Estudios sobre violencia en la familia: los temas recurrentes, en cuatro décadas de investigación / Estudos sobre violência na família: os temas recorrentes em quatro décadas de pesquisa / Studies on violence in the family: the recurring themes in four decades of research

O presente trabalho é uma contribuição para a historização da área de pesquisa sobre a violência na família. Nessa oportunidade, abordam-se tópicos recorrentes nos estudos sobre violência na família, tomando como unidade de análise, trabalhos de revisão realizados por pesquisadores, a partir da década de 1980. Três questionamentos são recorrentes na produção: por que as mulheres não abandonam a relação; como evolui a problemática da violência familiar; quais novas dimensões podem incluir-se na análise. Identificam-se hipóteses e modelos conceituais implicados tanto na formulação das perguntas, como nas múltiplas possíveis respostas. Conclui-se que os temas analisados expressam a diversidade constitutiva no campo da pesquisa sobre violência na família. (AU)

This paper is a contribution to the research in history of violence in the family. We board recurring topics in studies on violence in the family, taking as unit of analysis review work carried out by researchers from the 1980s. The three recurrent questions that we have found in the production are: why women do not leave the relationship; how the problematic of family violence evolves; which new dimensions may be included in the analysis. We identify theoretical assumptions and conceptual frameworks involved in the formulation of the questions and multiple answers. It is concluded that ideas analyzed express the constitutive diversity among research on family violence. (AU)

El presente trabajo constituye un aporte para la historización del área de investigación sobre violencia en la familia. En esta oportunidad, se abordan tópicos recurrentes en los estudios sobre violencia en la familia, tomando como unidad de análisis trabajos de revisión realizados por investigadores, a partir de la década de 1980. Se hallan tres interrogantes recurrentes en la producción: por qué las mujeres no abandonan la relación; cómo evoluciona la problemática de la violencia familiar; qué nuevas dimensiones pueden incluirse en el análisis. Se identifican supuestos y marcos teórico-conceptuales implicados tanto en la formulación de las preguntas, como en las múltiples respuestas ensayadas. Se concluye que los desarrollos analizados expresan la diversidad constitutiva del campo de investigación sobre violencia en la familia. (AU)

Por los abismos de la infancia / Through the abyss of childhood

Constantemente los medios de comunicación nos informan sobre el maltrato al que son sometidos los niños en todo el mundo, maltrato que se expresa en variadísimas y crueles formas y contra el cual parecen impotentes las leyes que pretenden acabarlo. Un breve recorrido por la historia nos muestra que esta crueldad puesta sobre los infantes ha existido siempre, que forma parte de una agresividad estructural humana que encuentra en los niños un blanco fácil para su descarga.

The media constantly informs us about the mistreatment to which children are subjected throughout the world, abuse that is expressed in very varied and cruel ways and against which the laws that aim to end it seem impotent. A brief tour through history shows us that this cruelty placed on infants has always existed, that it is part of a structural human aggression that finds in children an easy target for unloading

Análise sobre as políticas públicas de enfrentamento a violência contra o idoso / Assessment of the public policies to cope with violence against the elderly / Análisis de las políticas públicas de enfrentamiento a la violencia contra las personas mayores

Objetivo: refletir sobre as políticas públicas de enfrentamento a violência contra o idoso no Brasil. Método: estudo descritivo de cunho teórico-reflexivo, com prévia revisão da literatura especializada na temática. As informações foram analisadas possibilitando com que emergissem como pontos norteadores de reflexão, dois eixos temáticos: Epidemiologia da violência contra a pessoa idosa e Políticas públicas de enfrentamento a violência contra idosos no Brasil. Resultados: evidencia-se que o Brasil, atualmente possui suficientes recursos legais para o enfrentamento da violência contra o idoso. Contudo, apenas a produção de instrumentos legais não é suficiente para mudar a situação de violência a que está submetida a população idosa no país. Conclusão: a violência contra pessoa idosa constitui, portanto, uma violação dos Direitos Humanos e requer ações estratégicas por parte do poder público e da sociedade, tanto no âmbito da prevenção quanto do enfrentamento, a fim de resgatar e garantir a dignidade desse segmento.(AU)

