Factores influyentes en el desarrollo de competencias en Ortopedia y Traumatología durante el internado médico / Influential Factors in The Development of Competencies in Orthopedics and Traumatology During the Medical Internship

RESUMEN Introducción: Actualmente la salud es concebida como un derecho fundamental y para garantizarlo se debe propender por una adecuada formación de los profesionales de la salud. El internado rotatorio es la última etapa y la más importante del pregrado en Medicina. Objetivo: Explorar los factores desde la perspectiva de estudiantes y docentes, que influyen en el desarrollo de competencias en la rotación de Ortopedia y Traumatología durante el internado médico. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque en teoría fundamentada. Para la recolección de datos se realizó un cuestionario semiestructurado a una muestra aleatoria de 14 participantes, 7 estudiantes y 7 docentes, que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. El análisis se basó en la codificación y categorización de los datos que posteriormente fueron sometidos a un proceso de triangulación para lograr la teorización final. Resultados: Los factores que favorecen el desarrollo de competencias están relacionados con la motivación intrínseca del estudiante, la flexibilidad y disponibilidad de recursos académicos, las características del programa de la rotación y el ambiente de práctica. Se identificaron como factores limitantes aquellos asociados a una formación deficiente en ciencias básicas médicas, la priorización del componente asistencial sobre el académico, la disponibilidad limitada de espacios y recursos de aprendizaje y los métodos de enseñanza tradicionales. Conclusiones: Es de vital importancia la identificación de los factores que favorecen y limitan el desarrollo de las competencias de los estudiantes de medicina en su última etapa de formación en ortopedia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Few areas of orthopedic surgery have had such important technical changes in recent decades as in corrective spinal surgery. Fundamental changes have come with the new spinal instrumentation systems, which have been substantially modified and improved to facilitate three-dimensional correction of the deformity and provide secure spinal fixation, correction and stability. Objective: To evaluate the results achieved with the spinal instrumentation systems used in the correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study was carried out on 16 patients with thoracolumbar kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis operated on with the pedicle subtraction osteotomy technique and instrumented with Luque-type pedicle and sublaminar systems, in the Orthopedics service at Hermanos Ameijeiras Surgical Clinical Hospital, from March 2001 to March 2021. Results: All the patients were male, white skin color and average age of 39 years. More than 80% correction was achieved in the sagittal profile and an average of 34.3° per osteotomy, without major neurological complications. Good functional results were obtained, with high degree of patient satisfaction and improvement in their quality of life. Conclusions: The use of both spinal instrumentation systems is effective in maintaining the correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis due to ankylosing spondylitis.

Expansão de vagas e qualidade dos cursos de Medicina no Brasil: Em que pé estamos? / Expansion of vacancies and quality of medical courses in Brazil: Where do we stand?

Resumo: Introdução: A educação médica no Brasil vem enfrentando um importante processo de expansão. Essa realidade foi fortemente influenciada por programas e políticas educacionais implementados principalmente nas últimas décadas. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo traçar um panorama da formação e da avaliação dos cursos de graduação em Medicina no contexto nacional. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental e descritiva, de abordagem quantitativa. O levantamento de dados ocorreu por meio de dados provenientes da Sistemática de Avaliação Nacional da Educação Superior do Ministério da Educação disponibilizado pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira, órgão que coordena e gerencia dados relativos aos processos de regulação, avaliação e supervisão da educação superior no sistema federal de educação. Foram analisados 20 anos de oferta de cursos de Medicina no Brasil (2000-2019). Resultados: No período em estudo, o número de escolas médicas apresentou um crescimento de 214,9%. No total, analisaram-se 337 cursos de graduação em Medicina em atividade vinculados a instituições de ensino superior públicas (35%) e privadas (65%), perfazendo 34.585 vagas anuais ofertadas. Os cursos estão distribuídos nas 27 unidades federativas brasileiras, com maior e menor concentração de vagas e escolas médicas nas Regiões Sudeste e Norte, respectivamente. A média nacional do número de vagas/ano foi de 1.280,9 vagas/ano e da razão vagas/habitantes foi de 16,5 vagas/100 mil habitantes. A maioria dos cursos obteve conceito três nos indicadores de qualidade propostos pelo Ministério da Educação. Conclusão: O ensino da Medicina no Brasil vem passando por importante processo de expansão, e este é fundamentalmente privado e mal distribuído pelo país, e apresenta indicadores de qualidade mínimos para manutenção do seu funcionamento.

