Antimicrobial Activity of Drimanic Sesquiterpene Compounds from Drimys winteri against Multiresistant Microorganisms.

In this work, a group of ten sesquiterpene drimanes, including polygodial (1), isopolygodial (2), and drimenol (3) obtained from the bark of Drimys winteri F. and seven synthetic derivatives, were tested in vitro against a unique panel of bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes with standardized procedures against bacterial strains K. pneumoniae, S. tiphy, E. avium, and E. coli. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and bactericidal activities were evaluated using standardized protocols. Polygodial (1) was the most active compound, with MBC 8 µg/mL and MIC 16 µg/mL in E. avium; MBC 16 µg/mL and MIC 32 µg/mL in K. pneumoniae; MBC 64 µg/mL and MIC 64 µg/mL in S. typhi; and MBC 8 µg/mL and MIC 16 µg/mL and MBC 32 µg/mL and MIC 64 µg/mL in E. coli, respectively. The observed high potency could be attributed to the presence of an aldehyde group at the C8-C9 position. The antifungal activity of 1 from different microbial isolates has been evaluated. The results show that polygodial affects the growth of normal isolates and against filamentous fungi and oomycetes with MFC values ranging from 8 to 64 µg/mL. Sesquiterpene drimanes isolated from this plant have shown interesting antimicrobial properties.

Phytochemistry and biological properties of Drimys winteri JR et G. Forster var chilensis (DC) A / Fitoquímica y propiedades biológicas de Drimys winteri JR et G. Forster var chilensis (DC) A

Drimys winteri JR et G. Forster var chilensis (DC) A. is a tree native to central and southern Chile. Also it found in part of Argentina. It is abundant in wet swampy localities from sea level to an altitude of 1700 m. This tree is sacred for the Mapuche culture; it is used in folk medicine in such as inflammatory and painful processes. Phytochemical studies have demonstrated that this plant contains mainly sesquiterpenes of the drimane type, flavonoids, essential oils, phytosterols and some lignans. These drimanes have attracted interest because of their antifeedant, plant growth regulation, cytotoxic, antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. The objective of this review is to establish clearly the phytochemistry and biological activity of Drimys winteri JR et G. Forster var chilensis (DC) A. Articles based on other varieties are not considered.

Drimys winteri JR et G. Forster var chilensis (DC) A. es un árbol nativo del centro y sur de Chile. También se encuentra en parte de Argentina. Es abundante en localidades pantanosas y húmedas desde el nivel del mar hasta una altitud de 1700 m. Este árbol es sagrado para la cultura mapuche. Se utiliza en la medicina popular para tratar enfermedades como procesos inflamatorios y dolorosos. Los estudios fitoquímicos han demostrado que esta planta contiene principalmente sesquiterpenos del tipo drimano, flavonoides, aceites esenciales, fitoesteroles y algunos lignanos. Estos drimanos han despertado interés debido a sus propiedades antialimentarias, regulación del crecimiento de las plantas, propiedades citotóxicas, antimicrobianas e insecticidas. El objetivo de este examen es establecer claramente la fitoquímica y la actividad biológica de Drimys winteri JR et G. Forster var chilensis (DC) A. No se consideran los artículos basados en otras variedades D. winteri var winteri.

Drimys winteri and isodrimeninol decreased foam cell formation in THP-1 derived macrophages.

Early stages of atherosclerosis are characterizated for the uptake of oxidate low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by inflammatory macrophages in the arteries, promoting the foam cell formation. Drimys winteri is a native tree of Chile that produce drimane sesquiterpenoids, here it was evaluated the inhibitory foam cell formation by the total extract of barks of Drimys winteri and isodrimeninol, a sesquiterpenoid isolated from the tree. The results showed that Dw and isodrimeninol inhibited the foam cell formation on macrophage M1, by Oil Red O staining. Moreover, Dw reduced the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, in contrast to isodrimeninol that showed not effect on the gene expression of this cytokine, also Dw enhanced the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, in more significant manner than isodrimeninol at 20 µg/mL. While, Dw and isodrimeninol significantly reduced the expression of IL1-ß at concentrations of 20 µg/mL, but not affecting the MMP-9 levels, assessed by RT-qPCR. In conclusion, Drimys winteri and isodrimeninol induce anti-atherosclerotic effects, inhibiting foam cell formation, as well as promoting anti-inflammatory responses. This study confirm the relevance of this tree as a medicinal source for the Mapuche people, and suggesting that Drimys winteri could be used in early stages of atherosclerosis.