Objective: to reflect on the public policies to cope with violence against the elderly in Brazil. Method: Descriptive theoretical-reflexive study, with previous review of the literature specialized on the topic. The information was assessed, and brought up two theme axis as reflexion guides: Epidemiology of the violence against the elderly and Public policies to cope with violence against the elderly in Brazil. Results: it is shown that Brazil currently has sufficient legal resources to cope with violence against the elderly. However, only producing legal instruments is not enough to change the violence situation to which the elderly population in country is submitted. Conclusion: violence against elderly constitutes, therefore, a Human Rights violation and requires strategic actions by the public power and the society, in prevention and coping areas, in order to rescue and ensure the dignity of this segment.(AU)

Objetivo: reflexionar sobre las políticas públicas de enfrentamiento a la violencia contra las personas mayores en Brasil. Método: estudio descriptivo de cuño teórico-reflexivo, con previa revisión de la literatura especializada en el tema. Las informaciones se analizaron, posibilitando la emergencia de puntos rectores de reflexión, dos ejes temáticos: Epidemiologia de la violencia contra la persona mayor y las políticas públicas de enfrentamiento a violencia contra las personas mayores en Brasil. Resultados: se evidencia que Brasil, en la actualidad, dispone de recursos legales suficientes para el enfrentamiento de la violencia contra las personas mayores. Sin embargo, apenas la producción de instrumentos legales no es suficiente para cambiar la situación de violencia a que está sujeta da populación anciana en el país. Conclusión: la violencia contra la persona mayor constituye, así, una violación de los Derechos Humanos e requiere acciones estratégicas de lo poder público e de la sociedad, en materia de prevención y enfrentamiento, con el fin de rescatar y garantir la dignidad de este segmento.(AU)

Violencia intrafamiliar en pacientes en edad pediátrica que recibe atención psicológica. frecuencia, factores predisponentes y consecuencias / Domestic violence in a pediatric population receiving psychological care. frequency, predisposing factors and consequences

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia y factores asociados a violencia intrafamiliar en pacientes en edad pediátrica. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el que se incluyeron 119 pacientes en edad pediátrica que recibían atención psicológica en el Servicio Ambulatorio de la Cátedra de Psiquiatría de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay del 2010 al 2012. El 55,5% (n=66) de los 119 pacientes era del sexo femenino, 54,7% (n=65) tenía edades entre 12 y 18 años, y el 54,6% (n=65) era residente de Asunción. El 74,8% (n=89) de los pacientes sufrió uno o varios tipos de violencia, siendo la violencia psicológica la más frecuente (n=62, 69,7%); seguida de violencia física (n=57, 64%). El abuso sexual se observó en 14 pacientes (15,7%), el cual fue significativamente (p<0,001) mayor en el sexo femenino. La violencia por abandono o negligencia que estuvo presente en 6 pacientes, fue mayor en los varones pero la diferencia no alcanzó significancia estadística (p=0,08). La violencia entre padres se observó en 54 casos, la cual se asoció significativamente (p<0,00001) con la violencia hacia los pacientes. En 82 pacientes se observaron problemas escolares, siendo su frecuencia mayor en aquellos víctimas de algún tipo de violencia pero no alcanzó significancia estadística (p=0,08). Este estudio resalta la necesidad de intervenciones psico-educativas en servicios ambulatorios sobre las consecuencias de la violencia doméstica en la salud de estos pacientes para su desarrollo y salud física y mental. Además, son necesarios otros estudios que profundicen la temática para intervenciones prontas y oportunas.

