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Understanding empathy deficits and emotion dysregulation in psychopathy: The mediating role of alexithymia.

Psychopathy is a severe personality disorder marked by a wide range of emotional deficits, including a lack of empathy, emotion dysregulation, and alexithymia. Previous research has largely examined these emotional impairments in isolation, ignoring their influence on each other. Thus, we examined the concurrent interrelationship between emotional impairments in psychopathy, with a particular focus on the mediating role of alexithymia. Using path analyses with cross-sectional data from a community sample (N = 315) and a forensic sample (N = 50), our results yielded a statistically significant mediating effect of alexithymia on the relationship between psychopathy and empathy (community and forensic) and between psychopathy and emotion dysregulation (community). Moreover, replacing psychopathy with its three dimensions (i.e., meanness, disinhibition, and boldness) in the community sample revealed that boldness may function as an adaptive trait, with lower levels of alexithymia counteracting deficits in empathy and emotion dysregulation. Overall, our findings indicate that psychopathic individuals' limited understanding of their own emotions contributes to their lack of empathy and emotion dysregulation. This underscores the potential benefits of improving emotional awareness in the treatment of individuals with psychopathy.

A Building Block of Empathy: Establishing a Graphic Medicine Collection in an Academic Health Sciences Library.

To help address the well-being of the campus and contribute to empathy building amongst students pursuing careers as healthcare providers, an academic health sciences library built a graphic novel collection focused on comics that discuss medical conditions and health-related topics. The collection contains the experiences of patients, providers, and caregivers. The reader-friendly format of graphic novels provides an easy entry point for discussing empathy with health professions faculty and students. The collection has been used in the classroom during library instruction sessions, with the idea of integrating it within the curriculum.

Application of empathy theory in the study of the effectiveness and timeliness of information dissemination in regional public health events.

Introduction: This study examines the role of empathy theory in enhancing the effectiveness and timeliness of information dissemination during regional public health events, with a focus on the SARS and COVID-19 pandemics as case studies. Utilizing an anthropological interview method, the research delves into the public's transformation from passive recipients to active participants in information dissemination, emphasizing the impact of empathy. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the application of empathy theory in the context of public health emergencies and to determine its influence on the quality of information dissemination and public engagement. Methods: The research involved two distinct surveys, each collecting 50 questionnaires from participants in different regions, to capture a diverse range of perspectives. The surveys assessed participants' views on information dissemination, their levels of empathy, and their behaviors in receiving and sharing health-related information. Results: The findings indicate that empathy plays a crucial role in facilitating the active involvement of the public in information dissemination. There is a notable difference in the public's emotional response and information sharing behaviors between regions with direct experience of the health events and those less affected. Conclusion: The study concludes that empathy theory, when applied to information dissemination during public health emergencies, can significantly improve the public's engagement and the overall effectiveness of communication strategies. The results underscore the need for empathetic communication to foster a sense of solidarity and collective action in response to public health crises.

Reminder in scarlet: balancing empathy and detachment in oncology.

This article explores an oncologist's journey from emotional vulnerability to practised detachment. A transformative moment, prompted by a poignant photograph of a patient in a scarlet saree, confronts the author with the emotional intricacies of patient care. The narrative delves into the human stories woven into the medical landscape, capturing the delicate balance between clinical detachment and maintaining a genuine connection. It prompts reflection on the emotional dynamics within the decision-making fabric of healthcare.

Development and validation of the Mentalizing Emotions Questionnaire: A self-report measure for mentalizing emotions of the self and other.

Mentalizing describes the ability to imagine mental states underlying behavior. Furthermore, mentalizing allows one to identify, reflect on, and make sense of one's emotional state as well as to communicate one's emotions to oneself and others. In existing self-report measures, the process of mentalizing emotions in oneself and others was not captured. Therefore, the Mentalizing Emotions Questionnaire (MEQ; current version in German) was developed. In Study 1 (N = 510), we explored the factor structure of the MEQ with an Exploratory Factor Analysis. The factor analysis identified one principal (R2 = .65) and three subfactors: the overall factor was mentalizing emotions, the three subdimensions were self, communicating and other. In Study 2 (N = 509), we tested and confirmed the factor structure of the 16-items MEQ in a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFI = .959, RMSEA = .078, SRMR = .04) and evaluated its psychometric properties, which showed excellent internal consistency (α = .92 - .95) and good validity. The MEQ is a valid and reliable instrument which assesses the ability to mentalize emotions provides incremental validity to related constructs such as empathy that goes beyond other mentalization questionnaires.

Caring touch as communication in intensive care nursing: a qualitative study.

PURPOSE: This article describes intensive care nurses` experiences of using communicative caring touch as stroking the patient`s cheek or holding his hand. Our research question: "What do intensive care nurses communicate through caring touch?" METHODS: In this qualitative hermeneutically based study data from two intensive care units at Norwegian hospitals are analysed. Eight specialist nurses shared experiences through individual, semi-structured interviews. RESULTS: The main theme, Communicating safety and presence has four sub-themes: Amplified presence, Communicating security, trust and care, Creating and confirming relationships and Communicating openness to a deeper conversation. Communicative caring touch is offered from the nurse due to the patient`s needs. Caring touch communicates person-centred care, invites to relationship while respecting the patient's dignity as a fellow human being. Caring touch conveys a human initiative in the highly technology environment. CONCLUSION: Caring touch is the silent way to communicate care, hope, strength and humanity to critical sick patients. This article provides evidence for a common, but poorly described phenomenon in intensive care nursing.