Sesquiterpene Polygodial from Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae) Down-Regulates Implant-Induced Inflammation and Fibrogenesis in Mice.

Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae) has been investigated in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties to treat gastric ulcers and allergic and respiratory system diseases as well as for cancer treatment. In this work, we investigate the ability of the sesquiterpene polygodial, isolated from D. brasiliensis stem barks, to modulate the chronic inflammatory response induced by polyester-polyurethane sponge implants in C57BL/6J mice. Daily treatment with polygodial inhibited the macrophage content in the implants as determined by the activity of the N-acetyl-ß-d-glucosaminidase enzyme as well as decreased the levels of CXCL1/KC and CCL2/JE/MCP-1 pro-inflammatory chemokines and the presence of mast cells along the formed fibrovascular tissue. Similarly, the deposition of a new extracellular matrix (total collagen and type I and III collagen fibers) as well as the production of the TGF-ß1 cytokine were attenuated in implants treated with polygodial, showing for the first time its antifibrogenic capacity. The hemoglobin content, the number of newly formed vessels, and the levels of VEGF cytokine, which were used as parameters for the assessment of the neovascularization of the implants, did not change after treatment with polygodial. The anti-inflammatory and antifibrogenic effects of polygodial over the components of the granulation tissue induced by the sponge implant indicate a therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases associated with the development of fibrovascular tissue.

Antifungal Effects of Drimane Sesquiterpenoids Isolated from Drimys winteri against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici.

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici is a soilborne pathogen that causes "take-all" disease, affecting cereal roots. In wheat, G. graminis var. tritici is the most important biotic factor, causing around 30 to 50% losses of yield. Chemical control of this fungal disease is difficult because G. graminis var. tritici is able to reside for a long time in soils. Therefore, the development of environmentally friendly biotechnological strategies to diminish the incidence of soilborne diseases is highly desirable. Natural products are a promising strategy for biocontrol of plant pathogens. A special emphasis is on medicinal plants due to their reported fungitoxic effects. Drimys winteri (canelo) is a medicinal plant that is widely used by the Mapuche ethnic group from Chile due to its anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, inhibitory effects of canelo against phytopathogenic fungi and pest insects have been reported. In this study, we isolated, purified, and identified six drimane sesquiterpenoid compounds from canelo (drimenin, drimenol, polygodial, isodrimeninol, valdiviolide, and drimendiol). Then, we evaluated their antimicrobial effects against G. graminis var. tritici. Compounds were identified by comparing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data and the retention time in thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with those of pure standards. The putative antagonistic effects were confirmed by assessing hyphal cell wall damage using confocal microscopy and lipid peroxidation. Here, we reported the high potential of drimane sesquiterpenoids as natural antifungals against G. graminis var. tritici. Polygodial and isodrimeninol were the most effective, with 50% lethal concentrations (LC50s) between 7 and 10 µg ml-1 and higher levels of fungal lipid peroxidation seen. Accordingly, natural sesquiterpenoids purified from canelo are biologically active against G. graminis var. tritici and could be used as natural biofungicides for sustainable agriculture.IMPORTANCE More than two billion tons of pesticides are used every year worldwide. An interesting sustainable alternative to control plant pathogens is the use of natural products obtained from plants, mainly medicinal plants that offer secondary metabolites important to human/animal health. In this study, we isolated and identified six pure drimane sesquiterpenoids obtained from the bark of Drimys winteri Additionally, we evaluated their antifungal activities against Gaeumannomyces graminis (the main biotic factor affecting cereal production, especially wheat) by assessing fungal cell wall damage and lipid peroxidation. The compounds obtained showed important antifungal properties against G. graminis var. tritici, mainly isodrimenol, which was the second-most-active compound after polygodial, with an LC50 against G. graminis var. tritici of around 9.5 µg ml-1 This information could be useful for the development of new natural or hemisynthetic antifungal agents against soilborne phytopathogens that could be used in green agriculture.

Drimenol, isodrimeninol and polygodial isolated from Drimys winteri reduce monocyte adhesion to stimulated human endothelial cells.

