Optimizing AVR system performance via a novel cascaded RPIDD2-FOPI controller and QWGBO approach.

Maintaining stable voltage levels is essential for power systems' efficiency and reliability. Voltage fluctuations during load changes can lead to equipment damage and costly disruptions. Automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) are traditionally used to address this issue, regulating generator terminal voltage. Despite progress in control methodologies, challenges persist, including robustness and response time limitations. Therefore, this study introduces a novel approach to AVR control, aiming to enhance robustness and efficiency. A custom optimizer, the quadratic wavelet-enhanced gradient-based optimization (QWGBO) algorithm, is developed. QWGBO refines the gradient-based optimization (GBO) by introducing exploration and exploitation improvements. The algorithm integrates quadratic interpolation mutation and wavelet mutation strategy to enhance search efficiency. Extensive tests using benchmark functions demonstrate the QWGBO's effectiveness in optimization. Comparative assessments against existing optimization algorithms and recent techniques confirm QWGBO's superior performance. In AVR control, QWGBO is coupled with a cascaded real proportional-integral-derivative with second order derivative (RPIDD2) and fractional-order proportional-integral (FOPI) controller, aiming for precision, stability, and quick response. The algorithm's performance is verified through rigorous simulations, emphasizing its effectiveness in optimizing complex engineering problems. Comparative analyses highlight QWGBO's superiority over existing algorithms, positioning it as a promising solution for optimizing power system control and contributing to the advancement of robust and efficient power systems.

Double layer capacitors in dye sensitized solar cells with large charge and energy storage capacity and controlled shape of output voltage signals.

The output signals in natural dyes-based solar cells (DSSC) can be either rising or decaying depending on the type of ions present in the system; these ions called added ions, are introduced by the additives: mordant and brighteners. The photon-dye interaction produces electrons, which eventually reach the electrode giving place to a superficially charged electrode in contact with an electrolyte where are the added ions. This combination produces, automatically, an electrical double-layer EDL structure which has important effects on the performance of the system: a) the added ions control, to a large extent, the initial shape of the output signal, giving rise to rising or decaying profiles; b) it is possible to store large amounts of energy and charge at high electric fields. This structure is found in many other systems that have a surface charged in contact with an electrolyte like piezoelectric materials in human body. This assertion was supported by determining important parameters such as the force between charged surfaces on both sides of the interface, the charge density, the energy density, and the capacitance. The Debye length has very small values then, many important quantities depend on this; it is possible to obtain large values for energy UDL ~ 3.6x105 Jm-3 and charge density ρDL ≈ 1.1x107 Cm-3 for double layer capacitors; these values are orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding values for electrostatic capacitors: Uelec ≈ 4.5x10-3 Jm-3 and ρelec ≈ 1.2 Cm-3. A non-linear model was also developed to fit unstable oscillations found in the output profiles produced by abrupt lighting.

An efficient high-gain bidirectional interleaved boost converter for PV integration to DC microgrid.

The design of a power electronic interface for high voltage difference DC buses is a key aspect in DC microgrid applications. A multi-port non isolated interleaved high-voltage gain bidirectional converter, which facilitates bidirectional power transfer and islanded operation in a DC microgrid, is presented in this paper. The forward high-voltage transfer ratio is achieved using a voltage multiplier circuit, and the high-gain step-down power conversion is performed using a resonant power module. A novel power transfer selection algorithm is proposed to control power flow among the interfaces of the RES, ESS, and DC grid converters, which utilizes the net power difference as the basis for switching the converter. The proposed converter is simulated for a 24 V PV source, 12 V battery, and 400 V DC grid interface using MATLAB/SIMULINK. A 200 W hardware prototype is implemented. The simulation results for voltages, currents, and power flow among RES, ESS, and microgrid DC bus proved an excellent voltage regulation, efficient power conversion, and a feasible duty cycle range with high voltage gain. These observations are validated through equivalent experimental results. A comparison is made regarding achieved gain, component sizing, achievable power transfer modes, efficiency, and control complexity with existing converters for DC microgrid applications. The presented topology proved to be a better interface with multiple-mode support with high efficiency.

Hybrid optimal-FOPID based UPQC for reducing harmonics and compensate load power in renewable energy sources grid connected system.

