Desenlaces materno-fetales de los embarazos con trastornos hipertensivos: un estudio transversal / Maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancies with hypertensive disorders: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Los trastornos hipertensivos asociados al embarazo son considerados un problema de salud pública. Se busca describir las características clínicas y desenlaces materno-fetales de las pacientes con esta patología, atendidas en el Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS) durante el primer semestre de 2017. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de corte transversal. Se incluyeron las pacientes en estado de embarazo o puerperio con diagnóstico o sospecha de trastorno hipertensivo; se excluyeron aquellas que no pudieron ser clasificadas o no correspondían a éstos. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 181 historias clínicas; la edad de las pacientes osciló entre 14 y 44 años; el 43,7% eran primigestantes; el 40,3% tuvo un control prenatal inadecuado y el 27,5% tenía antecedente de trastorno hipertensivo en gestaciones previas. El 75,1% de las pacientes fueron clasificadas como preeclampsia, 18,2% con hipertensión gestacional, 4,4% con hipertensión más preeclampsia sobreagregada y 2,2% con hipertensión crónica. El 16,9% de las pacientes con preeclampsia debutaron antes de la semana 34, de las cuales el 91,3% tenían criterios de severidad; mientras que entre las demás, el 84% presentaron criterios de severidad. CONCLUSIONES: La preeclampsia fue el trastorno hipertensivo más frecuente, predominó la presentación tardía y severa con importantes tasas de complicación maternas y fetales. Mediante la implementación de estrategias de detección temprana y adecuada atención de los trastornos hipertensivos asociados al embarazo podrían mejorarse los desenlaces materno-fetales.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are considered a public health issue. The aim is to describe the clinical features, maternal - fetal outcomes of patients with this disease, who were admitted at the University Hospital of Santander (Bucaramanga, Colombia) during the first half of 2017. METHOD: Cross-sectional retrospective observational study. Patients in pregnancy or puerperium with diagnosis of hypertensive disorder were included; those who could not be classified or did not correspond were excluded. RESULTS: 181 clinical charts were analyzed, the age of the patients ranged between 14 and 44 years, 43.7% were nulliparous, 40.3% had an inadequate prenatal control and 27.5% had history of hypertensive disorder in previous pregnancies. 75.1% were classified as preeclampsia, 18.2% as gestational hypertension, 4.4% as hypertension and superimposed preeclampsia and 2.2% with chronic hypertension; 16.9% of the patients were of an early-onset preeclampsia before week 34, of which 91.3% had criteria of severity; among the others, 84% presented criteria of severity. CONCLUSION: Preeclampsia was the most frequent hypertensive disorder, late and severe presentation prevailed with important maternal and fetal complication rates. Through the implementation of early detection strategies and adequate care of hypertensive disorders associated with pregnancy maternal and fetal outcomes could be improved.

No Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy; No Preeclampsia-eclampsia; No Gestational Hypertension; No Hellp Syndrome. Vascular Disorder of Pregnancy Speaks for All.

Hypertensive disorders complicate 5%-10% of pregnancies with increasing incidence mainly due to upward trends in obesity globally. In the last century, several terminologies have been introduced to describe the spectrum of this disease. The current and widely used classification of hypertensive pregnancy disorders was introduced in 1972 and in 1982, but has not been free of controversy and confusion. Unlike other diseases, the existing terminology combines signs and symptoms, but does not describe the underlying pathology of the disease itself. In this commentary, a detailed account is given to vascular disorder of pregnancy (VDP) as an inclusive terminology taking into account the underlying pathology of the disease on affected organs and systems. A simple and uniform classification scheme for VDP is proposed.

Comparison of outcomes after typical and atypical eclampsia: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics, clinical features and maternal-perinatal outcomes after atypical eclampsia. METHODS: In a retrospective study, we compared demographics, clinical characteristics and outcomes between typical and atypical eclampsia. RESULTS: Of 90 eclamptic patients, 56 had typical eclamptic features and 34 had atypical features. Compared to typical eclampsia, atypical eclampsia had higher gestational age (37.6 ± 3.3 vs. 34.6 ± 4.2 weeks, p = 0.001), a higher incidence of no antenatal risk factors [25 (73.5%) vs. 12 (21.4%), p < 0.001], less antepartum seizures [11 (32.4%) vs. 45 (80.4%), p < 0.001], a lower incidence of prodromal symptoms [20 (58.5%) vs. 49 (87.5%), p = 0.002], and a higher incidence of no lesion in brain imaging [16 (47.1%) vs. 12 (21.4%), p = 0.010). Although atypical eclampsia was associated with a lower odd ratio (OR) in composite perinatal complications (OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.08-0.60, p = 0.003), composite maternal complications did not differ between the two groups (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.08-0.60, p =0.191). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal outcomes did not differ between the two groups. Therefore, more attention should be focused on atypical eclampsia.

