Subject(s)
Autistic Disorder/etiology , Chelating Agents/therapeutic use , Preservatives, Pharmaceutical/adverse effects , Thimerosal/adverse effects , Vaccines/chemistry , Autistic Disorder/drug therapy , Chelating Agents/poisoning , Child, Preschool , Edetic Acid/poisoning , Humans , Infant , Male , Politics , Preservatives, Pharmaceutical/administration & dosage , Thimerosal/administration & dosage , United States , United States Food and Drug Administration , Vaccines/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The cytotoxicity of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and disodium edetate (EDTA) was evaluated in vitro in rabbit corneal epithelial primary cells and in the immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line SV40. Cell injury was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and by reduction of the tetrazolium salt WST-1 to formazan by mitochondrial metabolic activity. Cell cultures were exposed to test compounds both in serum-free and in serum-containing medium. Although WST-1 and LDH tests measured different physiological endpoints, they yielded comparable results. However, the LDH test seemed less reliable due to great variation. The use of serum was found to result in lower toxicity of the compounds in both tests. The rabbit primary cell culture and the human corneal cell line were quite similar in their responses to BAC and EDTA. The human cell line is a promising in vitro alternative in oculotoxicity testing.
Subject(s)
Benzalkonium Compounds/poisoning , Edetic Acid/poisoning , Epithelium, Corneal/drug effects , Animals , Cell Line, Transformed , Cells, Cultured , Epithelium, Corneal/metabolism , Formazans/metabolism , Humans , L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Rabbits , Tetrazolium Salts/metabolismSubject(s)
Cattle Diseases/chemically induced , Edetic Acid/poisoning , Liver/drug effects , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/pathology , Copper/analysis , Copper/blood , Copper/deficiency , Edetic Acid/administration & dosage , Injections, Subcutaneous/veterinary , Kidney/chemistry , Kidney/drug effects , Liver/chemistry , Poisoning/pathology , Poisoning/veterinary , Selenium/analysis , Selenium/blood , Zinc/analysisABSTRACT
Copper disodium edetate in recommended doses was apparently responsible for the deaths of one calf and clinical signs of toxicosis in 5 others on one farm, and 7 deaths and clinical signs of toxicosis in a number of others on another ranch. Signs of hyperexcitability, hypermetria, hindlimb weakness, head pressing, depression, and opisthotonos occurred 6 to 24 hours after injections and preceded death by 1 to 2 days. Necropsy and histologic examination revealed massive liver necrosis. High blood concentrations of liver enzymes in affected cattle that did not die indicated that they had liver damage. High blood concentration of iron in cattle that died indicated possible interaction of copper and iron.