The objective was to determine the frequency of domestic violence and associatedfactors in a pediatric population. This descriptive and cross-sectional study includedpediatric patients receiving psychological care at the Outpatient Service of the Departmentof Psychiatry of the National University of Asuncion, Paraguay between 2010 and 2012.One hundred and forty five clinical records were studied. The 55.5% (66) was women, 7%(65) was between 12 and 18 years old and 54.6% (65) was from Asuncion. The 74.8% (89) suffered one or more types of violence being the psychological violence the mostfrequent 69.7% (62) followed by physical violence 64% (57). Sexual abuse was observedin 14 patients (15.7%) which was significantly high in women (p<0.001). Violence byabandonment or neglect was present in 6 patients and higher in male patients but thedifference was not significant (p=0.08). Violence between parents was found in 54 caseswhich was significantly associated with violence towards the patients (p<0.00001). In 82patients, school problems were observed being its frequency higher in those who werevictims of some type of violence but it was not significant (p=0.08). This study highlightsthe need for psycho-educational interventions in outpatient services on the consequencesof domestic violence on the health of these patients for their physical and psychologicaldevelopment. Besides, other studies are necessary to deepen in this area for prompt andtimely interventions.

["A shot at the father: a student's assault". Sigmund Freud and the case of Ernst Haberl]. / "Ein Schuss gegen den Vater. Attentat eines Studenten" Sigmund Freud und der "Fall Ernst Haberl".

In the fall of 1922, the Freud family was involved in a criminal case: The son of Mathilde Freud's nursing sister, Ernst Haberl, had shot at his father. With the help of August Aichhorn the Viennese Juvenile Court's social assistance department was engaged on behalf of the young man. Freud commissioned the lawyer Valentin Teirich to defend him in court. The Viennese dailies reported the deed and the trial extensively (Haberl was acquitted). That a comment published in the Neue Freie Presse was written by Freud himself, as Teirich believed, is, according to Anna Freud, highly improbable.

Mulheres de classe média, relações de gênero e violência conjugal: um estudo exploratório / Middle class women, gender relations and domestic violence: an exploratory study / Mujeres de clase media, relaciones de género y violencia conyugal: un estudio exploratorio

Objetivo: se investigó el impacto de la condición socioeconómica más alta en situacionesde violencia doméstica contra las mujeres. Método: estudio cualitativo y exploratorio. Seentrevistaron individualmente tres mujeres con ingresos individuales superiores a seis salariosmínimos que habían sufrido violencia física y/o psicológica, por parte de sus maridos, en laépoca en que aún estaban casadas. Se utilizó software Alceste para organizar y analizar losdatos. Resultados y discusión: además de la influencia de las redes de apoyo, de la creenciareligiosa y de la independencia financiera en la decisión de denunciar la existencia de violenciae interrumpir la relación, se constató en los espacios religiosos e jurídicos de mediación yresolución de conflictos el impacto negativo de las normas y valores de género en el sostenimientode relaciones violentas. Las prácticas de empoderamiento femenino y de transformación de losvalores que apoyan la desigualdad de género resultan importantes en la promoción de seguridady relaciones conyugales más igualitarias...

Objective: the impact of higher socioeconomic status in situations of domestic violence againstwomen was investigated. Method: A qualitative and exploratory study. Three women wereinterviewed individually with personal incomes exceeding six minimum wages who haveexperienced physical and / or psychological violence, by their husbands, when they were stillmarried. Alceste software was used to organize and analyze the data. Results and Discussion:In addition to the influence of support networks, of religious belief and financial independencein the decision to report the existence of violence and stop the relationship, it was found in thereligious and legal spheres of resolution and mediation of conflicts the negative impact of gendernorms and values in sustaining violent relationships. The practice of female empowerment andtransformation of values that support gender inequality are important in promoting security andmore egalitarian marital relations...

Objetivo: investigou-se o impacto da condição socioeconômica mais elevada em situações deviolência doméstica contra as mulheres. Método: Estudo qualitativo e exploratório. Entrevistaram-se individualmente três mulheres com rendas individuais superiores a seis salários mínimosque haviam sofrido violência física e/ou psicológica, por parte de seus maridos, na época emque eram casadas. Utilizou-se o software Alceste para organizar e analisar os dados. Resultadose Discussão: Além da influência das redes de apoio, da crença religiosa e da independênciafinanceira na decisão de denunciar a violência e interromper o relacionamento, constatou-senos espaços religiosos e jurídicos de mediação e resolução de conflitos o impacto negativo dasnormas e valores de gênero na manutenção de relacionamentos violentos. Práticas de empoderamentofeminino e de transformação dos valores que apoiam a desigualdade de gênero mostramimportantes para que se possa promover segurança e relações conjugais mais igualitárias...