Embarazo complicado con hipertensión arterial en el Hospital Roatán, Honduras / Pregnancy-induced hypertension at Hospital Roatán, Honduras

La hipertensión arterial en el embarazo amenaza la salud y la vida del binomio madre-hijo; su diagnóstico oportuno es una prioridad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia del embarazo complicado con hipertensión arterial y factores de riesgo asociados en un grupo de mujeres de Roatón, Islas de la Bahia, Honduras, realizado entre diciembre de 2009 y marzo de 2010. Pacientes y Métodos: Descriptivo transversal cuyo universo poblacional fueron todas las mujeres embarazadas con 20 semanas de gestación que acudieron a la consulta externa y la emergencia del Hospital Roatón, realizado entre diciembre de 2009 y marzo de 2010, obteniendo una muestra de 28 mujeres embarazadas. Previo consentimiento informado, se utilizó una encuesta estructurada para recolectar la información. Resultados: Se encontró un 10.7% de embarazos complicados con hipertensión arterial de los cuales un 66.7% presentó hipertensión gestacional y 33.6% preeclampsia. Todas las embarazadas tenían acceso a la red de servicios de salud, de las cuales el 89% recibia el controlde embarazo por médico general en los centros de atención primaria del estado y las embarazadas complicadas eran referidas al servicio de Gineco-obstetricia del Hospital. El 32.1% eran primigestas, el 3.6% consumia alcohol y ninguna tabaco ni drogas ilícitas. Dentro de los antecedentes familiares el 32.1% tenían alguién familiar consanguíneo con hipertensión arterial, 21.4% diabetes mellitus y ninguna con preeclampsia,eclampsia u obesidad. Además de la hipertensión arterial, no se encontraron complicaciones maternas ni fetales relacionadas. Conclusión: En Roatón la frecuencia de embarazo complicado con hipertensión arterial es similar a lo reportado en la literatura, pero reflejan la necesidad de utilizar adecuadamente la hoja de atención prenatal, ya que es un documento ampliamente estructurado que permite identificar los factoresde riesgo tempranamente para prevenir las posibles complicaciones...

Embarazo complicado con hipertensión arterial en el Hospital Roatán, Honduras / Pregnancy-induced hypertension at Hospital Roatán, Honduras

La hipertensi¨®n arterial en el embarazo amenaza la salud y la vida del binomio madre-hijo; su diagn¨®stico oportuno es una prioridad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia del embarazo complicado con hipertensi¨®n arterial y factores de riesgo asociados en un grupo de mujeres de Roat¨¢n, Islas de la Bah¨ªa, Honduras, realizado entre diciembre de 2009 y marzo de 2010. Pacientes y M¨¦todos: Descriptivo transversal cuyo universo poblacional fueron todas las mujeres embarazadas con ¡Ý 20 semanas de gestaci¨®n que acudieron a la consulta externa y la emergencia del Hospital Roat¨¢n, realizado entre diciembre de 2009 y marzo de 2010, obteniendo una muestra de 28 mujeres embarazadas. Previo consentimiento informado, se utiliz¨® una encuesta estructurada para recolectar la informaci¨®n. Resultados: Se encontr¨® un 10.7% de embarazos complicados con hipertensi¨®n arterial de los cuales un 66.7% present¨® hipertensi¨®n gestacional y 33.6% preeclampsia. Todas las embarazadas ten¨ªan acceso a la red de servicios de salud, de las cuales el 89% recib¨ªa el controlde embarazo por m¨¦dico general en los centros de atenci¨®n primaria del estado y las embarazadas complicadas eran referidas al servicio deGineco-obstetricia del Hospital. El 32.1% eran primigestas, el 3.6% consum¨ªa alcohol y ninguna tabaco ni drogas il¨ªcitas. Dentro de los antecedentes familiares el 32.1% ten¨ªan alg¨²n familiar consangu¨ªneo con hipertensi¨®n arterial, 21.4% diabetes mellitus y ninguna con preeclampsia,eclampsia u obesidad. Adem¨¢s de la hipertensi¨®n arterial, no se encontraron complicaciones maternas ni fetales relacionadas. Conclusi¨®n: En Roat¨¢n la frecuencia de embarazo complicado con hipertensi¨®n arterial es similar a lo reportado en la literatura, pero reflejan la necesidad de utilizar adecuadamente la hoja de atenci¨®n prenatal, ya que es un documento ampliamente estructurado que permite identificar los factoresde riesgo tempranamente para prevenir las posibles complicaciones...(AU)

Eclampsia-scenario in a hospital--a ten years study.

