ABSTRACT
Mannitol for renal protection during partial nephrectomy is common but unsupported by evidence from clinical trials. The impact of mannitol on renal physiology includes both beneficial and harmful effects. Current understanding of renal ischemia reperfusion injury suggests potentially targetable processes that have a lower potential risk.
Subject(s)
Diuretics, Osmotic/pharmacology , Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy , Mannitol/pharmacology , Nephrectomy/adverse effects , Acute Kidney Injury/physiopathology , Acute Kidney Injury/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Case-Control Studies , Clinical Trials as Topic , Diuretics, Osmotic/adverse effects , Diuretics, Osmotic/toxicity , Glomerular Filtration Rate/drug effects , Humans , Iatrogenic Disease , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/physiopathology , Kidney/surgery , Kidney Neoplasms/surgery , Mannitol/adverse effects , Mannitol/toxicity , Nephrectomy/methods , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology , Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & controlABSTRACT
The calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) transcription factor family plays an important role in normal plant growth and development, as well as in biotic and abiotic stress resistance. In this study, we identified seven CAMTA genes across the whole genome of Populus trichocarpa and analyzed the expression patterns of PtCAMTAs in the root and leaf tissues. Promoter cis-element analysis indicated that most CAMTA genes contained stress- or phytohormone-related cis-elements. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated indicated that PtCAMTAs were induced by mannitol, NaCl, cold stress, pathogenic infection with A. alternata, and phytohormone treatments with abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate. We analyzed the expression of homologous genes between P. trichocarpa and P. ussuriensis and alternative splicing forms of PtCAMTA genes under cold stress. We also performed a network interaction analysis for PtCAMTA proteins to predict their interactions and associations. The results of the present study serve as a basis for future functional studies on the Populus CAMTA family.
Subject(s)
Alternaria/pathogenicity , Alternariosis/microbiology , Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Proteins/genetics , Populus/genetics , Stress, Physiological , Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Diuretics, Osmotic/toxicity , Gene Expression Profiling , Mannitol/toxicity , Plant Growth Regulators/toxicity , Plant Leaves/drug effects , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Leaves/microbiology , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Populus/drug effects , Populus/microbiology , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Sodium Chloride/toxicityABSTRACT
The study was performed to evaluate whether magnesium sulfate could alter the degree of disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) caused by hyperosmotic mannitol. Wistar adult female rats were infused with 25% mannitol into the left internal carotid artery. Each animal received intraperitoneally a 300 mg/kg loading dose of magnesium sulfate, dissolved in 0.9% saline, followed by a further 100 mg/kg dose. In the other group, intracarotid infusion of magnesium sulfate was performed at a dose of 150 mg/kg 10 min before mannitol administration. Evans blue (EB) dye was used as a marker of BBB disruption. The measured serum glucose and magnesium levels increased after mannitol and/or magnesium administration when compared with their initial values before treatment (P < 0.01). Water content of the left hemisphere was significantly increased by hyperosmotic mannitol (P < 0.01). The increased water content in the mannitol-perfused hemisphere was significantly decreased by magnesium treatment (P < 0.05). The content of EB dye in the mannitol-perfused hemisphere markedly increased when compared with the right hemisphere of the same brain (P < 0.01). The EB dye content in the mannitol-perfused hemisphere following both intraperitoneal and intraarterial administration of magnesium decreased when compared with mannitol alone (P < 0.01). We conclude that although magnesium sulfate administration by both intracarotid arterial and intraperitoneal routes attenuates BBB disruption caused by hyperosmolar mannitol, particularly intraperitoneal route of magnesium sulfate administration may provide a useful strategy to limit the transient osmotic opening of the BBB.
Subject(s)
Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects , Brain Edema/prevention & control , Diuretics, Osmotic/toxicity , Magnesium Sulfate/pharmacology , Mannitol/toxicity , Animals , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Brain Edema/chemically induced , Carotid Arteries , Evans Blue , Female , Infusions, Intra-Arterial , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Osmolar Concentration , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to study the effects of the radiocontrast medium (CM) Hypaque-76 (diatrizoate meglumine sodium), equiosmolar mannitol, and endothelin on blood pressure and renal damage in a aging male spontaneously hypertensive rat, a small animal model for CM-induced renal damage. The importance of the pressor effect and the high osmolality of CM in producing renal damage was investigated by first reducing the blood pressure with pentobarbital anesthesia, which suppresses sympathetic nervous system activity, then testing the effects of CM, saline, mannitol, and the potent vasoconstrictor endothelin alone and in combination with CM. METHODS: Systolic blood pressure was measured in 14-month-old male rats (1) when awake, (2) after pentobarbital anesthesia, (3) after the administration of saline, CM, mannitol, endothelin, or CM plus endothelin, (4) after awakening the same day, and (5) the following day while awake. Renal damage was quantified by evaluating histopathologically the left kidney removed the day after administration of test substances. RESULTS: The pentobarbital-lowered blood pressure remained depressed after saline and mannitol but rose dramatically after CM, endothelin, and CM plus endothelin. Renal damage, compared with the saline controls, occurred with CM, mannitol, endothelin, and endothelin plus CM. The order of increasing severity was mannitol = CM < endothelin < endothelin plus CM. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of CM on systolic blood pressure is not related to its osmolality. High osmolality, however, appears to be a factor in CM-induced renal damage. Ischemia and direct nephrotoxicity are factors contributing to the renal-damaging effects of CM, mannitol, and endothelin.
Subject(s)
Blood Pressure/drug effects , Contrast Media/toxicity , Diatrizoate Meglumine/toxicity , Diatrizoate/toxicity , Diuretics, Osmotic/toxicity , Endothelins/toxicity , Kidney Diseases/chemically induced , Mannitol/toxicity , Aging/drug effects , Animals , Drug Combinations , Hypertension/physiopathology , Kidney Diseases/pathology , Male , Rats , Rats, Inbred SHRSubject(s)
Adrenal Medulla/drug effects , Diuretics, Osmotic/toxicity , Lactose/toxicity , Sweetening Agents/toxicity , Adrenal Medulla/injuries , Animals , Carcinogens/toxicity , Clinical Trials as Topic , Diuretics, Osmotic/metabolism , Dogs , Female , Humans , Lactose/metabolism , Male , Mannitol/metabolism , Mannitol/toxicity , Mitogens/toxicity , Rats , Sorbitol/metabolism , Sorbitol/toxicity , Species Specificity , Sweetening Agents/metabolism , Toxicity Tests , Xylitol/metabolism , Xylitol/toxicityABSTRACT
We compared morphological changes in the heart, brain, liver and kidneys after giving 100 ml/kg of 5 irrigating fluids by intravenous infusion to 30 rabbits. Glycine 1.5% and 1.0%, both with ethanol 1% as a tracer for absorption, received the highest scores for tissue swelling and were sometimes followed by focal necrosis and an inflammatory cell reaction in subendocardial areas of the heart. Three rabbits died shortly after infusion of glycine 1.5% + ethanol 1%, the deaths being preceded by bradycardia and an irregular cardiac rhythm. This solution also lowered the intracellular potassium and chlorine content as shown by X-ray microanalysis of myocardial cells. Mannitol 3% + ethanol 1% produced the most favorable outcome in our evaluation, with the lowest scores for tissue swelling, while sorbitol 2% + mannitol 1% and normal saline took intermediate positions.