Abstract: Introduction: Medical education in Brazil is facing an important expansion process. This reality has been strongly influenced by educational programs and policies implemented mainly in the last few decades. Objective: The study aimed to provide an overview of the formation and evaluation of undergraduate medical courses in the national context. Method: A documentary and descriptive study was conducted, with a quantitative approach. Data was collected from the National Higher Education Assessment System of the Ministry of Education, made available by the Anísio Teixeira National Institute of Educational Studies and Research, the body that coordinates and manages data related to the regulation, evaluation and supervision processes of higher education in the federal education system. Twenty years of medical courses offered in Brazil (2000-2019) were analyzed. Results: In the period under study, the number of Medical Schools grew by 214.9%. In total, 337 active undergraduate medicine courses linked to public (35%) and private (65%) higher education institutions were analyzed, totaling 34,585 annual vacancies offered. The courses are distributed in the 27 Brazilian federative units, with a higher and lower concentration of places and Medical Schools in the Southeast and North regions, respectively. The national average number of vacancies/year was 1280.9 vacancies/year and the vacancy/inhabitants ratio was 16.5 vacancies/100 thousand inhabitants. Most of the courses obtained a grade three in the quality indicators proposed by the Ministry of Education. Conclusion: It was concluded that: i) the teaching of Medicine in Brazil has been going through an important expansion process, ii) that it is fundamentally private, iii) poorly distributed throughout the country, and iv) it presents minimum quality indicators for maintaining its operation.

Encontros e desencontros entre projetos pedagógicos de cursos de Medicina e Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais: percepções de professores / Convergence and gaps between medical courses educational projects and the National Curriculum Guidelines: university professors' perceptions / Encuentros y desencuentros entre proyectos pedagógicos de cursos de Medicina y Directrices Curriculares Nacionales: percepciones de profesores

Compreender a consolidação das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) demanda contextualizar a realidade de cada instituição. Sua implantação pressupõe (re) orientação do processo de formação na Saúde, com integração entre Projeto Pedagógico do Curso (PPC), Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e envolvimento docente. Para captar a percepção docente sobre o alinhamento entre PPC e DCN, realizou-se estudo exploratório com metodologia qualitativa e os docentes respondendo a um questionário. Utilizou-se análise de conteúdo para construção de categorias temáticas. Os docentes de uma escola reconhecem que o PPC não está alinhado às DCN. Revelam trabalho docente determinado por perfil profissional e pessoal. Em outra escola, cuja reforma curricular já adota metodologia de ensino-aprendizagem ativa, os docentes se sentem apropriados às DCN. Concluímos, portanto, que as mudanças no PPC são processos que demandam tempo, dedicação e comunicação, ou seja, maior mudança na instituição de ensino. (AU)

To understand the National Curriculum Guidelines (NCG) it is necessary to contextualize the reality of each educational institution. The effective implementation of the guidelines requires the (re)orientation of the health education process; promoting integration between the course educational project (CEP); Brazilian National Health System (SUS) and professor engagement. We conducted a qualitative exploratory study using questionnaires to capture professors' perceptions of the alignment between medicine CEPs and the NCG. Content analysis was performed to develop thematic categories. The professors at one school acknowledged that the CEP and NCG were not aligned and their responses revealed that teaching is determined by each professor's professional and personal background. In another school whose curriculum reform adopted active teaching-learning methodologies, the professors felt a sense of ownership in relation to the NCG. We therefore conclude that the CEP change process requires time, dedication and effective communication or, in other words, greater change within the education institution. (AU)

Comprender la consolidación de las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales demanda poner en contexto la realidad de cada institución. Su implantación presupone una (re)orientación del proceso de formación en la salud, con integración entre Proyecto Pedagógico del Curso, Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS) y envolvimiento docente. Para captar la percepción docente sobre el alineamiento entre PPC y DCN, se realizó un estudio exploratorio, con metodología cualitativa, en el que los docentes respondieron a un cuestionario. Se utilizó un análisis de contenido para la construcción de categorías temáticas. Los docentes de una escuela reconocen que el PPC no está alineado a las DCN. Revelan un trabajo docente determinado por perfil profesional y personal. En otra escuela, cuya reforma curricular ya adopta la metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje activa, los docentes se sienten apropiados de las DCN. Concluimos, por lo tanto, que los cambios en los PPC son procesos que demandan tiempo, dedicación y comunicación, es decir, un mayor cambio en la institución de enseñanza. (AU)