This cross sectional record based institutional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan over ten years (1999-2008) aiming analysis of eclamptic mothers for evaluation of maternal and perinatal outcome with different anticonvulsant medications. Total 5991 pregnant mothers with eclampsia admitted in the inpatient department of the tertiary care teaching hospital were recruited for the study, irrespective of their previous antenatal check up history. Subjects with known seizure disorders were excluded from the study. The subjects were managed according to standard regimens (Menon, Ph-sodium, diazepam & magnesium sulphate) and results were documented in standardised format. Case fatality rate, mean induction delivery time & birth-weight, perinatal mortality rates were recorded. Study reveals that the incidence of eclampsia <20 years was 6.97% and majority (5.41%) came from rural areas. Eclampsia was noted primarily in primigravida (7.43%) and unbooked (6.41%) mothers. Ante partum eclampsia predominated (64%) and incidence of caesarean section was 22.25%.The overall case fatality rate was 6.05% and eclampsia contributed 27.85% of all maternal deaths during the last two years of the study period. The overall incidence of low birth weight baby was 26.96% and perinatal mortality was 30.33% (1411/4651).The incidence of perinatal mortality and low birth weight babies are lower in the last 4 years when compared to earlier studies. Proper socio-demographic assessment of pregnancy with eclampsia, planned delivery, shorter induction delivery interval, good control of convulsion by magnesium sulphate, intensive intranatal monitoring causes less maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

A historical overview of preeclampsia-eclampsia.

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive, multisystem disorder of pregnancy whose etiology remains unknown. Although management is evidence-based, preventative measures/screening tools are lacking, treatment remains symptomatic, and delivery remains the only cure. Past hypotheses/scientific contributions have influenced current understanding of preeclampsia pathophysiology and guided management strategies and classification criteria. To provide insight into how past hypotheses/scientific contributions have shaped current practice trends, this article provides a historical overview of preeclampsia-eclampsia.

Relationship between thrombophilic disorders and type of severe early-onset hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether specific subtypes of early-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets [HELLP] syndrome; severe preeclampsia; eclampsia; and fetal growth restriction) differ in increased prevalences of thrombophilic disorders. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Two university hospitals in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. POPULATION: 216 patients participating in a randomized clinical trial with severe and early-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. METHODS: More than 3 months after delivery, all patients were invited for a thrombophilia screening protocol, including hereditary thrombophilic disorders (Factor II or V-Leiden mutation, APC-resistance, protein S deficiency), antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant activity), and hyperhomocysteinemia (before and after methionin challenge). Disease expression was classified by HELLP syndrome, severe preeclampsia, or neonatal birth weight ratio below the median (0.65). Univariate and multinomial regression analyses examined the association of disease expression with thrombophilic disorders, and other associated factors (chronic hypertension, smoking, body mass index, positive family history of cardiovascular morbidity, and demographic parameters). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: incidence of thrombophilic disorders in different subtypes of disease. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of thrombophilic disorders in 206 (95%) screened women was 36%. Chronic hypertension was present in 32%, and 34% had a positive family history of cardiovascular morbidity. Multinomial regression analysis showed that hereditary thrombophilia was more frequent among women with infants with a birth weight ratio <0.65 than in women with HELLP syndrome or severe preeclampsia (p = 0.01, OR 5.1 (1.5 to 7.3) and OR 3.4 (1.1 to 10.6), respectively). High body mass index was less frequent in women with HELLP syndrome than in those with severe preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction (p = 0.06, OR 0.5 (0.3 to 0.9) and OR 0.4 (0.2 to 1.0), respectively). CONCLUSION: In this population, the high prevalence of thrombophilic factors and chronic hypertension was confirmed. There were small differences between groups. Hereditary thrombophilic disorders were associated with fetal growth restriction but not with type of maternal disease, suggesting an effect on placental function. Maternal body mass index was lower in women with HELLP syndrome.

Hypertensive pregnancy disorders: current concepts.

Hypertensive pregnancy disorders complicate 10% of all pregnancies and cover a spectrum of conditions, namely preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic and gestational hypertension. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder clinically characterized by hypertension and proteinuria that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation. It remains a leading cause of both fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditionally, hypertensive pregnancy disorders were considered not to have any long-term impact on mothers' cardiovascular health; however, recent studies consistently have supported the role of hypertension in pregnancy as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease later in life. Therefore, improved screening, and preventive and treatment strategies may not only optimize management of hypertensive pregnancy disorders, but may have a long-term impact on women's cardiovascular events and outcomes years after the affected pregnancies. This article will provide a brief review of hypertensive pregnancy disorders and important recent discoveries regarding their pathogeneses, while focusing on current diagnostic and treatment strategies.

