen los resúmenes de los trabajos presentados en el VIII Taller de Historia Social de la Salud y la Enfermedad en Argentina y América Latina Octubre de 2018 en la Ciudad de Córdoba, República Argentina. Organizadas desde el Centro de Estudios de Cultura y Sociedad (CONICET-UNC) en la Ciudad de Córdoba bajo el tema "Procesos de salud, enfermedad y prácticas de curar: miradas interdisciplinarias en la construcción del conocimiento". El Taller se constituyó en un ámbito privilegiado para la construcción de conocimiento científico, la socialización y la discusión en torno a diversas problemáticas de la agenda actual y en constante renovación a través de miradas que atraviesan una multiplicidad de disciplinas y aproximaciones epistemológicas y metodológicas de investigadores/as de distintas partes de país y del extranjero. Como se evidencia en este compendio, los re-súmenes presentados atraviesan distintos ejes clave incluidos en las mesas temáticas del taller como son: género y salud; psicología y psiquiatría; estados, instituciones, actores y políticas sanitarias; viejas y nuevas enfermedades; condiciones de vida, salud y saberes; nuevas propuestas, enfoques y herramientas en torno a la salud; formación socio-histórica de profesionales en salud y profesionalización de las artes del curar, curanderismo y prác-ticas empíricas.

The following issue includes the abstracts of the papers presented at the VIII Workshop on Social History of Health and Disease in Argentina and Latin America October 2018 in the city of Córdoba, Argentina. Organized by the Center for the Study of Culture and Society (CONICET-UNC) in the city of Córdoba under the theme "Health processes, disease and healing practices: interdisciplinary views in the construction of knowledge". The Workshop was constituted in a privileged environment for the construction of scientific knowledge, socialization and discussion around diverse problems of the current agenda and in constant renovation through views that cross a multiplicity of disciplines and epistemological and methodological approaches of researchers from different parts of the country and abroad. As shown in this compendium, the summaries presented cross different key areas included in the thematic tables of the workshop, such as: gender and health; psychology and psychiatry; states, institutions, actors and health policies; old and new diseases; living conditions, health and knowledge; new proposals, approaches and tools in the field of health; socio-historical training of health professionals and professionalization of the healing arts, curatorship and empirical practices.

O número seguinte inclui os resumos dos trabalhos apresentados no VIII Workshop de História Social da Saúde e das Doenças na Argentina e na América Latina em outubro de 2018 na cidade de Córdoba, Argentina. Organizado pelo Centro de Estudos de Cultura e Sociedade (CONICET-UNC) da cidade de Córdoba sob o tema "Processos de saúde, doenças e práticas curativas: visões interdisciplinares na construção do conhecimento". O Workshop foi constituído num ambiente privilegiado para a construção do conhecimento científico, socialização e discussão em torno de diversos problemas da agenda actual e em constante renovação através de visões que cruzam uma multiplicidade de disciplinas e abordagens epistemológicas e metodológicas de investigadores de diferentes partes do país e do estrangeiro. Como mostra este compêndio, os resumos apresentados cruzam diferentes áreas-chave incluídas nas tabelas temáticas da oficina, tais como: gênero e saúde; psicologia e psiquiatria; estados, instituições, atores e políticas de saúde; doenças antigas e novas; condições de vida, saúde e conhecimento; novas propostas, abordagens e ferramentas no campo da saúde; formação sócio-histórica dos profissionais de saúde e profissionalização das artes curativas, curadoria e práticas empíricas.

