Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Ebstein Anomaly.

Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital heart defect, accounting for less than 1% of cardiac malformations and occurring in approximately 1 out of 210,000 live births. It is characterized by an abnormality of the tricuspid valve, where the valve is positioned lower than normal in the right ventricle. Although primarily a tricuspid valve defect, the right ventricle itself is often structurally abnormal and weakened (myopathic).

Risk Factors for Mortality and Circulatory Outcome Among Neonates Prenatally Diagnosed With Ebstein Anomaly or Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia: A Multicenter Study.

Background In a recent multicenter study of perinatal outcome in fetuses with Ebstein anomaly or tricuspid valve dysplasia, we found that one third of live-born patients died before hospital discharge. We sought to further describe postnatal management strategies and to define risk factors for neonatal mortality and circulatory outcome at discharge. Methods and Results This 23-center, retrospective study from 2005 to 2011 included 243 fetuses with Ebstein anomaly or tricuspid valve dysplasia. Among live-born patients, clinical and echocardiographic factors were evaluated for association with neonatal mortality and palliated versus biventricular circulation at discharge. Of 176 live-born patients, 7 received comfort care, 11 died <24 hours after birth, and 4 had insufficient data. Among 154 remaining patients, 38 (25%) did not survive to discharge. Nearly half (46%) underwent intervention. Mortality differed by procedure; no deaths occurred in patients who underwent right ventricular exclusion. At discharge, 56% of the cohort had a biventricular circulation (13% following intervention) and 19% were palliated. Lower tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity (odds ratio [OR], 2.3 [1.1-5.0], 95% CI, per m/s; P=0.025) and lack of antegrade flow across the pulmonary valve (OR, 4.5 [1.3-14.2]; P=0.015) were associated with neonatal mortality by multivariable logistic regression. These variables, along with smaller pulmonary valve dimension, were also associated with a palliated outcome. Conclusions Among neonates with Ebstein anomaly or tricuspid valve dysplasia diagnosed in utero, a variety of management strategies were used across centers, with poor outcomes overall. High-risk patients with low tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity and no antegrade pulmonary blood flow should be considered for right ventricular exclusion to optimize their chance of survival.

Caso clínico: adulto con anomalía de Ebstein / Clinical case: adult with Ebstein anomaly

Introducción: la anomalía de Ebstein se caracteriza por la implantación baja de las valvas septal y posterior de la tricúspide; por lo tanto, la aurícula derecha es amplia y su ventrículo es pequeño. Al ser una patología bastante rara en nuestro medio se encuentra subdiagnosticada y no recibe el tratamiento oportuno. Por ende, la importancia de conocerla para no retrasar su manejo clínico quirúrgico.Caso clínico: paciente de 46 años de edad, masculino, con antecedente de hipoacusia congénita, presentó disnea (clase funcional III) más palpitaciones y dolor torácico atípico hace 1 año aproximadamente. Al examen físico evidenció soplo holosistólico en foco tricuspídeo y uso moderado de musculatura accesoria. Al ecocardiograma transesofágico, se observó arritmia auricular más implante bajo de las valvas de la tricúspide y se inició tratamiento clínico más ablación del flutter. En la evolución presentó mejoría de la sintomatología y dependiendo del deterioro de la clase funcional, tratamiento quirúrgico Conclusiones: en el presente caso se ajustó tratamiento clínico y ablación del flutter de acuerdo a sintomatología del paciente, mostrando mejoría (AU);

Introduction: Ebstein's anomaly is characterized by low implantation of the septal and posterior tricuspid leaflets; therefore, the right atrium is wide and its ventricle is small. Being a rather rare pathology in our environment, it is underdiagnosed and does not receive the appropriate treatment. Therefore, it is important to know it to avoid a delay in its clinical surgical management.Clinical case: The patient is 46-year-old male, with a history of congenital hearing loss, who presented dyspnea (functional class III) plus palpitations and atypical chest pain approximately 1 year ago. In the physical examination, he revealed a holosystolic murmur in the tricuspid focus and moderate use of accessory muscles. A transesophageal echocardiogram revealed atrial arrhythmia plus implantation of the tricuspid leaflets and it was started a clinical treatment plus flutter ablation. In the evolution he presented improvement of the symptoms and depending on the deterioration of the functional class, surgical treatment.Conclusions: in this case, clinical treatment and flutter ablation were adjusted according to the patient's symptoms, showing improvement (AU);

Ebstein anomaly associated with cri du chat (cat's cry) syndrome and 20q duplication.