International Classification of Diseases-9th revision coding for preeclampsia: how accurate is it?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the International Classification of Diseases-9th revision codes for preeclampsia and eclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: The University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago discharge database was used to identify 135 women from 1999 through 2001 whose disease was coded as having preeclampsia or eclampsia. With American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology criteria as the gold standard, the diagnosis that was determined through chart review was compared with the International Classification of Diseases-9th revision code that was present in the discharge database. Patients were classified as true cases if the International Classification of Diseases-9th revision code matched the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists diagnosis; the positive predictive value of the code was then calculated. RESULTS: The overall positive predictive value for the complete sample was only 54%, but the positive predictive value for severe preeclampsia was 84.8%, which was high compared with mild preeclampsia (45.3%) and eclampsia (41.7%). Diagnostic (clinician) error was the most common reason for miscoding error. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that International Classification of Diseases-9th revision codes for preeclampsia/eclampsia vary greatly in their accuracy of diagnosis. Therefore, a review of medical records is required when data are being gathered on the incidence of preeclampsia and eclampsia.

Conducta anestésica en la embarazada hipertensa / The anesthetic management of the hypertensive pregnant

El principal objetivo de esta revisión es examinar el manejo anestésico de la embarazada con hipertensión arterial. Para tal fin, es necesario comenzar analizando dos aspectos fundamentales de este tipo de pacientes. En primer lugar, la clasificación de los estados hipertensivos del embarazo para poder distinguir entre hipertensión independiente de la gestación (hipertensión crónica) y la hipertensión producida por el embarazo (preeclampsia). Estas patologías son completamente distintas. Mientras que en la hipertensión crónica la enfermedad es la hipertensión, en la preeclampsia la hipertensión es solo un signo más de una enfermedad multisistémica. En segundo lugar, la fisiopatología de la preeclampsia. Actualmente se considera que el punto de partida de la enfermedad es el daño endotelial (de causa desconocida) que al afectar la mayoría de los órganos y sistemas es el responsable de las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad. Teniendo en cuenta estos dos aspectos, se comenta el manejo anestésico. El autor considera que ni la hipertensión crónica ni la preeclampsia constituyen per se contraindicaciones para la anestesia regional central. El tema de la anestesia subaracnoidea debe ser considerado en función de las dosis y los fármacos empleados. Las contraindicaciones de la anestesia regional en la preeclampsia son las mismas que en las pacientes no hipertensas. (AU)

Preeclampsia into eclampsia: toward a new paradigm.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to characterize aspects of the natural history of eclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis was performed on the records of patients with eclampsia who were delivered at two tertiary care hospitals. RESULTS: Fifty-three pregnancies complicated by eclampsia were identified. Thirty-seven of the women were nulliparous. The mean age was 22 years (range, 15-38 years). Mean gestational age at the time of seizures was 34.2 weeks' gestation (range, 22-43 weeks' gestation). Twenty-eight women had antepartum seizures (53%); 23 of the 28 had seizures at home. Nineteen women had intrapartum seizures (36%). Eight of these women had seizures while receiving magnesium sulfate, and 7 had therapeutic magnesium levels. Six women had postpartum seizures (11%), 4 >24 hours after delivery. Headache preceded seizures in 34 cases. Visual disturbance preceded seizures in 16 cases. The uric acid level was elevated to >6 mg/dL in 43 women. There were no maternal deaths or permanent morbidities. There were 4 perinatal deaths. Two patients had intrauterine fetal deaths at 28 and 36 weeks' gestation. These mothers had seizures at home. One infant died of complications of prematurity at 22 weeks' gestation and one died of respiratory complications at 26 weeks' gestation. There were 4 cases of abruptio placentae, 1 of which resulted in fetal death. Of the 53 cases of eclampsia, only 9 were potentially preventable. One of these was that of a woman who was being observed at home. The other 8 women were hospitalized and had hypertension and proteinuria. Only 7 women could be considered to have severe preeclampsia before seizure (13%), and 4 of these 7 women were receiving magnesium sulfate. CONCLUSIONS: Eclampsia was not found to be a progression from severe preeclampsia. In 32 of 53 cases (60%) seizures were the first signs of preeclampsia. In this series eclampsia appeared to be more of a subset of preeclampsia. Only 9 cases of eclampsia were potentially preventable with current standards of practice. Our paradigm for this disease, as well as our approach to seizure prophylaxis, should be reevaluated.