The vascular endothelium is a continuous monolayer of endothelial cells that are in direct contact with the blood and its dysfunction is the starting process in the development of many pathological inflammatory disorders, such as atherosclerosis, which can result in death. The expression of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) is a key stage in modulating vascular inflammation, where the adhesion of monocytes and their transmigration into the intima starting a cascade of inflammatory reactions. Looking for natural compounds with inhibitory activity of VCAM1 and ICAM1, we isolated drimenol, isodrimeninol and polygodial as the main secondary metabolites from barks of Drimys winteri (Dw) and evaluated their effects in the adhesion response of monocytes cells (THP1) to a monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in coculture assays. The results showed that the molecules and total extract Dw decrease the adhesion of THP1 to HUVECs, at 10 µg/mL. The adhesion activity is explained due to the inhibition of VCAM1 and ICAM1 evidenced by qRT-PCR and Western-blot assays. In conclusion, drimane sesquiterpenoids could be used as a molecular scaffold in the development of drugs for inflammatory vascular diseases.

Antigrowth activity and induction of apoptosis in human melanoma cells by Drymis winteri forst extract and its active components.

Melanoma is a highly invasive cancer that resists most conventional treatments. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify alternative anticancer agents able to affect new molecular targets. Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) is a medicinal plant, employed in Brazil and many countries, in folk medicine against a variety of ailments, especially for the treatment of fevers, ulcers, pains, affections of respiratory tract and cancers. Previous phytochemical studies have isolated and identified the presence of diverse classes of secondary metabolites in this plant such as sesquiterpenes. In an ongoing to identify new natural anticancer compounds for the treatment and/or prevention of melanoma, we study the effects of Drimys winteri bark ethyl acetate extract and its sesquiterpenes drimenol, nordrimenone, isonordrimenone and polygodial on human melanoma cells. The treatment of melanoma cells with extract, drimenol, isordrimenone and polygodial resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability. But, polygodial showed the highest inhibitory growth activity. In addition, we reported an apoptotic response after treatment with drimenol, isordrimenone and polygodial that probably involves the reduction of Hsp70 expression and reactive oxygen species production. Alternatively, the inhibition of caspase cascade at higher concentrations, correlated with additional reactive oxygen species increase, probably switches natural product-induced cell death from apoptosis to necrosis. Therefore, this evidence provides a scientific support for the anticancer employ of Drimys winteri in traditional medicinal and suggests that active molecules can be considered potential candidates to be tested also in in vivo models, alone or in combination with chemotherapy agents, for the management of melanoma.

Antitrypanosomal activity of epi-polygodial from Drimys brasiliensis and its effects in cellular membrane models at the air-water interface.

Epi-polygodial, a drimane sesquiterpene was isolated from Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae). This compound demonstrated high parasite selectivity towards Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes (IC50 = 5.01 µM) with a selectivity index higher than 40. These results were correlated with the effects observed when this compound was incorporated in cellular membrane models of protozoans, represented by Langmuir monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphoethanolamine (DPPE). Surface pressure-area isotherms showed that epi-polygodial expands DPPE monolayers at higher areas and condenses them at lower areas, which was attributed to the preferential interaction with the polar heads of the lipid. This mechanism of action could be corroborated with Polarization-Modulation Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy and Brewster Angle Microscopy. These results pointed to the fact that the interaction of epi-polygodial with DPPE monolayers at the air-water interface affects the physical chemical properties of the mixed film, which may be important to comprehend the interaction of this drug with cellular membranes at the molecular level.

Antiproliferative and toxicological properties of drimanes obtained from Drimys brasiliensis stem barks.