Ebstein anomaly is a congenital heart defect with a low prevalence and high mortality in the early stages of life. In medical literature, there is no reported association between Ebstein anomaly and cri du chat syndrome. Here, we report the case of a full-term newborn with a low weight for his age and who had a prenatal diagnosis of Ebstein anomaly and a postnatal diagnosis of cri du chat syndrome and 20q duplication detected on array CGH. The patient required medical treatment with inotropic support, high-frequency ventilation and nitric oxide, with an adequate response. Surgical intervention was not needed.

Permanent Pacing in a Patient With Fontan Circulation: Use All You Have at Your Discretion.

Patients with Fontan circulation post significant technical challenges at the time of permanent pacemaker implantation, as majority of them are treated with surgically implanted epicardial pacemakers. However, transvenous pacemaker implantation is technically feasible, and the treating physician should be aware of each individual's anatomy and available treatment options.

Ebstein's Anomaly.

Ebstein's anomaly is a malformation of the tricuspid valve with myopathy of the right ventricle (RV) that presents with variable anatomic and pathophysiologic characteristics, leading to equally variable clinical scenarios. Medical management and observation is often recommended for asymptomatic patients and may be successful for many years. Tricuspid valve repair is the goal of operative intervention; repair also typically includes RV plication, right atrial reduction, and atrial septal closure or subtotal closure. Postoperative functional assessments generally demonstrate an improvement or relative stability related to degree of RV enlargement, RV dysfunction, RV fractional area change, and tricuspid valve regurgitation.

Assessing the borderline ventricle in a term infant: combining imaging and physiology to establish the right course.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to describe the challenges associated with the diagnosis and treatment of children with borderline ventricles. A borderline ventricle is one in which there is concern that it will not be able to support its circulation. If a biventricular repair is attempted and fails, outcome is often poor. Thus, this early decision is important. RECENT FINDINGS: For the borderline right ventricle, options to add an additional source of pulmonary blood flow make the surgical strategy a bit more flexible than for patients with a borderline left ventricle. In general, outcome for a so-called one and one-half ventricle repair are generally good, though the long-term outcome and the effects of this physiology on lifelong exercise performance and quality of life remain to be seen. For the small left ventricle, often multiple surgeries are required to 'force' blood into the left ventricle and potentially help it grow. Though this strategy is successful in some, in others it results in significant residual cardiac issues including pulmonary hypertension. SUMMARY: Determining whether a patient will be better off in the long term with a marginal biventricular repair versus a Fontan circulation remains one of the most difficult problems in the field of pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery.

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Patients with Ebstein's Anomaly.

Ebstein's anomaly is a rare congenital heart disease characterized by apical displacement of the septal and posterior tricuspid valve leaflets. It is often complicated with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction as well as right-sided abnormalities. On the other hand, in the presence of LV dysfunction, right ventricular pacing is likely to aggravate the diseased LV function, which is termed pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy. Thus, deteriorating effects of RV pacing on cardiac function might be enhanced and result in pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with Ebstein's anomaly, even if they have preserved LVEF. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is effective for the treatment of pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy, and we present the first case of effect of CRT on pacemaker-induced cardiomyopathy associated with Ebstein's anomaly.

Ebstein's Anomaly: Genetics, Clinical Manifestations, and Management.