Novas raças, novas doenças: a possibilidade colonizadora por meio da mistura racial em History of Brazil (1810-1819) de Robert Southey / New races, new diseases: the possibility of colonization through racial mixing in History of Brazil (1810-1819) by Robert Southey

Resumo A possibilidade de o clima alterar o temperamento de pessoas não nativas de determinada região era crença difundida desde antes do descobrimento da América. As mudanças de ar, temperatura e alimentação, acreditava-se, poderiam contribuir decisivamente para a degeneração ou o florescimento das raças. No Novo Mundo, as raças negra, europeia e indígena foram mescladas, reconfigurando doenças europeias. Exploro neste artigo como, na avaliação do historiador Robert Southey, essa mistura de raças foi tida como bastante positiva, principalmente a do indígena com a do português, que gerava o mameluco. Os paulistas, que eram mamelucos, foram apresentados em History of Brazil como herdeiros do temperamento empreendedor português e da infatigabilidade indígena.

Abstract The possibility that the climate altered the temperament of people who were not native to a given region was a widely held belief even before the discovery of the Americas. Changes in air, temperature, and diet were believed to contribute decisively to whether races degenerated or flourished. In the New World, the black, European, and indigenous races mixed, reconfiguring European diseases. I explore how historian Robert Southey viewed this mixture of races in a positive light, especially the mixture of indigenous and Portuguese blood, resulting in the mameluco. The mamelucos from São Paulo are presented in Southey’s History of Brazil as inheriting the Portuguese enterprising spirit with the tireless nature of the indigenous people.

Normal e Patológico no naturalismo e no normativismo em saúde: a controvérsia entre Boorse e Nordenfelt / Normal and Pathological at naturalism and normativism in health: the controversy between Boorse and Nordenfelt

Resumo Partindo do pressuposto que a demarcação entre o normal e patológico é flutuante e que o debate se atualiza constantemente, o intuito deste artigo é ampliar o leque de discussão sobre esses conceitos como forma de oferecer subsídios para resistir à patologização da existência sem abrir mão dos mesmos, que são fundamentais para a prática médica. O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar as disputas entre as perspectivas normativistas e naturalistas contemporâneas que buscam clarificar os conceitos genéricos de saúde e doença. A análise do estatuto epistemológico dos conceitos de saúde e doença ou de normal e patológico foi extensamente realizada por Canguilhem na década de 1940 e, atualmente, a investigação da temática indica que o aparato conceitual canguilhemiano merece ser refinado. Em função disso, apresenta-se a controvérsia na literatura filosófica anglo-saxônica entre as perspectivas naturalista e normativista, com base nos trabalhos de Christopher Boorse e Lennart Nordenfelt. Enquanto Boorse contribui para a discussão ao trazer um conceito naturalista e funcionalista da saúde a partir da ideia de uma "norma não normativa", Nordenfelt pauta a saúde na ação pragmática do sujeito no mundo, considerando o terreno da manifestação afetiva do ser humano.

Abstract Assuming that the demarcation between normal and pathological is unfunded and that the debate is constantly updated, this article aimed to expand the range of discussion of these concepts in order to offer subsidies to resist the pathologization of existence without denying these concepts that are fundamental for clinical practice. It aims to present the dispute between the naturalist and normativist contemporary perspectives seeking to clarify the general concepts of health and disease. The analysis of the epistemological status of the concepts of health and disease or normal and pathological was widely held by Canguilhem in the 1940s and, currently, the subject of research indicates that the conceptual Canguilhemian apparatus deserves to be refined. As a result, the controversy in the Anglo-Saxon philosophical literature between naturalistic and normativist perspectives by reference to the work of Christopher Boorse and Lennart Nordenfelt is presented. While Boorse contributes to the discussion by bringing a naturalist and health functionalist concept from the idea of a "non-normative norm," Nordenfelt anchors health in pragmatic action of the subject in the world, considering the field of affective expressions of the human being.

[A brief history of the natural causes of human disease]. / Breve historia de las causas naturales de la enfermedad humana.

In the study of the causes of disease that have arisen during the development of humankind, one can distinguish three major perspectives: the natural, the supernatural, and the artificial. In this paper we distinguish the rational natural causes of disease from the irrational natural causes. Within the natural and rational causal approaches of disease, we can highlight the Egyptian theory of putrid intestinal materials called "wechdu", the humoral theory, the atomistic theory, the contagious theory, the cellular theory, the molecular (genetic) theory, and the ecogenetic theory. Regarding the irrational, esoteric, and mystic causal approaches to disease, we highlight the astrological, the alchemical, the iatrochemical, the iatromechanical, and others (irritability, solidism, brownism, and mesmerism).