Writing the male abuser in cultural responses to domestic violence in Spain.

The article analyzes the portrayal of the male perpetrator of heterosexual domestic violence in a selection of contemporary Spanish texts (novel, drama, and autobiography) that form part of a clearly discernible cultural response to the issue of intimate partner violence in Spain today. It reads the figure of the abuser in conjunction with a range of primarily Spanish studies on domestic aggression, with the aim of showing how and why the chosen authors engage with bodies of theory that address battery. The study concludes that some cultural producers devise a strategy of eliding the male aggressor in an attempt to subvert the power he wields over the female victim.

Attributing selected costs to intimate partner violence in a sample of women who have left abusive partners: a social determinants of health approach.

Selected costs associated with intimate partner violence were estimated for a community sample of 309 Canadian women who left abusive male partners on average 20 months previously. Total annual estimated costs of selected public- and private-sector expenditures attributable to violence were $13,162.39 per woman. This translates to a national annual cost of $6.9 billion for women aged 19­65 who have left abusive partners; $3.1 billion for those experiencing violence within the past three years. Results indicate that costs continue long after leaving, and call for recognition in policy that leaving does not coincide with ending violence.

Family violence and football: the effect of unexpected emotional cues on violent behavior.

We study the link between family violence and the emotional cues associated with wins and losses by professional football teams. We hypothesize that the risk of violence is affected by the "gain-loss" utility of game outcomes around a rationally expected reference point. Our empirical analysis uses police reports of violent incidents on Sundays during the professional football season. Controlling for the pregame point spread and the size of the local viewing audience, we find that upset losses (defeats when the home team was predicted to win by four or more points) lead to a 10% increase in the rate of at-home violence by men against their wives and girlfriends. In contrast, losses when the game was expected to be close have small and insignificant effects. Upset wins (victories when the home team was predicted to lose) also have little impact on violence, consistent with asymmetry in the gain-loss utility function. The rise in violence after an upset loss is concentrated in a narrow time window near the end of the game and is larger for more important games. We find no evidence for reference point updating based on the halftime score.

Domestic violence, poverty, and social services: does location matter?

Objective. This study investigates whether or not domestic violence agencies are located in areas of need. Recent research indicates that community economic disadvantage is a risk factor for intimate partner violence, but related questions regarding the geographic location of social service agencies have not been investigated.Methods. Using Connecticut as a case study, we analyze the relationship of agency location and police-reported domestic violence incidents and assaults using OLS regression and correcting for spatial autocorrelation.Results. The presence of an agency within a town has no relationship with the rates of domestic violence. However, regional patterns are evident.Conclusion. Findings indicate that programs are not geographically mismatched with need, but neither are programs located in towns with higher rates of incidents or assaults. Future research and planning efforts should consider the geographic location of agencies.

Domestic violence and social responsibility in contemporary Spanish cinema: a portfolio view of behavioral dynamics.

Domestic abuse continues to claim many lives in Spain despite a series of new laws to protect women and to punish abusers. This essay explores the cultural influences of contemporary Spanish cinema on domestic violence. Four films are assessed against a Portfolio Model of social responsibility that uses two basic dimensions: realism and human rights. Realism in each film is determined by the behavioral components of the internationally recognized Duluth Model and the Wheel of Power and Control. The human rights dimension addresses equality, power and agency for women. This study focuses on Icíar Bollaín's "Te doy mis ojos" (2003), Javier Balaguer's "Sólo mía" (2001), Benito Zambrano's "Solas" (1999), and Pedro Almodóvar's "Pepi, Luci, Bom y otras chicas del montón" (1980). The results demonstrate significant variations in the measure of social responsibility indicating that contemporary Spanish cinema may play a role in perpetuating gender-based violence.

"Bessie done cut her old man": race, common-law marriage, and homicide in New Orleans, 1925-1945.