Integration of renewable energy sources (RES) to the grid in today's electrical system is being encouraged to meet the increase in demand of electrical power and also overcome the environmental related problems by reducing the usage of fossil fuels. Power Quality (PQ) is a critical problem that could have an effect on utilities and consumers. PQ issues in the modern electric power system were turned on by a linkage of RES, smart grid technologies and widespread usage of power electronics equipment. Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is widely employed for solving issues with the distribution grid caused by anomalous voltage, current, or frequency. To enhance UPQC performance, Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FOPID) is developed; nevertheless, a number of tuning parameters restricts its performance. The best solution for the FOPID controller problem is found by using a Coati Optimization Algorithm (COA) and Osprey Optimization Algorithm (OOA) are combined to make a hybrid optimization CO-OA algorithm approach to mitigate these problems. This paper proposes an improved FOPID controller to reduce PQ problems while taking load power into account. In the suggested model, a RES is connected to the grid system to supply the necessary load demand during the PQ problems period. Through the use of an enhanced FOPID controller, both current and voltage PQ concerns are separately modified. The pulse signal of UPQC was done using the optimal controller, which analyzes the error value of reference value and actual value to generate pulses. The integrated design mitigates PQ issues in a system at non-linear load and linear load conditions. The proposed model provides THD of 12.15% and 0.82% at the sag period, 10.18% and 0.48% at the swell period, and 10.07% and 1.01% at the interruption period of non-linear load condition. A comparison between the FOPID controller and the traditional PI controller was additionally taken. The results showed that the recommended improved FOPID controller for UPQC has been successful in reducing the PQ challenges in the grid-connected RESs system.

Harmonics management and hosting capacity enhancement: Optimal double-resistor damped double-tuned power filter with artificial hummingbird optimization.

This paper introduces a novel and improved double-resistor damped double-tuned passive power filter (DR-DDTF), designed using multi-objective optimization algorithms to mitigate harmonics and increase the hosting capacity of distribution systems with distributed energy resources. Although four different topologies of single-resistor damped double-tuned filters (DDTFs) have been studied before in the literature, the effectiveness of two different DR-DDTF configurations has not been examined. This work redresses this gap by demonstrating that via comprehensive simulations on two power systems, DR-DDTF provides better harmonic suppression and resonance mitigation than single-resistor alternatives. When it comes to optimizing the DR-DDTF for maximum hosting capacity and minimum system active power losses, the multi-objective artificial hummingbird outperformed six other algorithms in the benchmark. To allow for higher penetration of distributed generation without requiring grid upgrades, this newly developed harmonic mitigation filter provides a good alternative.

Effects of hydrogen permeation on the mechanical characteristics of electroless nickel-plated free-cutting steel for application to the hydrogen valves of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles.

Electroless nickel plating is a suitable technology for the hydrogen industry because electroless nickel can be mass-produced at a low cost. Investigating in a complex environment where hydrogen permeation and friction/wear work simultaneously is necessary to apply it to hydrogen valves for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. In this research, the effects of hydrogen permeation on the mechanical characteristics of electroless nickel-plated free-cutting steel (SUM 24L) were investigated. Due to the inherent characteristics of electroless nickel plating, the damage (cracks and delamination of grain) and micro-particles by hydrogen permeation were clearly observed at the grain boundaries and triple junctions. In particular, the cracks grew from grain boundary toward the intergranualr. This is because the grain boundaries and triple junctions are hydrogen permeation pathways and increasing area of the hydrogen partial pressure. As a result, its surface roughness increased by a maximum of two times, and its hardness and adhesion strength decreased by hydrogen permeation. In particular, hydrogen permeation increased the friction coefficient of the electroless nickel-plated layer, and the damage caused by adhesive wear was significantly greater, increasing the wear depth by up to 5.7 times. This is believed to be due to the decreasing in wear resistance of the electroless nickel plating layer damaged by hydrogen permeation. Nevertheless, the Vickers hardness and the friction coefficient of the electroless nickel plating layer were improved by about 3 and 5.6 times, respectively, compared with those of the free-cutting steel. In particular, the electroless nickel-plated specimens with hydrogen embrittlement exhibited significantly better mechanical characteristics and wear resistance than the free-cutting steel.

Data Acquisition and Intraoperative Tissue Analysis on a Mobile, Battery-Operated, Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer.