[Luís Gomes Ferreira reports on the health of slaves in his work entitled Erário mineral (1735)]. / Relatos de Luís Gomes Ferreira sobre a saúde dos escravos na obraErário mineral (1735).

The article analyzes the reports of Luís Gomes Ferreira published in his manual on practical medicine entitled Erário mineral, of 1735, on the most common illnesses in captivity. It is shown that such reports can be interpreted as a criticism of the social relations of the slave era by issuing some warnings to the landowners who failed to look after the health of their slaves.

[Frontier, sugarcane and trafficking: slavery, disease and death in Capivari, São Paulo, 1821-1869]. / Fronteira, cana e tráfico: escravidão, doenças e mortes em Capivari, SP, 1821-1869.

The deaths and diseases of slaves in the São Paulo State sugarcane municipality of Capivari are addressed, associating the causes attributed to these deaths to the social and economic context and characteristics of the local slave communities. The impact of malaria, relating it to the age brackets, the environment created by work on the sugarcane plantations and the evolution of the occupation of the area, initially by expanding frontiers, is emphasized. The relationship between illness and work processes, as well as the post-disembarkation mortality of Africans and the possibility of mortality crises among the sugarcane captives is explored. The results lead to a discussion of the impact of habitat and Atlantic displacement and the difficulty in acclimatizing.

Relatos de Luís Gomes Ferreira sobre a saúde dos escravos na obraErário mineral (1735) / Luís Gomes Ferreira reports on the health of slaves in his work entitled Erário mineral (1735)

O artigo analisa os relatos de Luís Gomes Ferreira publicados no manual de medicina prática Erário mineral, de 1735, sobre as doenças mais comuns no cativeiro. Mostra-se que tais relatos podem ser interpretados como uma crítica às relações sociais escravistas, por apresentar algumas advertências aos senhores que descuidavam da saúde dos seus escravos.

The article analyzes the reports of Luís Gomes Ferreira published in his manual on practical medicine entitled Erário mineral, of 1735, on the most common illnesses in captivity. It is shown that such reports can be interpreted as a criticism of the social relations of the slave era by issuing some warnings to the landowners who failed to look after the health of their slaves.

Fronteira, cana e tráfico: escravidão, doenças e mortes em Capivari, SP, 1821-1869 / Frontier, sugarcane and trafficking: slavery, disease and death in Capivari, São Paulo, 1821-1869

Abordam-se as mortes e doenças de escravos no município canavieiro paulista de Capivari, associando as causas atribuídas a esses falecimentos ao contexto social e econômico e às características das comunidades escravas locais. Enfatiza-se o impacto da malária, relacionando-o às faixas etárias, ao ambiente criado pela lavoura canavieira e à evolução da ocupação do local, inicialmente fronteira expansiva. Explora-se o relacionamento entre doença e processos de trabalho, assim como a mortalidade pós-desembarque de africanos e a possibilidade de crises de mortalidade entre os cativos da cana. Os resultados conduzem à discussão sobre o impacto do habitat e dos deslocamentos e choques atlânticos.

The deaths and diseases of slaves in the São Paulo State sugarcane municipality of Capivari are addressed, associating the causes attributed to these deaths to the social and economic context and characteristics of the local slave communities. The impact of malaria, relating it to the age brackets, the environment created by work on the sugarcane plantations and the evolution of the occupation of the area, initially by expanding frontiers, is emphasized. The relationship between illness and work processes, as well as the post-disembarkation mortality of Africans and the possibility of mortality crises among the sugarcane captives is explored. The results lead to a discussion of the impact of habitat and Atlantic displacement and the difficulty in acclimatizing.