This essay examines domestic homicide in early twentieth-century New Orleans. African-American residents killed their domestic partners at eight times the rate of white New Orleanians, and these homicides were most often committed by women, who killed their partners at fifteen times the rate of white women. Common-law marriages proved to be especially violent among African-American residents. Based on nearly two hundred cases identified in police records and other sources as partner killings between 1925 and 1945, this analysis compares lethal violence in legal marriages and in common-law unions. It also explores the social and institutional forces that buffeted common-law marriages, making this the most violent domestic arrangement and contributing to the remarkably high rate of spousal homicide by African-American women in early twentieth-century New Orleans.

Europeanization in making policies against domestic violence in Central and Eastern Europe.

This article looks at how Europe matters in the development of policies against domestic violence, a gender equality field outside the core European Union (EU) conditionality criteria. By analyzing the concrete workings and uses of Europe's domestic violence policy-making in five Central and Eastern European countries, it identifies three mechanisms of Europeanization in the field and shows how together they work to expand the reach of the EU to this policy realm. The findings point toward an understanding of Europeanization based on social learning and dynamic, interactive processes of constructing what membership in the EU means in terms of domestic violence policy processes.

Mother abuse: a matter of youth justice, child welfare or domestic violence?

International evidence suggests that in advanced welfare states the abuse of parents, most particularly mothers, by their (most frequently male) adolescent children is increasingly prevalent. In the United Kingdom, however, child-to-mother abuse remains one of the most under-acknowledged and under-researched forms of family violence. Although it is an issue shrouded in silence, stigma, and shame, the authors' work in the youth justice sphere, focusing on interventions to deal with anti-social behaviour, suggests that adolescent violence toward mothers is a topical and prevalent issue. We identify different ways of conceptualizing it in the policy realms of youth justice, child welfare, and domestic violence. The behaviour of both child/young person and mother is constructed in ways which inform the assignment of blame and responsibility. The paper highlights the silence that surrounds the issue in both the policy and wider academic spheres, hiding the failure of service providers to respond to this very destructive form of intimate interpersonal violence.

My friend, advocate Ellen Pence.

This is a tribute to Ellen Pence's exemplary advocacy on behalf of battered women. It traces Ellen's vital contributions to the field of antidomestic violence advocacy through two organizations, DAIP and Praxis. The history of Ellen's relentless efforts to transform legal and social institutions that led her to create the coordinated community response (CCR) and the institutional audit tool to assess safety and accountability are also elaborated. The author characterizes Ellen Pence's work as meta-advocacy.

The contributions of Ellen Pence to batterer programming.

Ellen Pence helped build the foundation of batterer programming with the Duluth program. The program forged new ground and bridged the concerns of advocates and criminal justice officials by developing its "Power and Control Wheel" from women's experiences with abuse. Its dialogical format, responding to vignettes and control logs, helps to engage men in a reflective process, to monitor their behavior, and to identify alternative outlooks and responses. At the same time, Ellen's work remains rooted in a gender analysis and a coordinated community response. Critics of Duluth programming miss the mark with a distorted caricature of Duluth, neglect of substantiating research, and the bias from their own personal agendas. Ellen's personal touch of insightful humor and personal interest has helped to move forward the lessons of Duluth and the field itself. Her groundbreaking program helps to sort through the disarray of approaches among batterer programs today.

Ellen Pence appreciation: letters from Britain and Europe.

Letters from Britain and Europe were compiled and edited by Rebecca Emerson Dobash and Russell Dobash and includes contributions from the following: Scotland-Monica Wilson, formerly codirector of CHANGE and now Advisor to the Caledonian System, currently being developed by the Scottish government; Dave Morran, former codirector of CHANGE, now Lecturer in Social Work, University of Stirling, Scotland; Dorothy Anderson, previous Administrator of CHANGE. England -Neill Blacklock, Development Director, Respect, London. Respect is the national association for professionals working with people to end their abusive behavior. Europe-Rosa Logar (Austria) and Ute Roesemann (Germany), WAVE network -Women Against Violence Europe.