Mass spectrometry has been increasingly explored in intraoperative studies as a potential technology to help guide surgical decision making. Yet, intraoperative experiments using high-performance mass spectrometry instrumentation present a unique set of operational challenges. For example, standard operating rooms are often not equipped with the electrical requirements to power a commercial mass spectrometer and are not designed to accommodate their permanent installation. These obstacles can impact progress and patient enrollment in intraoperative clinical studies because implementation of MS instrumentation becomes limited to specific operating rooms that have the required electrical connections and space. To expand our intraoperative clinical studies using the MasSpec Pen technology, we explored the feasibility of transporting and acquiring data on Orbitrap mass spectrometers operating on battery power in hospital buildings. We evaluated the effect of instrument movement including acceleration and rotational speeds on signal stability and mass accuracy by acquiring data using direct infusion electrospray ionization. Data were acquired while rolling the systems in/out of operating rooms and while descending/ascending a freight elevator. Despite these movements and operating the instrument on battery power, the relative standard deviation of the total ion current was <5% and the magnitude of the mass error relative to the internal calibrant never exceeded 5.06 ppm. We further evaluated the feasibility of performing intraoperative MasSpec Pen analysis while operating the Orbitrap mass spectrometer on battery power during an ovarian cancer surgery. We observed that the rich and tissue-specific molecular profile commonly detected from ovarian tissues was conserved when running on battery power. Together, these results demonstrate that Orbitrap mass spectrometers can be operated and acquire data on battery power while in motion and in rotation without losses in signal stability or mass accuracy. Furthermore, Orbitrap mass spectrometers can be used in conjunction to the MasSpec Pen while on battery power for intraoperative tissue analysis.

Construction of greenly biodegradable bacterial cellulose/UiO-66-NH2 composite separators for efficient enhancing performance of lithium-ion battery.

The disposal of waste lithium batteries, especially waste separators, has always been a problem, incineration and burial will cause environmental pollution, therefore, the development of degradable and high-performance separators has become an important challenge. Herein, UiO-66-NH2 particles were successfully anchored onto bacterial cellulose (BC) separators by epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a crosslinker, then a BC/UiO-66-NH2 composite separator was prepared by vacuum filtration. The ammonia groups (-NH2) from UiO-66-NH2 can form hydrogen bonds with PF6- in the electrolyte, promoting lithium-ion transference. Additionally, UiO-66-NH2 can store the electrolyte and tune the porosity of the separator. The lithium ion migration number (0.62) of the battery assembled with BC/UiO-66-NH2 composite separator increased by 50 % compared to the battery assembled with commercial PP separator (0.45). The discharge specific capacity of the battery assembled with BC/UIO-66-NH2 composite separator after 50 charge and discharge cycles is 145.4 mAh/g, which is higher than the average discharge specific capacity of 114.3 mAh/g of the battery assembled with PP separator. When the current density is 2C, the minimum discharge capacity of the battery assembled with BC/UiO-66-NH2 composite separator is 85.3 mAh/g. The electrochemical performance of the BC/UiO-66-NH2 composite separator is significantly better than that of the commercial PP separator. In addition, -NH2 can offer a nitrogen source to facilitate degradation of the BC separators, whereby the BC/UiO-66-NH2 composite separator could be completely degraded in 15 days.

Transformer with difference convolutional network for lightweight universal boundary detection.

Although deep-learning methods can achieve human-level performance in boundary detection, their improvements mostly rely on larger models and specific datasets, leading to significant computational power consumption. As a fundamental low-level vision task, a single model with fewer parameters to achieve cross-dataset boundary detection merits further investigation. In this study, a lightweight universal boundary detection method was developed based on convolution and a transformer. The network is called a "transformer with difference convolutional network" (TDCN), which implies the introduction of a difference convolutional network rather than a pure transformer. The TDCN structure consists of three parts: convolution, transformer, and head function. First, a convolution network fused with edge operators is used to extract multiscale difference features. These pixel difference features are then fed to the hierarchical transformer as tokens. Considering the intrinsic characteristics of the boundary detection task, a new boundary-aware self-attention structure was designed in the transformer to provide inductive bias. By incorporating the proposed attention loss function, it introduces the direction of the boundary as strongly supervised information to improve the detection ability of the model. Finally, several head functions with multiscale feature inputs were trained using a bidirectional additive strategy. In the experiments, the proposed method achieved competitive performance on multiple public datasets with fewer model parameters. A single model was obtained to realize universal prediction even for different datasets without retraining, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method. The code is available at https://github.com/neulmc/TDCN.

