[Content Analysis of Chinese National Laws and Regulations on Emergencies from the Perspective of Disaster Nursing on the Basis of Crisis Life Cycle Theory].

Objective: To analyze Chinese national laws and regulations on emergencies from the perspective of nursing and on the basis of the crisis life cycle theory, to discuss the weaknesses in laws and regulations concerning emergencies, and to provide evidence for the definition of the scope of disaster nursing practice in China. Methods: We selected emergency laws and regulations promulgated by the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee and the State Council as the subject matter of the study, constructing the analysis framework on the basis of the core competence of disaster nursing and crisis life cycle theory. Then, the 16 laws and regulations included in the study were analyzed with NVivo 12 software by the content analysis method. Results: A total of 6 laws and regulations concerning earthquakes, 3 concerning infectious diseases, 2 concerning fire, 2 concerning food poisoning, 2 concerning emergencies, and 1 concerning flood were selected. A total of 24 food poisoning-related codes, 23 infectious disease codes, 22 emergency event codes, 22 earthquake codes, 21 fire codes, and 16 flood codes were obtained. In the key links of emergency preparedness, early prevention had the highest number of reference points, whereas collaborative response had the lowest number of reference points. In the key processes of emergency preparedness, aftermath management had the highest number of reference points, whereas social services and continuous operation had the lowest numbers of reference points. Conclusion: Laws and regulations concerning emergencies are generally formulated on the basis of certain historical experience, with collaborative response, social services, and continuous operation being the weak links and processes. In the process of disaster nursing practice, we should effectively make up for the weaknesses in laws and regulations concerning emergencies by utilizing the positive aspects and the essence of the discipline.

Crisis Standards of Care.

Nursing considerations during states of emergency.

[Regulated practices of fire and rescue service nurses]. / Les pratiques protocolées des infirmiers sapeurs-pompiers.

Nurses in the fire and rescue service have been providing emergency care to people for more than twenty years. Their practice is regulated by national emergency nursing care protocols drawn up by the relevant learned societies. Numerous training programmes and more recently, the possible use of telemedicine, help to ensure the quality of the emergency care provided to patients or victims.

Ethical, legal and professional accountability in emergency nursing practice: An ethnographic observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Accountability in nursing practice is a concept that influences quality care, decision-making, safety standards and staff values. Therefore, understanding accountability and how it affects nursing practice could improve patient care and nurses' working conditions. AIM: The aim of this study was to find factors that influenced ethical, legal and professional accountability in emergency nursing practice. METHODS: A qualitative ethnographic approach using participant observation through convenience sampling was employed as the data collection method, while ethnographic content analysis was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The factors linked to nursing accountability found were classified into four main themes: daily dynamics, work environment evolution, customs and routines and bioethics principles' application. DISCUSSION: The long-term effect of chronic high workload and crowding, which affects nursing accountability, could promote burnout in a junior ED workforce. Changes in the nurses' working conditions need to be implemented to limit the workload to which an ED nurse is subjected to. CONCLUSION: ED nurses have to manage their accountability in difficult situations regularly, which followed patterns of four main themes across the majority of situations. Nonetheless, all those factors were influenced by nursing workload, an ever-present factor that was always considered by ED nurses during decision-making.

[Emergency nurse, a speciality whose name says it all?] / Infirmier urgentiste, une spécialité qui dit déjà son nom ?

Proposal no. 10 in French Senate information report no. 685, drawn up by the Social Affairs Commission on hospital emergency departments, opens the debate regarding the creation of an emergency nursing speciality. Does this represent progress for the profession or an inadapted measure? The complex situation of emergency departments raises the need for methodological thinking on this subject.

[A senate report in favour of an emergency nursing speciality]. / Un rapport sénatorial en faveur d'une spécialité d'infirmier urgentiste.

In July 2017, an information report written by three senators highlighted the difficulties encountered by emergency departments in France and attempted to pinpoint the causes. In addition, the recommendations of this report suggest reinforcing the nursing contribution within the multi-disciplinary emergency department team, by creating an emergency nurse speciality.