Ebstein's anomaly is uncommon. Genetic bases of this congenital heart defect may be related to the mutations in myosin heavy chain 7 and NKX2.5, among others. Asymptomatic patients with Ebstein's anomaly can be conservatively treated and kept under close follow-up, whereas surgical operation is indicated for those patients with evidence of right heart dilation and progressively impaired ventricular systolic function. A biventricular repair consisting of the reconstruction of a competent monocuspid tricuspid valve, right ventriculorrhaphy, subtotal atrial septal defect closure, and aggressive reduction atrioplasty is suitable for most patients, and 1.5-ventricular repair (bidirectional Glenn shunt) is indicated for patients with poor right ventricular function; by contrast, heart transplantation is used in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction.

Left Ventricular Assist Device Insertion in a Patient With Biventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy, Ebstein Anomaly, and a Left Atrial Mass: A Case Report.

In this report, we present the case of a patient with biventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy, Ebstein anomaly, and a left atrial mass who required emergent placement of a left ventricular assist device. The noncompaction cardiomyopathy complicated the left ventricular assist device implantation procedure because the thickened, trabeculated myocardium made it difficult to place the inflow cannula. We discuss our perioperative management strategy, in which transesophageal echocardiography was used, to help the surgical team identify the proper cannula placement and provide a bridge to transplantation.

What prognosis for Ebstein's anomaly without surgery? Hassan II teaching hospital experience.

Background From the first description in 1886, significant progress was made on the treatment of Ebstein disease by mono and bi-ventricular surgery. Aim To highlight the prognosis of Ebstein's anomaly in the pediatric department of Hassan II hospital in Fez. Methods This is a descriptive and retrospective study of 4 years. Results We collected nine patients (seven boys and two girls) with a mean age of 5.3 years. Cyanosis was the main mode of revelation of the disease. In three patients Ebstein's anomaly was part of a malformative syndrome. All patients had only symptomatic medical treatment. Five patients are still alive at a follow up of one to six years. Conclusion Symptomatic medical treatment of Ebstein malformation may improve the prognosis of the disease.

Successful balloon mitral valvotomy in a rare coexistence of Ebstein's anomaly and rheumatic mitral stenosis.

Co-existence of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve with rheumatic mitral stenosis is a very rare occurrence. We report the case of a young man who presented with progressive dyspnoea and was found to have rheumatic mitral stenosis with pulmonary hypertension and Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. The patient underwent successful balloon mitral valvotomy resulting in marked improvement of symptoms.

Ebstein anomaly: a review.

Cardiac congenital abnormalities are a leading cause in neonatal mortality occurring in up to 1 in 200 of live births. Ebstein anomaly, also known as Kassamali anomaly, accounts for 1 percent of all congenital cardiac anomalies. This congenital abnormality involves malformation of the tricuspid valve and of the right ventricle. In this review, the causes of the anomaly are outlined and the pathophysiology is discussed, with a focus on the symptoms, management, and treatments available to date.

[European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of complex grown-up congenital heart disease]. / Recommandations européennes pour la prise en charge des cardiopathies congénitales complexes de l'adulte.

The number of patients with Grown-Up Congenital Heart disease (GUCH) consulting adult cardiologists is steadily increasing. These patients have either a non-diagnosed congenital heart disease revealed at adulthood, or a diagnosed congenital heart disease for which one or multiple interventions have possibly been performed during childhood. In this article, we summarize the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology of 2010 for complex congenital heart disease.

Ebstein's anomaly and Down's syndrome.

We report on two cases presenting with a rare combination of Ebstein's anomaly and Down's syndrome. The first patient presented with respiratory distress, mild cyanosis and right heart failure immediately after delivery. The symptoms improved with heart failure medication. The patient remained asymptomatic on follow up. The second patient was diagnosed antenatally with marked apical displacement of the tricuspid valve and a very small functional right ventricle compared to the left ventricle. At birth, the patient presented with an extreme form of Ebstein's anomaly with severe cyanosis, marked right heart failure and ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow. The patient died within days of birth.