Crystal phase and nanoscale size regulation utilizing the in-situ catalytic pyrolysis of bamboo sawdust in the recycling of spent lithium batteries.

Current Li-ion battery (LIB) recycling methods exhibit the disadvantages of low metal recovery efficiencies and high levels of pollution and energy consumption. Here, products generated via the in-situ catalytic pyrolysis of bamboo sawdust (BS) were utilized to regulate the crystal phase and nanoscale size of the NCM cathode to enhance the selective Li extraction and leaching efficiencies of other valuable metals from spent LIBs. The catalytic effect of the NCM cathode significantly promoted the release of gases from BS pyrolysis. These gases (H2, CO, and CH4) finally transformed the crystal phase of the NCM cathode from LiNixCoyMnzO2 into (Ni-Co/MnO/Li2CO3)/C. The size of the spent NCM cathode material was reduced approximately 31.7-fold (from 4.1 µm to 129.2 nm) after roasting. This could be ascribed to the in-situ catalytic decomposition of aromatic compounds generated via the primary pyrolysis of BS into C and H2 on the surface of the cathode material, resulting in the formation of the nanoscale composite (Ni-Co/MnO/Li2CO3)/C. This process enabled the targeted control of the crystal phase and nanoscale size of the material. Water leaching studies revealed a remarkable selective Li extraction efficiency of 99.27 %, and sulfuric acid leaching experiments with a concentration of 2 M revealed high extraction efficiencies of 99.15 % (Ni), 93.87 % (Co), and 99.46 % (Mn). Finally, a novel mechanism involving synergistic thermo-reduction and carbon modification for crystal phase regulation and nanoscale control was proposed. This study provides a novel concept for use in enhancing the recycling of valuable metals from spent LIBs utilizing biomass waste and practices the concept of "treating waste with waste".

Facile fabrication of regenerated cellulose-based separators for high-performance lithium-ion batteries by regulating degrees of polymerization.

Cellulose-based separators have great application prospects in the field of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their excellent wettability and thermal stability. However, most current cellulose-based separators come from high-cost nanocellulose and bacterial cellulose. Herein, regenerated cellulose (RC) separators were prepared from dissolving pulp with different degrees of polymerization (DPs) by using the NaOH/urea/thiourea dissolution system as well as a nonsolvent-induced phase separation method. The results showed that the DP of cellulose had a significant influence on the mechanical properties, pore structure, and electrochemical properties of the resultant RC separator. An appropriate increase in the DP could improve the mechanical strength, porosity, and ionic conductivity of the separator. The RC separator with a DP of 599 exhibited the best performance with a porosity of 56.1 %, an average pore size of 305 nm, an electrolyte uptake of 339 %, a tensile strength of 38.3 MPa, and an ionic conductivity of 1.88 mS·cm-1. The lithium-ion battery prepared with the optimal RC separator had a specific capacity of 156.55 mAh/g for 100 cycles at a current density of 0.5 C and a coulombic efficiency of more than 96 %, which was a clear advantage over the commercially available Celgard2400 and cellulose separators. This work makes contributions to the development of high-performance LIBs separators from cellulose.

Review of lithium-ion batteries' supply-chain in Europe: Material flow analysis and environmental assessment.

European legislation stated that electric vehicles' sale must increase to 35% of circulating vehicles by 2030, and concern is associated to the batteries' supply chain. This review aims at analysing the impacts (about material flows and CO2 eq emissions) of Lithium-Ion Batteries' (LIBs) recycling at full-scale in Europe in 2030 on the European LIBs' supply-chain. Literature review provided the recycling technologies' (e.g., pyro- and hydrometallurgy) efficiencies, and an inventory of existing LIBs' production and recycling plants in Europe. European production plants exhibit production capacity adequate for the expected 2030 needs. The key critical issues associated to recycling regard pre-treatments and the high costs and environmental impacts of metallurgical processes. Then, according to different LIBs' composition and market shares in 2020, and assuming a 10-year battery lifetime, the Material Flow Analysis (MFA) of the metals embodied in End of Life (EoL) LIBs forecasted in Europe in 2030 was modelled, and the related CO2 eq emissions calculated. In 2030 the European LIBs' recycling structure is expected to receive 664 t of Al, 530 t of Co, 1308 t of Cu, 219 t of Fe, 175 t of Li, 287 t of Mn and 486 t of Ni. Of these, 99% Al, 86% Co, 96% Cu, 88% Mn and 98% Ni will be potentially recovered by pyrometallurgy, and 71% Al, 92% Co, 92% Fe, 96% Li, 88 % Mn and 90% Ni by hydrometallurgy. However, even if the recycling efficiencies of the technologies applied at full-scale are high, the treatment capacity of European recycling plants could supply as recycled metals only 2%-wt of the materials required for European LIBs' production in 2030 (specifically 278 t of Al, 468 t of Co, 531 t of Cu, 114 t of Fe, 95 t of Li, 250 t of Mn and 428 t of Ni). Nevertheless, including recycled metals in the production of new LIBs could cut up 28% of CO2 eq emissions, compared to the use of virgin raw materials, and support the European batteries' value chain.