Ethical and legal challenges associated with disaster nursing.

BACKGROUND: In disaster situations, nurses may face new and unfamiliar ethical and legal challenges not common in their everyday practice. RESEARCH QUESTION/OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to explore Iranian nurses' experience of disaster response and their perception of the competencies required by nurses in this environment. RESEARCH DESIGN: This article discusses the findings of a descriptive study conducted in Iran in 2012. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: This research was conducted in Iran in 2012. Participants included 35 nurses who had experience in healthcare delivery following a disaster event in the past 10 years, either in a hospital or out-of-hospital context. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: This research study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. FINDINGS: From this study, five themes emerged as areas that nurses require competence in to work effectively in the disaster setting. This article focusses on one theme, the ethical and legal issues that arise during disaster response. Within the theme of ethical and legal issues, two sub-themes emerged. (1) Professional ethics explores professional responsibility of nurses as well as sense of ethical obligation. (2) Adherence to law refers to nurses' familiarity with and observation of legal requirements. DISCUSSION: This article adds to a growing pool of literature which explores the role of nurses in disasters. The findings of this study emphasize the need for nurses working in the disaster setting to be aware of professional responsibilities and familiar with legal requirements and the challenges related to observing ethical responsibilities. CONCLUSION: In highlighting these issues, this article may provide a useful starting point for the development of an educational framework for preparing nurses and other health professionals to work in the disaster setting.

Attitudes of adult/adolescent sexual assault nurse examiners and caring for younger patients.

INTRODUCTION: Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANEs) are specialized nurses who provide sexual assault (SA) examinations and forensic evidence collection. Currently, Adult/Adolescent (A/A) SANEs in Massachusetts are trained and certified to care only for patients 12 years and older who present acutely to EDs. The purpose of this study was to describe the attitudes of SANEs regarding the possibility of cross-training to care for younger patients (<12 years). METHODS: This qualitative, descriptive study included a sample of 45 A/A SANEs who participated in a series of 6 focus groups. The focus groups were audiotape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was used to analyze the raw data. Units of in vivo coding assisted in the identification of initial broad categories that were winnowed to represent final themes that described the participants' attitudes. RESULTS: Although the majority of SANEs enthusiastically endorsed the option of pediatric cross-training, a smaller portion of participants expressed strong opposition to the proposal. The SANEs' concerns included the emotional toll of caring for children who have been sexually assaulted, and the need for an adequate infrastructure within the SANE Program to educate, train, and support the cross-training effort. DISCUSSION: This research fills a gap in the forensic and ED nursing literature by providing insights into the attitudes and concerns of SANEs who care for some of the most vulnerable patients. The findings of this study can inform the acute care and evidence collection practices that are used when caring for pediatric patients who have experienced SA.

['See and Treat' in the Emergency Department: legal aspects and professional nursing responsibility]. / 'See and Treat' in Pronto Soccorso: aspetti legali e responsabilità professionale infermieristica.

The article aim to analyze the legal aspects of professional responsibility in the autonomous nursing care of a patient with a minor health problem treated in a See and Treat area of the Emergency Department through a literature review and an analyses of the Italian legislation about professional exercise. Recent studies have shown that the treatment of the emergency patients affected by minor health problems in separated areas of the A&E by skilled nurses proved to be effective in reducing time to medical examination and the overall time spent in the Emergency Department. Several studies have shown the positive effects of the Emergency Nurse Practitioner (ENP) in terms of reduction of time to medical examination with an increase in patient satisfaction, maintaining an adequate level of quality in the care of patients with minor health problems. The introduction of a See and Treat area, together with the institution of advanced post-triage protocols, represents a possible answer to the overcrowding of the Emergency Department. The aim is the reduction of waiting times and proper allocation of both material and professional resources. The "See and Treat" nurse represents an expert nurse, with an adequate level of competence, who acts in respect to the clinical protocols shared between physicians and nurses. The Italian legislation is not in contrast with the introduction of the See and Treat nurse, on the contrary it offers opportunities for further professional development.