Narrative of an educational path: providing a (new) meaning to medical education / A narrativa de um percurso formativo: (re) significando a formação médica / La narrativa de la trayectoria formativa: (re)significación de la formación médica

The need to rethink the education of health professionals, particularly doctors, is increasingly evident. This research aims at reporting the experience of a medical student of a federal institution that offers undergraduate course seats provided by the More Doctors Program. The student was encouraged to reflect upon his trajectory in the course by writing a narrative. The positive aspects indicated by him were: development of a critical attitude, knowledge integration, presence of Collective Health from the beginning of the course and use of active methodologies. Regarding the negative issues, the following was emphasized: the extensive course workload, maintenance of traditional assessments and resistance to innovation by some teachers. The student's narrative reveals tensions, ruptures, crises and achievements that contribute to understanding the "new" medical education model and offers subsidies for its improvement.(AU)

A necessidade de repensar a formação de profissionais de saúde, em especial médicos, vem sendo cada vez mais evidenciada. Objetiva-se relatar a experiência de um acadêmico de medicina, vinculado a uma Instituição Federal contemplada com vagas de graduação pelo Programa Mais Médicos. O estudante foi estimulado a refletir sobre sua trajetória no curso, por meio da escrita de uma narrativa. Os aspectos positivos apontados foram: desenvolvimento de postura crítica, integração de conhecimentos, presença da Saúde Coletiva desde o início do curso e o uso de metodologias ativas. Com relação às questões negativas, foram frisadas: a extensa carga horária do curso, a manutenção de avaliações tradicionais e a resistência de alguns docentes em inovar. A narrativa do estudante revela tensões, rupturas, crises e conquistas que contribuem para a compreensão do "novo" modelo de formação em medicina, e oferece subsídios para aperfeiçoá-lo.(AU)

La necesidad de repensar la formación de profesionales de salud, en especial médicos, está cada vez más en evidencia. El objetivo es relatar la experiencia de un académico de medicina, vinculado a una Institución Federal que cuenta con plazas de graduación vinculadas al Programa Más Médicos. Se incentivó al alumno a que reflexionara sobre su trayectoria, por medio de una narrativa. Los aspectos positivos fueron: el desarrollo de una postura crítica, la integración de conocimientos, la presencia de la Salud Colectiva desde el inicio del curso y el uso de metodologías activas. Los aspectos negativos destacados fueron: la extensa carga horaria del curso, la manutención de evaluaciones tradicionales y la resistencia de algunos profesores a innovar. La narrativa del estudiante revela tensiones, rupturas, crisis y conquistas que contribuyen para la comprensión del "nuevo" modelo de formación en medicina y ofrece subsidios para perfeccionarlo.(AU)

Reflections on the National Curricular Guidelines of undergraduate medical courses based on the National Health Promotion Policy / Reflexões em torno das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do curso de graduação em Medicina a partir da Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde / Reflexiones en torno a las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales del curso de Graduación en Medicina a partir de la Política Nacional de Promoción de la Salud

Abstract The objective of this article is to analyze the National Curricular Guidelines of medical courses based on Foucauldian discourse analysis. This analysis goes even deeper under the scope of health promotion presented by the National Health Promotion Policy (PNPS), since it is closely related to a comprehensive care proposal. The new National Curricular Guidelines are in accordance with PNPS, since it aims at a general, human, critical, reflective and ethical education that is able to prepare medical students to work with social responsibility and commitment to advocate for citizenship and human dignity in different levels of care in the health-disease process. On the other hand, the analysis reveals that, although there is an attempt to place graduates as active subjects in their educational process, there is no sign of inclusion of these social agents in the creation of their educational practices.(AU)

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma análise foucaultiana das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) do curso de Medicina. Aprofunda-se essa análise no âmbito da promoção da saúde presente na Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde (PNPS), por esta estar estreitamente relacionada à proposta de integralidade. As novas DCN estão em uníssono com o que se preconiza na PNPS, uma vez que se almeja uma formação geral, humanista, crítica, reflexiva, ética e capaz de atuar com responsabilidade social e compromisso com a defesa da cidadania e dignidade humana nos diferentes níveis da atenção do processo saúde-doença. Por outro lado, a análise revela que, embora exista a tentativa de situar o graduando como sujeito ativo no seu processo formativo, não há indicação de inclusão desse ator social na formulação de suas práticas formativas.(AU)