Mixed crushing and competitive leaching of all electrode material components and metal collector fluid in the spent lithium battery.

Hydrometallurgy is a primary method for recovering cathode electrode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Most of the current research materials are pure cathode electrode materials obtained through manual disassembly. However, the spent LIBs are typically broken as a whole during the actual industrial recycling which makes the electrode materials combined with the collector fluid. Therefore, the competitive leaching between metal collector fluid and electrode material was examined. The pyrolysis characteristics of the electrode materials were analyzed to determine the pyrolysis temperature. The electrode sheet was pyrolyzed and then crushed for competitive leaching. The effect of pyrolysis was analyzed by XPS. The competitive leaching behavior was studied based on leaching agent concentration, leaching time and leaching temperature. The composition and morphology of the residue were determined to prove the competitive leaching results by XRD-SEM. TG results showed that 500 °C was the suitable pyrolysis temperature. XPS analysis demonstrated that pyrolysis can completely remove PVDF. Li and Co were preferentially leached during the competitive leaching while the leaching rates were 90.10% and 93.40% with 50 min leaching at 70 °C. The Al and Cu had weak competitive leachability and the leaching rate was 29.10% and 0.00%. XRD-SEM analysis showed that Li and Co can be fully leached with residual Al and Cu remaining. The results showed that the mixed leaching of electrode materials is feasible based on its excellent selective leaching properties.

Effects of duty cycle on passive acoustic monitoring metrics: The case of blue whale songs.

Long-term fixed passive acoustic monitoring of cetacean populations is a logistical and technological challenge, often limited by the battery capacity of the autonomous recorders. Depending on the research scope and target species, temporal subsampling of the data may become necessary to extend the deployment period. This study explores the effects of different duty cycles on metrics that describe patterns of seasonal presence, call type richness richness, and daily call rate of three blue whale acoustics populations in the Southern Indian Ocean. Detections of blue whale calls from continuous acoustic data were subsampled with three different duty cycles of 50%, 33%, and 25% within listening periods ranging from 1 min to 6 h. Results show that reducing the percentage of recording time reduces the accuracy of the observed seasonal patterns as well as the estimation of daily call rate and call call type richness. For a specific duty cycle, short listening periods (5-30 min) are preferred to longer listening periods (1-6 h). The effects of subsampling are greater the lower the species' vocal activity or the shorter their periods of presence. These results emphasize the importance of selecting a subsampling scheme adapted to the target species.

Is renewable energy development endangering power supply reliability?

The development of renewable energy is indispensable to promoting the low-carbon transition of power systems. Nevertheless, it also brings uncertainty to the reliability of power systems. Herein, the panel model and panel threshold model are established based on the provincial data in China from 2012 to 2020. The results reveal that the negative effect of renewable energy development (RED) on power supply reliability (PSR) is gradually lessening. If the development of renewable energy is a rational way, power supply reliability can be improved. Additionally, energy-exporting regions bear more risks of RED than energy-importing regions. If the coal prices are stable and natural disasters are manageable, the RED can enhance the PSR. However, if they are not stable or controllable, a high proportion of renewable energy in the power system could cause even more severe problems with PSR. Based on these critical results, some suggestions are made to promote the formation of a new power system.

Designing process and analysis of a new SOI-MESFET structure with enhanced DC and RF characteristics for high-frequency and high-power applications.