Stem barks of Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae) are consumed by the population in the form of a condiment. It is widely used to treat gastric and stomach problems and also to treat cancer. The extracts have demonstrated antiproliferative, antileishmanial and antimicrobial activities assigned to drimane sesquiterpenes. This study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of the drimanes sesquiterpenes identified as 1-ß-(p-coumaroyloxy)-polygodial 1, drimanial 2 and 1-ß-(p-methoxycinnamoyl)-polygodial 3 in stem bark extracts. The HPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for the quantification of drimanes 1-3. The cytotoxic activity of these drimanes in human cancer cells, and the toxicological effects of the hydroethanolic extract, were determined. The extracts were prepared using different extractive conditions (solvents, plant: solvent ratio and time). The cytotoxicity effect was evaluated against leukemia, lymphomas, carcinomas and sarcomas cells using the tetrazolium assay (MTT). Furthermore, the acute toxicity was determined by measuring the biochemical parameters and by histopathological analysis. The hemolytic activity and micronucleus test were also performed. The method was linear, sensitive, precise and accurate for both drimanes 1-3. The best condition for extraction was using dichloromethane with plant: solvent proportion 1:10 (w/v) for six hours under dynamic maceration. Isolated drimanes exhibited cytotoxic effects with IC50 values ​​ranging from 0.13 to 112.67 µM. Compound 1 demonstrated significant results for acute promyelocytic leukemia (NB4) and Burkitt's lymphoma (RAMOS) cells while driamane 3 for Burkitt's lymphoma (RAJI) and acute T cell leukemia (MOLT4) cells. No signs of toxicity was observed and neither was mutagenicity or hemolytic activity.

Validation Cytotoxicity Assay for Lipophilic Substances.

It is challenging to disperse lipophilic substances in a validated cytotoxicity assay, especially for compounds with log Kow greater than or equal to 5 that may show false negative results. The purpose of this study was to explain the challenges in conducting a cytotoxicity validated test of lipophilic substances: Minthostachys setosa, Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus, and Drimysbrasiliensis essential oils. Additionally, we compared the equivalence of Neutral Red (NR) and 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -5- (3- carboxymethoxyphenyl) -2- (4-sulfophenyl) -2H -tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) in detecting cell viability. The Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) technique was used to evaluate the dispersion of essential oils and cytotoxicity in accordance to the guidelines of the OECD / GD 129 validated cytotoxicity assay. We compared the equivalence of vital dyes by TOST equivalence test. According to the results, we demonstrated the possibility of using other ways to disperse the lipophilic substances. Based on the HLB theory, we selected polysorbate 20 as the best solubilizing agent of the essential oils studied in D10 culture medium.

Chlorogenic acid isomer contents in 100 plants commercialized in Brazil.

This study analysed 100 plants employed in Brazil as ingredients to infusions for their caffeic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA), 4-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA), 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DQA), and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DQA) contents. The samples were collected from public markets and analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The highest concentrations of chlorogenic acids were found in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), 9,2g·100g-1, white tea (Camellia sinensis), winter's bark (Drimys winteri), green tea (Camellia sinensis), elderflower (Sambucus nigra), and Boehmeria caudata (known as assa-peixe in Brazil), 1,1g·100g-1. The present work showcased the investigation of chlorogenic acids in a wide range of plants not yet studied in this regard and also resulted in a comparative table which explores the content of six isomers in the samples.

In vitro modulation of Drimys winteri bark extract and the active compound polygodial on Salmo salar immune genes after exposure to Saprolegnia parasitica.

The rapid development of the aquaculture industry has global concerns with health management and control strategies to prevent and/or treat diseases and increase sustainability standards. Saprolegniosis is a disease caused by Saprolegnia parasitica, and is characterized by promoting an immunosuppression in the host. This study evaluated in vitro the extract and one active compound (polygodial) of Drimys winteri, a Chilean medicinal tree as a potential early immunostimulatory aid in Saprolegniosis control. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney cells (ASK-1) were incubated with both extract and pure polygodial before exposure to S. parasitica mycelium, and the expression of the immune-related genes interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), interferon α (IFNα), and major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) was evaluated. Both evidenced immunomodulatory capacities by increasing gene expressions. This immunomodulation related to a mitigatory action counteracting the immunosuppressing effects of S. parasitica. Despite that most immune-related genes were up-regulated, the down-regulation of MHCII, characteristic of S. parasitica infection, was lessened by pre-incubation with the compounds. This study provides the first insight on the potential of D. winteri bark extract as a possible immunomodulatory and defensive strategy against this oomycete infection in fish.

Polygodial, a sesquiterpene isolated from Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae), triggers glucocorticoid-like effects on pancreatic ß-cells.