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es realizar un análisis foucaultiano de las DCN para el curso de medicina. Se profundiza este análisis en el ámbito de la promoción de la salud presente en la Política Nacional de Promoción de la Salud (PNPS), por estar estrechamente relacionada a la propuesta de integralidad. Las DCN están en consenso con lo que se preconiza en la PNPS, una vez que se anhela una formación general, humanista, crítica, reflexiva y ética, capaz de actuar con responsabilidad social y compromiso con la defensa de la ciudadanía y la dignidad humana en los diferentes niveles de la atención. Por otro lado, el análisis revela que, aunque existe el intento de situar al graduado como sujeto activo en su proceso formativo, no hay indicación de inclusión de ese actor social en la formulación de sus prácticas formativas.(AU)

A graduação em medicina no Brasil ante os desafios da formação para a atenção primária à saúde / Medical undergraduation in Brazil facing the challenges of training for primary health care

Este estudo objetivou identificar elementos da formação médica no Brasil, analisando a proximidade deles com os pressupostos da atuação profissional na Atenção Primária à Saúde e das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de 2014. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório, de abordagem qualiquantitativa, operacionalizado em 2015 e 2016, por entrevistas telefônicas e entrevistas in loco com coordenadores/diretores de cursos de graduação em medicina. Os resultados do survey indicam inclinação para uma formação médica generalista, com ênfase na atenção primária, mas que pouco prepara os alunos para o desenvolvimento de ações multiprofissionais. Nas entrevistas presenciais, foram relatadas fragilidades que limitam o desenvolvimento de competências para atuação na atenção primária, como a resistência e o pouco preparo dos docentes, as condições incipientes das unidades básicas, a rotatividade dos profissionais do serviço e a disputa dos cenários entre instituições de ensino públicas e privadas. Os achados indicam o caminho que está sendo desenhado após a implantação das novas diretrizes de medicina, sugerindo não apenas avanços, mas também desafios que precisam ser superados, especialmente em prol do desenvolvimento de competências para o trabalho colaborativo em equipe.(AU)

This study aimed to identify elements of medical education in Brazil, analyzing their proximity to the presuppositions of professional performance in Primary Health Care and the National Curricular Guidelines of 2014. It is a descriptive and exploratory study, with a qualitative and quantitative approach, developed in 2015 and 2016, through telephone interviews and on-site interviews with coordinators/directors of undergraduate medicine courses. The results of the survey indicate an inclination towards a generalist medical education, with emphasis on primary care, but that does not prepare students for the development of multiprofessional actions. In face-to-face interviews, weaknesses have been reported that limit the development of competencies for primary care, such as the resistance and lack of preparation of professors, the incipient conditions of basic units, the turnover of service professionals, and the dispute of space between public and private educational institutions. The findings indicate the path that is being drawn after the implementation of the new medical guidelines, suggesting not only advances, but also challenges that need to be overcome, especially for the development of skills for collaborative teamwork.(AU)

[Educational environment in a Peruvian medical school. A negative trend over the academic years]. / Ambiente educativo en una facultad de medicina peruana: una tendencia negativa a lo largo de los años académicos.

BACKGROUND: Educational environment refers to the material resources and interpersonal relationships of an educational institution. AIM: To describe the educational environment of a Peruvian medical school and to explore a possible association between curricular years and the educational environment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) to evaluate the educational environment of a Peruvian medical school. Data collection consisted in online surveys completed voluntarily by 1st through 6th year medical students between April and October 2015. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 828 of 2,421 (34.2%) students. The mean DREEM score was 117 ± 25.6 of a maximum of 200. A poorer perception of the educational environment was associated with later years in the curriculum, when analysis was adjusted for gender, age and academic status (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The educational environment of this medical school scored positively (> 100 points). However, it was evident that medical students in later curricular years had a more negative perception of the educational environment compared to those in earlier academic years.

Ambiente educativo en una facultad de medicina peruana: una tendencia negativa a lo largo de los años académicos / Educational environment in a Peruvian medical school: a negative trend over the academic years

Background: Educational environment refers to the material resources and interpersonal relationships of an educational institution. Aim: To describe the educational environment of a Peruvian medical school and to explore a possible association between curricular years and the educational environment. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) to evaluate the educational environment of a Peruvian medical school. Data collection consisted in online surveys completed voluntarily by 1st through 6th year medical students between April and October 2015. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 828 of 2,421 (34.2%) students. The mean DREEM score was 117 ± 25.6 of a maximum of 200. A poorer perception of the educational environment was associated with later years in the curriculum, when analysis was adjusted for gender, age and academic status (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The educational environment of this medical school scored positively (> 100 points). However, it was evident that medical students in later curricular years had a more negative perception of the educational environment compared to those in earlier academic years.