This research introduces a new designing process and analysis of an innovative Silicon-on-Insulator Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect (SOI MESFET) structure that demonstrates improved DC and RF characteristics. The design incorporates several modifications to control and reduce the electric field concentration within the channel. These modifications include relocating the transistor channel to sub-regions near the source and drain, adjusting the position of the gate electrode closer to the source, introducing an aluminum layer beneath the channel, and integrating an oxide layer adjacent to the gate. The results show that the AlOx-MESFET configuration exhibits a remarkable increase of 128% in breakdown voltage and 156% in peak power. Furthermore, due to enhanced conductivity and a significant reduction in gate-drain capacitance, there is a notable improvement of 53% in the cut-off frequency and a 28% increase in the maximum oscillation frequency. Additionally, the current gain experiences a boost of 15%. The improved breakdown voltage and peak power make it suitable for applications requiring robust performance under high voltage and power conditions. The increased maximum oscillation frequency and cut-off frequency make it ideal for high-frequency applications where fast signal processing is crucial. Moreover, the enhanced current gain ensures efficient amplification of signals. The introduced SOI MESFET structure with its modifications offers significant improvements in various performance metrics. It provides high oscillation frequency, better breakdown voltage and good cut-off frequency, and current gain compared to the traditional designs. These enhancements make it a highly desirable choice for applications that demand high-frequency and high-power capabilities.

Study on green closed-loop regeneration of waste lithium iron phosphate based on oxalic acid system.

The recovery of valuable metals from used lithium batteries is essential from an environmental and resource management standpoint. However, the most widely used acid leaching method causes significant ecological harm. Here, we proposed a method of recovering Li and Fe selectively from used lithium iron phosphate batteries by using low-concentration organic acid and completing the closed-loop regeneration. Low-concentration oxalic acid is used to carry out PO43-, which is significantly less soluble in aqueous solution than Li, two-stage selective leaching Li, where the leaching rate of Li reaches 99 %, and the leaching rate of Fe is only 2.4 %. The leach solution is then decontaminated. The solubility of Li3PO4 in aqueous solution is much smaller than that of Li2C2O4, which was required to recover Li to change the pH and Li can be recovered as Li3PO4; Fe can be retrieved as FeC2O4·2H2O, and re-prepared into lithium iron phosphate.

Lithium and cobalt extraction from LiCoO2 assisted by p(VBPDA-co-FDA) copolymers in supercritical CO2.

Supercritical CO2 (scCO2) extraction assisted by complexing copolymers is a promising process to recover valuable metals from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). CO2, in addition to being non-toxic, abundant and non-flammable, allows an easy separation of metal-complexes from the extraction medium by depressurization, limiting the wastewater production. In this study, CO2-philic gradient copolymers bearing phosphonic diacid complexing groups (poly(vinylbenzylphosphonic diacid-co-1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorodecylacrylate), p(VBPDA-co-FDA)) were synthesized for the extraction of lithium and cobalt from LiCoO2 cathode material. Notably, the copolymer was able to play the triple role of leaching agent, complexing agent and surfactant. The proof of concept for leaching, complexation and extraction was achieved, using two different extraction systems. A first extraction system used aqueous hydrogen peroxide as reducing agent while it was replaced by ethanol in the second extraction system. The scCO2 extraction conditions such as extraction time, temperature, functional copolymer concentration, and the presence of additives were optimized to improve the metals extraction from LiCoO2 cathode material, leading to an extraction efficiency of Li and Co up to ca. 75 % at 60 °C and 250 bar.

Optimal sizing and power losses reduction of photovoltaic systems using PSO and LCL filters.

The integration of renewable energy systems into electricity grids is a solution for strengthening electricity distribution networks (SEDNs). Renewable energies such as solar photovoltaics are suitable for reinforcing a low-voltage line by offering an electrical energy storage system. However, the integration of photovoltaic systems can lead to problems of harmonic distortion due to the presence of direct current or non-linear feedback in networks from other sources. Therefore, connection standards exist to ensure the quality of the energy before injection at a point of common coupling (PCC). In this work, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to control a boost converter and to evaluate the power losses and the harmonic distortion rate. The test on the IEEE 14 bus standard makes it possible to determine the allocation or integration nodes for other sources such as biomass, wind or hydrogen generators, in order to limit the impact of harmonic disturbances (LIHs). The evaluation of the harmonic distortion rate, the power losses as well as the determination of the system size is done using an objective function defined based on the integration and optimization constraints of the system. The proposed model performs better since the grid current and voltage are stabilized in phase after the photovoltaic source is injected.