Despite its common use, the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone can cause several adverse effects, such as diabetes and insulin-related metabolic impairment. Thus, research on molecules that could provide the same anti-inflammatory response with milder side effects is constant. In this work the anti-inflammatory activity of the natural sesquiterpene polygodial, extracted from the endemic Brazilian plant Drimys brasiliensis Miers (Winteraceae), was investigated. Employing a pancreatic ß-cell model (INS 1E), the effect of polygodial on signaling pathways is similar to that caused by dexamethasone - both increased MKP1 and decreased ERK1/2 expression in a dose-response and time-dependent manner. Relating to such finding, nuclear translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor was also discovered to be induced by the sesquiterpene. Molecular modeling results indicated that polygodial was capable of docking to the glucocorticoid receptor, but presented preference for the Arg611 binding site rather than Thr739 when set to bind freely inside the pocket. At last, fragmentation of DNA was verified as consequence of sesquiterpene-induced cell death. Altogether, our results suggest that, like dexamethasone, polygodial interacts the glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain but create fewer ligand-protein interactions at the site, yielding a weaker effector response. Such property provides an advantage when regarding the adverse effects resulting from stronger affinity ligands of the glucocorticoid receptor, such as in the case of the current standard dexamethasone-based treatment. This aspect, also, turns polygodial an interesting hit compound to the development of new drugs based on its backbone structure providing less harmful anti-inflammatory treatments.

Further drimane sesquiterpenes from Drimys brasiliensis stem barks with cytotoxic potential.

Drimys brasiliensis Miers (Winteraceae) is used in folk medicine for the treatment of cancer. Its anti-tumor activity has been demonstrated in vitro models using extracts and isolated compounds. This study investigates the cytotoxic effects of stem bark extracts of D. brasiliensis as well as isolated compounds that may be responsible for the activitys and evaluates them in leukemia cells. The stem bark extract were subjected to column chromatography, and the structures of compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods by using NMR and infrared spectroscopy and GC/MS. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was evaluated in chronic myeloid (K562) and acute B lymphoblastic (Nalm6) leukemia cells using tetrazolium assay (MTT). Two new compounds were isolated 1ß-O-p-methoxy-E-cinnamoyl-5α-keto-11α-enol-albicanol (1a) and the isomer 1ß-O-p-methoxy-E-cinnamoyl-5α-keto-11ß-enol-albicanol (1b) and 1ß-O-p-methoxy-E-cinnamoyl-isodrimeninol (2). The known compounds polygonal acid (3a) and the isomer isopolygonal acid (3b), fuegin (4a) and the isomer epifuegin (4b), the mixture drimanial (5) and 1ß-O-(p-methoxy-E-cinnamoyl)-6α-hydroxypolygodial (6) were also isolated. The drimanes (1-4) and drimanial (5), 1ß-(p-coumaroyloxy)-polygodial (7), 1ß-(p-methoxycinnamoyl)-polygodial (8), and polygodial (9) isolated previously were assessed in tumor cells. The IC50 values were between 3.56 and 128.91 µM. 1-ß-(p-cumaroiloxi)-polygodial showed the best result with IC50 8.18 and 3.56 µM by K562 and Nalm6, respectively. The chloroform extract of the stem bark of D. brasiliensis is a great source of drimane sesquiterpenes. Our experimental data suggest that drimanes are responsible for cytotoxicity activity demonstrated by this species, especially those with the aldehyde group linked to carbons C-11 and C-12.

A monoclinic form of dendocarbin A: a borderline case of one-dimensional isostructural polymorphism.

The title compound, dendocarbin A [systematic name: (1R,5aS,9aS,9bR)-1-hydroxy-6,6,9a-trimethyldodecahydronaphtho[1,2-c]furan-3-one], C15H22O3, is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Drimys winteri var chilensis. The monoclinic phase described herein displays an identical molecular structure to the orthorhombic phase that we reported previously [Paz Robles et al. (2014). Acta Cryst. C70, 1007-1010], while varying significantly in chain pitch, and can thus be considered as a borderline case of one-dimensional isostructural polymorphism.

Two drimane lactones, valdiviolide and 11-epivaldiviolide, in the form of a 1:1 cocrystal obtained from Drimys winteri extracts.

A cocrystal, C15H22O3·C15H22O3, (I), obtained from Drimys winteri, is composed of two isomeric drimane sesquiterpene lactones, namely valdiviolide, (Ia), and 11-epivaldiviolide, (Ib), neither of which has been reported in the crystal form. Both diastereoisomers present three chiral centres at sites 5, 10 and 11, with an SSR sequence in (Ia) and an SSS sequence in (Ib). O-H···O hydrogen bonds bind molecules into chains running along [120] and the chains are in turn linked by π-π stacking interactions to define planar weakly interacting arrays parallel to (001).