Factors affecting nurses' compassion fatigue: A path analysis study.

BACKGROUND: Nurses often experience compassion fatigue as a result of exposure to chronic work-related stress. It is thought that nurses' mindfulness levels and patience attitudes might be effective on compassion fatigue. AIM: Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to examine the relationship between nurses' compassion fatigue, mindfulness levels and patience levels. METHODS: The study was carried out in a descriptive and relation-seeking type and was completed with the participation of 469 nurses. Data Form of Demographic and Professional Characteristics, Compassion Fatigue-Short Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and The Patience Scale were used as data collection tools. FINDINGS: As a result of the research, it was determined that there was a relationship between the mindfulness and patience levels of nurses and compassion fatigue. As the mindfulness and patience levels of nurses increase, compassion fatigue decreases (p < 0.05). As the mindfulness levels of the nurses increase, their patience levels increase as well (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Accordingly, it is recommended to increase the level of patience and reduce compassion fatigue by applying interventions that will increase the mindfulness levels of nurses.

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Mobile App-Based TEAM-CBT (Testing Empathy Assessment Methods-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) Intervention (Feeling Good) for Depression: Secondary Data Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Feeling Good App is an automated stand-alone digital mobile mental health tool currently undergoing beta testing with the goal of providing evidence-informed self-help lessons and exercises to help individuals reduce depressive symptoms without guidance from a mental health provider. Users work through intensive basic training (IBT) and ongoing training models that provide education regarding cognitive behavioral therapy principles from a smartphone. OBJECTIVE: The key objective of this study was to perform a nonsponsored third-party academic assessment of an industry-generated data set; this data set focused on the safety, feasibility, and accessibility of a commercial automated digital mobile mental health app that was developed to reduce feelings associated with depression. METHODS: The Feeling Good App development team created a waitlist cohort crossover design and measured symptoms of depression and anxiety using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and an app-specific measure of negative feelings called the 7 Dimension Emotion Slider (7-DES). The waitlist cohort crossover design divided the participants into 2 groups, where 48.6% (141/290) of the participants were given immediate access to the apps, while 51.4% (149/290) were placed on a 2-week waitlist before being given access to the app. Data collected by the Feeling Good App development team were deidentified and provided to the authors of this paper for analysis through a nonsponsored university data use agreement. All quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics (version 28.0; IBM Corp). Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic variables. Feasibility and acceptability were descriptively assessed. All participants included in the quantitative data were given access to the Feeling Good App; this study did not include a control group. RESULTS: In terms of safety, there was no statistically significant change in suicidality from preintervention to postintervention time points (t288=0.0; P>.99), and there was a statistically significant decrease in hopelessness from preintervention to postintervention time points (F289=30.16; P<.01). In terms of acceptability, 72.2% (166/230) of the users who started the initial 2-day IBT went on to complete it, while 34.8% (80/230) of the users who started IBT completed the entirety of the apps' 4-week protocol (150/230, 65.22% dropout rate over 4 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first reported proof-of-concept evaluation of the Feeling Good App in terms of safety, feasibility, and statistical trends within the data set. It demonstrates a feasible and novel approach to industry and academic collaboration in the process of developing a digital mental health technology translated from an existing evidence-informed treatment. The results support the prototype app as safe for a select nonclinical population. The app had acceptable levels of engagement and dropouts throughout the intervention. Those who stay engaged showed reductions in symptom severity of depression warranting further investigation of the app's efficacy.

Evaluating empathy level amongst the dental students using jefferson scale of physician empathy- health professional students.

BACKGROUND: Empathy is described as one's ability to perceive and apprehend another person's feelings, situation, emotions, and problems as their own. Empathetic behavior increases patients' satisfaction, reduces discomfort, and helps with patient's satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Jefferson Empathy Scale and compare the measure of invariance within genders and amongst the public and private sector dental students. METHOD: This cross-sectional study utilized JSE-HPS version for research purpose. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to detect underlying factors. Reliability of the study tool was evaluated using Cronbach alpha test. Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the differences in scores between genders and among public and private university students while Student's t analysis compared the scores according to different domains. The level of significance was ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Females demonstrated higher empathy levels (88.52 ± 14.19) along with private institute students (88.46 ± 13.98). Perspective taking and compassionate care domain was also scored highest by the females (31.73 ± 6.49 & 29.31 ± 6.22) and among second year students (33.30 ± 7.11 & 30.50 ± 7.16). PCA analysis extracted 4 factors namely (i) Health-care-provider's sense of humor contributed to improved outcome (ii) Health-care provider's understanding of patients' feelings and of their families influences treatment outcomes (iii) Understanding body language is as important as verbal communication and (iv) Patients feel better when their feelings are understood, which accounted for the 59.51% of the total variance. CONCLUSION: The findings revealed that students from private institute and females demonstrated higher empathy score. Moreover, the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) was found to be a reliable and validated tool for assessment of empathy in our sample population.