[Types of hypertension in pregnant women of Benin admitted to the National University Hospital of Cotonou]. / Les différents types d'hypertension artérielle chez les femmes enceintes béninoises admises au CNHU de Cotonou.

We carried out a retrospective and prospective study between January 1995 and August 1996, of pregnant women with high blood pressure. The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of each type of hypertension according to the classification of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and to evaluate the prognosis for the mother and child. The prevalence of hypertension in pregnancy was found to be 7.65%. A family history of hypertension, obesity and a personal history of hypertension in pregnancy were all risk factors. Severe hypertension (diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > 110 mm Hg) affected 59.4% of the women. Chronic hypertension occurred in 41.51% of cases, preeclampsia in 26.41% of cases, associated preeclampsia in 18.87% of cases and isolated hypertension in 13.21% of cases. Eclampsia (70.6%) was the principal maternal complication in this study population. Fifty-four of the women gave birth to normal babies, 21 to hypotrophic babies, 15 gave birth prematurely and 3 had miscarriages. Six of the seven deaths involved women with DBP above 110 mm Hg.

The accuracy of eclampsia cases reported to the Victorian Inpatient Minimum Database and the Perinatal Data Collection Unit.

The aim of this study was to compare the quality of the reporting and coding of eclampsia in two routine data collections: the Victorian Inpatient Minimum Database (VIMD) and the Perinatal Data Collection Unit (PDCU). The validity of cases in the two data sets was confirmed by reference to the original medical record data. Only 12 cases were the same in both data sets (i.e., 35.3% agreement). There were an additional 51 cases that were reported to either one or the other of the data sets and, of these, only 15 (i.e., 29%) were confirmed as eclampsia. The overall number of cases confirmed for both systems in 1995 was 27, or 0.4 per 1000 confinements. Reasons for these discrepancies were investigated and three basic problems identified: quality of documentation in the medical record, coding errors, and use of data from computer-generated forms. Neither the VIMD nor the PDCU was regarded as having sufficiently accurate data for adequate reporting of maternal morbidity. By combining the information from both databases a better estimate of incidence can be obtained, but improved reporting and coding is essential for accurate assessment of this condition.

¿El sexo del feto determina la severidad de la preeclampsia-eclampsia? / Fetal sex determines pre-eclampsia-eclampsia severity?

Se analizaron 326 pacientes con diagnóstico de preeclampsia-eclampsia (Pre E) de quienes se obtuvieron 326 neonatos; 172 correspondieron al sexo femenino y 154 al sexo masculino observando una relación de 1.2/l del femenino sobre el masculino. Asimismo se detecta que existe una probabilidad 1.6 veces mayor de presentar eclampsia si el feto es masculino. Los hallazgos del presente estudio son opuestos a los publicados en la literatura mundial

[Incidence of hypertension in pregnancy in relation to the definition of hypertension]. / Häufigkeit der Schwangerschaftshypertonie in Abhängigkeit von der Hypertoniedefinition.

According to a proposal of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) the definition of hypertension is based on a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or more. Systolic and mean arterial blood pressure (e.g. MAP II) are not be taken into account. Out of a clear defined district the totality of n = 2259 pregnant women has been strictly supervised till to delivery and afterwards. The frequency of hypertension according to the old ACOG-definition was calculated to be 15.9% (n = 360). According to the newer ISSHP-definition it was 12.7% (n = 287). To detect severe and hazardous cases the newer ISSHP-definition seems to be better than the older definition of ACOG. Therefore, the acceptance of the ISSHP-proposal is recommended.

Main clinical types and subtypes of eclampsia.

Eclampsia has been traditionally divided in three types: antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum. Several authors consider two more subtypes, early cases and intercurrent eclampsia. The clinical analysis of 990 patients with eclampsia divided according to such classification revealed numerous significant differences that could give grounds for the interpretation of conflicting results in medical research. Maternal and perinatal mortality, types and incidence of complications, obstetric and eclamptic profiles, and incidence of underlying diseases were strikingly higher in antepartum eclampsia, especially in early cases. The features of intrapartum eclampsia were closer to those of the postpartum group than to those of antepartum cases, and intercurrent eclampsia was oddly benign for the mother but not for the fetuses. These findings indicate that a more precise classification of eclampsia must consider seven differential facts: (1) timing of convulsions, (2) length of pregnancy, (3) complications , (4) underlying diseases, (5) maternal age, (6) number of index pregnancy, and (7) single or multiple gestation.