Sign language in dental education-A new nexus.

FOCUS: The introduction of the landmark mandatory teaching of sign language to undergraduate dental students at the University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona Campus in Kingston, Jamaica, to bridge the communication gap between dentists and their patients is reviewed. LITERATURE REVIEW: A review of over 90 Doctor of Dental Surgery and Doctor of Dental Medicine curricula in North America, the United Kingdom, parts of Europe and Australia showed no inclusion of sign language in those curricula as a mandatory component. HISTORY OF SIGN LANGUAGE IN DENTAL EDUCATION: In Jamaica, the government's training school for dental auxiliaries served as the forerunner to the UWI's introduction of formal training of sign language in 2012. Outside of the UWI, a couple of dental schools have sign language courses, but none have a mandatory programme as the one at the UWI. PROGRAMME RATIONALE: Dentists the world over have had to rely on interpreters to sign with their deaf patients. The deaf in Jamaica have not appreciated the fact that dentists cannot sign and they have felt insulted and only go to the dentist in emergency situations. The mandatory inclusion of sign language in the Undergraduate Dental Programme curriculum at The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, sought to establish a direct communication channel to formally bridge this gap. PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT: The programme of two sign language courses and a direct clinical competency requirement was developed during the second year of the first cohort of the newly introduced undergraduate dental programme through a collaborating partnership between two faculties on the Mona Campus. IMPLEMENTATION: The programme was introduced in 2012 in the third year of the 5-year undergraduate dental programme. PROGRAMME REVIEW & OUTCOMES: To date, two cohorts have completed the programme, and the preliminary findings from an ongoing clinical study have shown a positive impact on dental care access and dental treatment for deaf patients at the UWI Mona Dental Polyclinic. IMPLICATIONS: The development of a direct communication channel between dental students and the deaf that has led to increased dental access and treatment for the deaf can be extended to dentists and to other dental students globally. The vision is that similar courses will be introduced in other health training programmes at the UWI, and conceivably, in other institutions. LIMITATIONS: The small sample size allows for informative, but not definitive, conclusions to be drawn. CONCLUSION: The mandatory inclusion of sign language and Deaf culture in the dental curricula has not just removed a communication barrier, but has assisted in the empathetic and ethical development of the dental student.

Reflexiones sobre el diseño curricular de la asignatura enfermedades infecciosas / Reflections on the curricular design of the infectious diseases teaching

La educación formal, sistemática, se caracteriza por definir y planificar en qué sentido y de qué manera va a ejercer su influencia en la orientación del desarrollo de las personas. De acuerdo a las metas que se deseen alcanzar, los educadores seleccionan las actividades de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Diseñar el currículo es decidir y organizar el conjunto de actividades formales de aprendizaje puesto a disposición de los alumnos, de acuerdo a objetivos previamente seleccionados. En términos generales, el currículo es un conjunto de situaciones, estímulos y modelos que se ofrecen a los estudiantes. El cambio curricular es un proceso de transformaciones que alcanzan a las instituciones e impacta en los recursos humanos docentes, al tiempo que expresa las modificaciones operadas en la sociedad en términos epidemiológicos, frente a la emergencia y reemergencia de las enfermedades infecciosas, en estrecha relación con la geografía médica y los condicionamientos sociales, económicos y políticos bajo los que se desarrolla la sociedad.

Formal systematic education features the definition and planification of the way it shall exert its influence in the orientation of the development of people. According to desired goals, educators select teaching-learning activities. Designing the curriculum implies deciding on and organizing the set of formal learning activities displayed for students, according to previously selected goals. In broad strokes, the curriculum is a set of situations, stimuli and models proposed for students. Curricular change is a process of transformation that reach institutions and impacts on human resources (teachers) and at the same time expresses changes that have taken place in society in epidemiological terms, in the face of the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases, strongly connected to medical geography and social, economic and political restrictions.

How does practice improve the skills of medical students during consecutive training courses?

