La Morfología en los diferentes planes de estudio de la Enfermería cubana / Morphology in the different curricula of Cuban Nursing

El desarrollo de la Enfermería en Cuba ha transcurrido por varias etapas, desde las primeras cuidadoras de enfermos en la época colonial, las enfermeras norteamericanas llegadas con la intervención de los Estados Unidos, hasta las profesionales que iniciaron su formación a partir del curso escolar 1976-1977. Durante todos estos períodos de enseñanza han estado vigentes diferentes planes de estudio conformados por varias asignaturas, entre ellas las rectoras, propias de la especialidad, y las básicas, que tributan a las rectoras, como la Morfología -- disciplina que se caracteriza por ser compleja y multidisciplinaria --. En este trabajo se exponen las transformaciones sucesivas que se implementaron en dicha asignatura hasta conformar la Morfofisiología, en la cual la estructura y los contenidos responden a los adelantos de las ciencias, en general, y de la medicina, en particular(U)

The development of Nursing in Cuba has several stages, since the first caretakers of sick people in the colonial time, the North American nurses that arrived with the United States intervention, up to the professionals that began their training from the school course 1976-1977. During every teaching period there have been different curricula formed by several subjects, among them the main ones, characteristic of the specialty, and the basic ones that complement the main ones, as the Morphology -- that is characterized to be a complex and multidisciplinary subject --. In this work the successive transformations that were implemented in this discipline are exposed until conforming the Morphophysiology, in which the structure and the contents respond to the sciences advances, in general, and of medicine, in particular(AU)

"Nurses' training may be shifted": the story of Bellevue and Hunter College, 1942-1969.

During the mid-20th century, nursing leaders advocated moving nursing education out of hospital-based programs and into colleges and universities for the purpose of preparing nurses to meet the demands of increasingly complex health care situations. Nursing leaders in New York City's municipal hospitals recognized the value of this change and sought to increase the number of baccalaureate-prepared nurses to fill the many vacancies within city hospitals. This article examines the political support New York gave to the expansion of Hunter College's baccalaureate program in nursing (a college within the City University of New York system) while closing the almost 100-year-old Bellevue and Mills Schools of Nursing diploma program. The efforts to change nursing at Bellevue started in the 1940s, but the transfer to Hunter College was not realized until 1967. Although the decision to close the diploma school met resistance among various stakeholders, the expansion ultimately succeeded. It was supported by the New York City Department of Hospitals and received approval from the Board of Estimates and Board of Higher Education. Both Bellevue and Hunter's leadership was ready to make this change and participated in this transformation.

Sickening nurses: fever nursing, nurses' illness, and the anatomy of blame, New Zealand 1903-1923.

In the early twentieth century, patients with infectious fevers represented a danger to the health of others including their nurses. This research describes the training New Zealand nurses received in fever nursing during the period 1903-1923, and considers how they applied hospital cross-infection principles in emergency tent fever camps in remote rural areas. It examines the reaction of nurses, hospital boards, and physicians to nurses who succumbed with their patients' fevers. It therefore reveals attitudes to nurses, prevailing ideas about responsibility for nurses' health, and elements in the emerging professional culture of nursing. Although some measures protected them against epidemic fevers, nurses were held responsible for their own health. A complex anatomy of blame is evident against those who sickened; the nature of the blame shifted, depending on the observer, disease, and practice setting. Physicians blamed nurses, especially when they sickened with typhoid fever. The country's chief nurse and other nurses blamed those who jeopardized their health through ill-spent leisure time. Sick nurses could be absolved from blame for the lax discipline evident through their failure to observe cross-infection principles if their practice setting was the fever camp. Willingness to work in difficult circumstances showed they embodied the ideal of sacrifice that, like discipline, was part of the emerging nursing culture.

Gender, politics, and regionalism: factors in the evolution of registered psychiatric nursing in Manitoba, 1920-1960.

In Canada, psychiatric nursing care is provided by two kinds of nurses. East of Manitoba, it is provided by registered nurses who may or may not have specialized psychiatric nursing education. In the four western provinces, a distinct professional group, registered psychiatric nurses, also provide care. Saskatchewan was the first province to achieve distinct legislation, in 1948, followed by British Columbia in 1951, Alberta in 1955, and Manitoba in 1960. Several factors coalesced to sway Manitoba to adopt the distinct profession model. First, there was little interest by the general nursing body in mental hospital nursing. Second, the other three western provinces had formed a Canadian Council of Psychiatric Nursing that encouraged mental hospital attendants and nurses in Manitoba. Third, a group of male attendants took on leadership roles supported by the mental hospital superintendents. Finally, Manitoba was culturally and geographically more aligned with western than eastern Canada.

A formação de auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem nos períodos colonial e pós-independência: um estudo dos egressos da Escola Técnica Profissional de Saúde de Luanda, Angola / The training of nursing assistants and technicians in the colonial and post-independence: a study of graduates of the Vocational Technical School of Health in Luanda, Angola

Este trabalho foi realizado com intuito de relatar e descrever as diferentes fases da história formação de Auxiliares e Técnicos de enfermagem na Escola Técnica Profissional de Saúde de Luanda em Angola nos Períodos Colonial (1482 a 1975) e Pós-Independência (1975 a 2009), como marco histórico da criação de um acervo da enfermagem no país. A metodologia usada é a técnica de entrevista através do formulário previamente elaborado. O tipo de estudo é quanti- qualitativo observacional descritivo retrospectivo, cuja amostragem foi selecionada por conveniência, permitindo estruturá-la em etapas distintas: A primeira relata a formação de Auxiliares e Técnicos de Enfermagem durante o Período Colonial, descreve as modalidades de ingresso e egresso, características da formação, assim como a respectiva estrutura da carreira, focaliza as organizações didático-administrativas, abordando as funções e os princípios científicos, as fases de processo seletivo. A segunda parte deste trabalho inclui a descrição documental sobre a institucionalização do ensino e exercício profissional de enfermagem após a Independência, trajetória, avanços e recuos, progressão da carreira e diferenciação entre os dois períodos, características e autonomia dos profissionais, também aborda aspecto políticos, culturais e sociais...

Evolution of Canadian nursing curricula: a critical retrospective analysis of power and caring.

The evolution of Canadian nursing curricula has mutually influenced and reflected nursing's historical course: nursing practice and education are inextricably linked. This paper is a critical retrospective analysis of the evolution of nursing curricula in Canada from the 20th century to the present. Falk Rafael's (1996) dialectic exploration of power and caring in nursing guides the analysis. An ordered, assimilated, and empowered curriculum development framework results. Foucault's (1980) work in the sociology of knowledge and Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger, and Tarule's (1986) epistemological conceptualization of women's knowledge development are incorporated. The intricacies of the relationship between nursing curriculum development and Canadian history, the navigation of societal paradoxes that mutually drive and inform education and practice, and the instrumental need for nursing education research are considered. A fourth and new dialectic layer is suggested that places nursing on the inter-professional team of architects of a co-constructed emancipatory curriculum.