Dendocarbin A: a sesquiterpene lactone from Drimys winteri.

The natural compound dendocarbin A, C15H22O3, is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated for the first time from Drimys winteri for var chilensis. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 and its X-ray crystal structure confirmed the S/R character of the chiral centres at C-5/C-10 and C-9/C-11, respectively. The α-OH group at C-11 was found to be involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonding, defining chains along the <100> 21 screw axis.

Comparative study on the larvicidal activity of drimane sesquiterpenes and nordrimane compounds against Drosophila melanogaster til-til.

Natural compounds from Drimys winteri Forst and derivatives exhibited larvicidal effects against Drosophila melanogaster til-til. The most active compound was isodrimenin (4). The highest lethal concentration to the larvae of D. melanogaster was 4.5 ± 0.8 mg/L. At very low concentrations drimenol (1), confertifolin (3), and drimanol (5) displayed antifeedant and larvae growth regulatory activity. The antifeedant results of nordrimanic and drimanic compounds were better in first instar larvae. The EC50 value of polygodial (2) was 60.0 ± 4.2 mg/L; of diol 15 45.0 ± 2.8 mg/L, and of diol 17 36.9 ± 3.7 mg/L, while the new nordrimane compound 12 presented a value of 83.2 ± 3.5 mg/L.

Drimanes from Drimys brasiliensis with leishmanicidal and antimalarial activity.

This paper evaluates CHCl3 and CH3OH extracts of the stem bark, branches and leaves of Drimys brasiliensis and drimane sesquiterpenes isolated from the stem bark against strains of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes and Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites. All of the extracts and compounds were tested in cell lines in comparison with reference standards and cell viability was determined by the XTT method. The CHCl3 and CH3OH extracts from the stem bark and branches yielded promising results against two strains of Leishmania, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50 ) values ranging from 39-100 µg/mL. The CHCl3 extract of the stem bark returned IC50 values of 39 and 40.6 µg/mL for L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, respectively. The drimanes were relatively effective: 1-ß-(p-coumaroyloxy)-polygodial produced IC50 values of 5.55 and 2.52 µM for L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, respectively, compared with 1-ß-(p-methoxycinnamoyl)-polygodial, which produced respective IC50 values of 15.85 and 17.80 µM. The CHCl3 extract demonstrated activity (IC50 of 3.0 µg/mL) against P. falciparum. The IC50 values of 1-ß-(p-cumaroyloxyl)-polygodial and 1-ß-(p-methoxycinnamoyl)-polygodial were 1.01 and 4.87 µM, respectively, for the trophozoite strain. Therefore, the results suggest that D. brasiliensis is a promising plant from which to obtain new and effective antiparasitic agents.

Drimanes from Drimys brasiliensis with leishmanicidal and antimalarial activity

This paper evaluates CHCl3 and CH3OH extracts of the stem bark, branches and leaves of Drimys brasiliensis and drimane sesquiterpenes isolated from the stem bark against strains of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes and Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites. All of the extracts and compounds were tested in cell lines in comparison with reference standards and cell viability was determined by the XTT method. The CHCl3 and CH3OH extracts from the stem bark and branches yielded promising results against two strains of Leishmania, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50 ) values ranging from 39-100 µg/mL. The CHCl3 extract of the stem bark returned IC50 values of 39 and 40.6 µg/mL for L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, respectively. The drimanes were relatively effective: 1-β-(p-coumaroyloxy)-polygodial produced IC50 values of 5.55 and 2.52 µM for L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, respectively, compared with 1-β-(p-methoxycinnamoyl)-polygodial, which produced respective IC50 values of 15.85 and 17.80 µM. The CHCl3 extract demonstrated activity (IC50 of 3.0 µg/mL) against P. falciparum. The IC50 values of 1-β-(p-cumaroyloxyl)-polygodial and 1-β-(p-methoxycinnamoyl)-polygodial were 1.01 and 4.87 µM, respectively, for the trophozoite strain. Therefore, the results suggest that D. brasiliensis is a promising plant from which to obtain new and effective antiparasitic agents.