Purpose: To follow-up the development of medical students in taking a stitch using two different bench models, and to assess their performance with regards to gender, handedness, prior recreational activities and interest in surgery. Methods: The study was performed during the compulsory basic (n=152) and the consecutive elective course (n=27). Students took simple interrupted stitches into synthetic and biopreprate models in the classroom and in the operating room. The time needed for that was measured and the quality was scored, using an OSATS (Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill) checklist that had been adapted to our training programs. Results: Students performance improved both in time and quality during classes, over the course and compared basic to the elective course, too. No significant difference was found in relation to gender and handedness but certain recreational activities and special interest in surgery led to better results. Operating room environment had a slight negative effect on students performance. Conclusion: The study could provide objective skill assessment, monitoring has revealed deficiencies and influencing factors. Objective feedback, valid and reliable assessment is important in teaching surgical skills. In addition it may contribute to higher surgical safety later on in the clinical practice.(AU)

Comparing International and United States Undergraduate Medical Education and Surgical Outcomes Using a Refined Balance Matching Methodology.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare surgical outcomes of international medical graduates (IMGs) and United States medical graduates (USMGs). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: IMGs represent 15% of practicing surgeons in the United States (US), and their training pathways often differ substantially from USMGs. To date, differences in the clinical outcomes between the 2 cohorts have not been examined. METHODS: Using a unique dataset linking AMA Physician Masterfile data with hospital discharge claims from Florida and New York (2008-2011), patients who underwent 1 of 32 general surgical operations were stratified by IMG and USMG surgeon status. Mortality, complications, and prolonged length of stay were compared between IMG and USMG surgeon status using optimal sparse network matching with balance. RESULTS: We identified 972,718 operations performed by 4581 surgeons (72% USMG, 28% IMG). IMG and USMG surgeons differed significantly in demographic (age, gender) and baseline training (years of training, university affiliation of training hospital) characteristics. USMG surgeons performed complex procedures (13.7% vs 11.1%, P < 0.01) and practiced in urban settings (79.4% vs 75.6%, P < 0.01) more frequently, while IMG surgeons performed a higher volume of studied operations (50.7 ±â€Š5.1 vs 57.8 ±â€Š8.4, P < 0.01). In the matched cohort analysis of 396,810 patients treated by IMG and USMG surgeons, rates of mortality (USMG: 2.2%, IMG: 2.1%; P < 0.001), complications (USMG: 14.5%, IMG: 14.3%; P = 0.032), and prolonged length of stay (pLOS) (USMG: 22.7%, IMG: 22.8%; P = 0.352) were clinically equivalent. CONCLUSION: Despite considerable differences in educational background, surgical training characteristics, and practice patterns, IMG and USMG-surgeons deliver equivalent surgical care to the patients whom they treat.

Tendencias actuales de programas de estudio de pregrado y posgrado con orientación a la Atención Primaria de la Salud / Current trends in undergraduate and postgraduate studies programs oriented to primary health care i: en

Introducción: el pregrado y posgrado en la Atención Primaria de Salud, tiene un importante rol en el perfeccionamiento y superación de los recursos humanos que laboran en ese nivel de atención, toda vez que es la base del sistema de salud cubano. Objetivo: exponer las tendencias actuales de los planes y programas de estudio de pregrado y posgrado con orientación a la Atención Primaria de Salud, con la intención de provocar la reflexión en torno a la posición de los autores declarada en el presente trabajo. Métodos: se realizó un análisis de la literatura especializada en pregrado y posgrado. Se empleó el análisis histórico-lógico, el análisis documental y la sistematización. Resultados: se analizan las tendencias actuales de la educación de pregrado y posgrado y se declaran sus puntos de vistas, relacionados con el plan de estudio de las carreras. Conclusiones: sugieren sean sometidos a una valoración continua y perfeccionamiento curricular, teniéndose en consideración la inclusión de los nuevos problemas de salud que surgen en la comunidad y que favorecen la adquisición de competencias y mejor desempeño de los profesionales en formación(AU)

Introduction: Undergraduate and postgraduate studies in primary health care have an important role in the development and improvement of human resources working at this healthcare level, since it is the basis of the Cuban health system. Objective: to present the current trends of the curriculums and programs of undergraduate and postgraduate studies oriented to primary health care, aiming at provoking reflection about the authors' position stated in this paper. Methods: An analysis was carried out into the specialized literature about undergraduate and postgraduate studies. We used the methods of historical and logical analysis, document analysis and systematization. Results: current trends in undergraduate and postgraduate education are analyzed and their views are related to the studies programs of the majors. Conclusions: it is suggested that they be subject to continuous assessment and improvement, taking into consideration the inclusion of new health problems that arise in the community and that foster the acquisition of skills and improved performance of undergraduate students(AU)

