l-Dopa-induced dyskinesia-clinical presentation, genetics, and treatment.

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) has been recognized since the introduction of levodopa for the management of Parkinson's disease (PD) and continues to be one of the most clinically challenging factors in long-term management of patients with PD. Most patients develop LID within 10 years of PD onset and the cause has been attributed to various factors including disease demographics, pharmacological, and possibly genetic causes. The clinical pattern of LID varies and shows intra and inter-patient variability and has been classified based upon phenomenology and relation to timing of levodopa. The potential armamentarium to address and manage LID has significantly increased in the last decade. This chapter addresses the current understanding of various clinical aspects and available therapeutics for LID.

J.-M. G. Itard's 1825 study: movement and the science of the human mind.

Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard's 1825'Study of several involuntary functions of the apparatus of movement,gripping, and voice' discusses 10 individuals with uncontrolled movements but no other significant impairments.Thus, otherwise normal people move in inappropriate ways against their better judgement. Although the study contains the first clinical description of Tourette Syndrome, it has received little attention beyond that notice. Examined in its entirety and in its cultural context, Itard's study characterizes patients' movements in terms of the will, propriety, animals and gender. Lacking control over their movements, the individuals are underdeveloped humans. Accordingly, sufferers' facial expression, bodily movements and unplanned vocalizations render them more animal than human and more deviant than normal, although they are neither insane nor evil.

Surgery of involuntary movements, particularly stereotactic surgery: reminiscences.

WHEN WE STARTED using stereotactic surgery in 1953, the existing stereotactic instruments required general anesthesia for fixation of the head. We designed a stereotactic instrument with target screens that could be fixed to the patient's head under local anesthesia. The results of stereotactic surgery for spasmodic torticollis were inconsistent. The active muscles were identified by electromyography and blocked with 1% lidocaine, resulting in marked but temporary improvement. It was decided to use selective peripheral denervation in these cases with very satisfactory results, and it became the only procedure we used for the relief of spasmodic torticollis.

[The Luys' body]. / Le corps de Luys.

In 1865, Jules Luys (1828-1897) described the 'accessory band of the superior olive' (red nucleus). In 1877, A. Forel completed the description and gave the name of Corpus Luysii (CL) to this grey sub-thalamic formation. In 1927, P. Martin's attribute the Hemiballismus to the destruction of the C.L. and specifies the function of the nucleus foreseen by Luys, which play a crucial role in the synthesis of automatic motor action. The new stimulation techniques of this nucleus in the treatment of Parkinson's disease would have opened a third life for the C.L. if its name hade not be changed into 'nucleus subthalamicus'. Jules Luys, a good anatomist, one of the pioneers in France of microscope and photography, ruined his reputation by his ramblings on hysteria and hypnosis which allowed the 'action of medications at distance', the 'storage of cerebral activities within magnetic crowns' and gave prominence to 'brain emanations'.

Aspectos históricos de la distonía muscular generalizada / No disponible

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[Professor Antonio Austregésilo. The pioneer of neurology and of the study of movement disorders in Brazil]. / Professor Antonio Austregésilo. O pioneiro da neurologia e do estudo dos distúrbios do movimento no Brasil.

Professor Antonio Austregésilo was the pioneer of neurology in Brazil, creating the first neurologícal school, in Rio de Janeiro, of which he was the first professor. He was also the first to study the movement disorders in Brazil, publishing several works on this subject, primarily in "Revue Neurologique", and "L'Encephale", including a rival sign of Babinski and the first description of a posttraumatic dystonia.