[Curriculum reform at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile School of Medicine]. / Reforma curricular de la carrera de Medicina de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

The career of Medicine at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile was established from the beginning (1929), with a classical Flexner curriculum design. In seven years, the career is divided in three cycles: basic sciences, clinics and internship. It obtained Chilean accreditation and fulfilled American Association of Medical Colleges accreditation requirements. Changes in the Chilean epidemiological profile and health system, and new teaching methods in medicine, stimulated a process of deep curricular analysis, identifying strengths and weaknesses of the medical career. The curricular strengths were well-developed scientific and clinical components, fully committed students and faculties, well defined learning objectives and excellent clinical campuses. Curricular weaknesses included a poor vertical and horizontal integration, few student centered methodologies and a weak emphasis concerning doctor’s professionalism. Subsequently, the whole community of teachers, students and medical educators worked on the design of a new curriculum, establishing a new graduate profile and designed it oriented by learning objectives, of six years of duration, with an optimized course sequence that melds basic science and clinical concepts, with strong emphasis on humanities and professionalism. It prioritizes an early contact with patients from the first year and expands teaching methods. The main objective of this process was to achieve a new curriculum with an integrative structure. This was implemented in 2015 with an approved protocol to evaluate the outcomes.

As dores e delícias da formação médica. Um estudo de caso sobre a qualidade de vida dos estudantes de Medicinada Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da UERJ / The pains and pleasures of medical training. A case study on the quality of life of medical students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, UERJ

Este trabalho buscou compreender a relação entre a qualidade de vida (QV) dos estudantes de medicina de uma escola pública tradicional do Rio de Janeiro e a formação médica e foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. Entendeu-se QV como uma construção subjetiva, só possível de ser avaliada pelo próprio sujeito, multidimensional e composta por elementos que devem estar presentes e outros que devem estar ausentes.Utilizou-se na primeira fase o WHOQoL-Bref, instrumento validado no Brasil e, com isso, observou-se uma queda nos escores de QV dos estudantes do terceiro e sexto ano,etapas importantes do desenvolvimento profissional. Dos 394 participantes, com média de idade de 23 anos, 20 por cento referiram pelo menos uma morbidade crônica (MCR). Muitas destas podem ser resultado de estresse, ou por este exacerbadas. Estudantes com MCR, do sexo feminino (61 por cento), cotistas (43 por cento) e da classe econômica C (20 por cento), apresentaram menores escores de QV. O efeito negativo conjunto destas variáveis teve maior expressão na variabilidade (R2) nos domínios físico (18%) e meio ambiente (22 por cento). Na segunda etapa, realizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo sido entrevistados 21estudantes e 16 docentes. O uso do conceito de habitus como matriz de percepção e categoria analítica, possibilitou compreender como o cotidiano da formação e os processos de ensino-aprendizagem afetam a QV dos estudantes e levantou hipóteses sobre a maior vulnerabilidade dos cotistas. Observou-se que as práticas hegemônicas do modelo biomédico e do ensino tradicional são reproduzidas na escola pela força do habitus. A desconstrução do sujeito que ocorre ao longo da formação se dá sobre os pacientes e os estudantes, que não tem suas necessidades de cuidado e aprendizagem percebidas nem acolhidas, mas também sobre os professores, excluídos dos processos de gestão da escola...

This work seeked to understand the relation between the students of a traditional medical school from Rio de Janeiro’s quality of life (QoL) and medical formation, andit was developed in two stages. There was an understanding of QoL as a subjective construction that can only be evaluated by the subject itself, multidimensional and composed by elements that must be present and others that must be absent. Using the WHOQoL-Bref, a validated instrument in Brazil, it revealed a decrease in the QoL scores of third and sixth year students, important steps of professional development. Of 394 participants, with average age of 23 years old, 20 percent reported at least one chronic morbidity (RCM), many may be the result of stress, or by it exacerbated. Students with RCM, as well as female students (61 percent), scholarship holders (43 percent) and those from economic class C (20 percent) presented lower QoL scores. The negative effect of thes evariables together had more say in variability (...) in the physical (18 percent) and the environment (22 percent) domains of WHOQol-bref. The second stage held a qualitative approach. There was an interview amongst twenty-one students and sixteen professors, using the habitus concept as matrix of perception and analytical category. It was possible to understand how the daily training and the teaching-learning processes affectthe QoL of students and raise hypothesis about the bigger vulnerability of shareholders. It was observed that the hegemonic practices of the biomedical model and the traditional teaching are reproduced at school by habitus strength. The de construction ofthe subject that occurs throughout the training takes place on patients and students, whodon’t have their personal care and learning needs perceived, and on teachers, who are excluded from management processes in school...

Morfología, los nuevos desafíos para el 2015 / Morphology, the new challenges for 2015

En los últimos decenios hemos asistido a proceso continuo de cambios en el ámbito de los ramos básicos de las carreras del área médica: 1) El progreso notable de algunas áreas del conocimiento científico como la biología molecular y la genética. 2) La inclusión en el currículo de cursos de ética y bioética. 3) La consecuente disminución del creditaje de los cursos de anatomía, histología y embriología. 4) Las dificultades para el acceso a financiamiento privado y público para investigaciones en temas morfológicos. 5) La escasa oferta de cursos de postgrado en el área morfológica. Irónicamente, estas condiciones desventajosas para la ciencia morfológica están ocurriendo en paralelo con los avances en las técnicas de imaginología médica, procedimientos que demandan un elevado conocimiento anatómico. Por otro lado, la creciente dificultad para acceder a material cadavérico, el incremento inorgánico de la matrícula en las carreras de la salud, las presiones desde el mundo político para reducir la duración de éstas, la irrupción desde el mundo social de los tema de inclusión y equidad, están colocando en un pié forzado a los anatomistas ya que ahora contamos con: más alumnos ­con diferente capital cultural-, menos docentes, un menor acceso a material cadavérico y una gran demanda para realizar cursos de morfología aplicada. Para enfrentar esta situación adversa proponemos: 1) Desplazar el inicio de los cursos de morfología hacia al segundo o al tercer semestre del currículo de pregrado, accediendo de esta manera a alumnos más maduros, que afrontan de una manera más responsable su formación. 2) Plantear cursos o capítulos de anatomía regional aplicada en niveles superiores, de manera de acercar los conocimientos anatómicos al momento de su requerimiento en la clínica. 3) En los temas de neuroanatomía dejar las materias de configuración interna del sistema nervioso, núcleos, vías nerviosas y conectividad neuronal, para tratarlos en niveles superiores, más en relación con las rotaciones de neurología y neurocirugía. 4) Tecnificar los procesos evaluativos de nuestros cursos, utilizando las distintas plataformas de soporte y gestión docente que ofrecen las universidades, recursos que permiten una optimización del tiempo académico dedicado a la evaluación. 5) Diseñar programas remediales para aquellos alumnos que acceden, por mecanismos de admisión especial, a las carreras del área médica.

In recent decades we assisted in continuous changes which affect the teaching process of basic sciences in the medical curriculum: 1) The remarkable progress of some scientific fields such as molecular biology and genetics. 2) The inclusion of ethics and bioethics courses. 3) The consequent decrease in the of credits of our courses (anatomy, histology and embryology). 4) The difficulties of access to public and private funding for research on morphological issues. 5) The scarcity of postgraduate courses in the morphological area. Ironically, these disadvantageous conditions for morphological science occurs in parallel with advances in medical imaging techniques, procedures that require a high anatomical knowledge. On the other hand, the difficulty in the access to human corpses, the inorganic increase enrollment in health careers, the pressure from the political world to reduce their duration and the emergence -from the social world- of themes like inclusion and equity, forced anatomists and now we have: more students -with different cultural capital-, fewer teachers, less access to cadavers and a high demand for courses of applied morphology. To address this adverse situation, we propose: 1) Move morphological courses to the second or third semester of the undergraduate curriculum, thereby accessing to mature students, who face in a responsible way their training. 2) Create chapters of regional morphology at higher levels of the curriculum, so to bring the anatomical knowledge at the time of the clinical request. 3) In relation to neuroanatomical topics, leave matters such as internal configuration, nuclei, nerve pathways and neuronal connectivity, to treat them at higher levels, closer to the rotations in neurology and neurosurgery. 4) Technify evaluation processes of our courses, using different platforms and teaching management support offered by universities, resources that enable an optimization of time devoted to academic evaluation. 5) Develop remedial programs for students who enter by special admission mechanisms to health careers.