Sophie de Grouchy's Political Thought in the Letters on Sympathy (1798).

This article proposes a reading of Sophie de Grouchy's moral, political, and economic thought as embedded in the tradition of natural jurisprudence, adapted to the context of the French First Republic. A close reading of her French translation of Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiment and her eight Letters on Sympathy confirms that there are points to be made by reading her works in the context of the language of early modern natural law. This sheds light on the important question of how to read revolutionary republicanism emanating from multiple traditions other than the neo-Roman discourse of non-domination.

How culture shapes Chinese teacher's compassionate love.

BACKGROUND: Love could play a role in motivating teachers to help students and is closely related to students' achievement and prosocial behaviour. Though influenced by culture, teachers' love is not adequately studied. PURPOSE: This study explores how Chinese teachers' compassionate love is expressed and how situational factors such as Chinese culture and history influence or motivate teachers to perceive and express compassionate love for students. METHOD: This study adopted a qualitative approach of narrative study by describing and investigating the experience of a Chinese middle school teacher and two middle school students and their parents during COVID-19 pandemic. FINDINGS: Chinese teacher's compassionate love demonstrates some universal features in terms of emotional response, cognitive understanding and behaviour. Furthermore some Chinese culture-related features are also found: Chinese teachers behave in a caring and supporting way at the cost of sacrificing their own free time and comfort; an enduring long-term teacher-student relationship is valued; the Chinese culture encourages, sustains and motivates Chinese teacher's compassionate love. DISCUSSION: Teacher's compassionate love is a multi-dimensional concept entailing some universal traits in cognition, emotion and behaviour. The perception and enactment of teacher's love is subject to situational factors. Some measures for compassionate love could be built into teacher's education programme.

Self-Compassion and Self-Forgiveness in Alcohol Risk, Treatment and Recovery: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Self-compassion and self-forgiveness are two self-focused, positive coping approaches that may reduce risk of problem drinking and/or aid in treatment/recovery from alcohol use disorder. The present systematic review aimed to evaluate support for the unique and complementary roles of self-compassion and self-forgiveness in alcohol outcomes. METHODS: A systematic literature search yielded 18 studies examining self-compassion, 18 studies examining self-forgiveness and 1 study examining both constructs in alcohol outcomes. RESULTS: Findings suggest greater self-compassion and self-forgiveness relate to lower likelihood of problem drinking. Self-forgiveness was considerably more researched in treatment/recovery outcomes than self-compassion; self-forgiveness-based interventions appear able to improve drinking-adjacent outcomes, and self-forgiveness may increase across various alcohol treatments. Finally, research suggests that associations of self-compassion and/or self-forgiveness with alcohol outcomes could be driven by numerous factors, including coping-motivated drinking, depression, psychache, social support perceptions, mental health status and/or psychiatric distress. CONCLUSIONS: Self-compassion and self-forgiveness both appear protective against harmful alcohol outcomes. Nevertheless, many questions remain about the role of self-forgiveness and, particularly, self-compassion in alcohol treatment and recovery outcomes. Future research should examine whether targeted interventions and/or adjunctive therapeutic supports designed to increase self-compassion or self-forgiveness can reduce alcohol use disorder symptoms to facilitate alcohol treatment and recovery success.

The level and determinants of empathy among medical students from Arabic speaking countries: A systematic review.

Aim: This systematic review aims to investigate the level of empathy among medical students in Arabic speaking countries and analyze its determinants. Methods: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2022 (PRISMA), the authors conducted a systematic research of studies investigating the level and determinants of empathy among medical students in Arabic speaking countries. The databases PubMed, Scopus, web of science and google scholar were searched. Results: Ten studies from six countries were included. Nine of which had a cross-sectional study design. Level of empathy was assessed using the Jefferson scale in seven studies and using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index in two studies. The mean of empathy scale ranges between 97.65±14.10 to 106.55±19.16 in studies used the Jefferson scale of empathy. The associated factors with empathy were gender; high levels of empathy were reported in female students. Other factors are explored in relation with empathy such as specialty preference (surgery or medicine, "people-orientated" specialties or ''technology-oriented specialties''), family factors (marital status of parents, satisfactory relationship with parents, parents level of education and household income) and factors related to medical education (academic performance, year of study and type of curriculum) but the results are heterogeneous. Conclusion: This is the first systematic review, which illustrated the determinants of empathy in Arabic medical students. Our results revealed varied results on empathy determinants. Further studies may guarantee a full exploration of this ability in order to improve the doctor-patient relationship and patient management in the Arab world.

Empathetic and Emotive Design Heuristics: Preliminary Results of Their Application to Evaluating Survey User Interfaces.

Empathetic and emotive design is becoming increasingly important in the digital age. In this research we describe the results of a combined cognitive walkthrough and heuristic evaluation using newly developed, empirically derived empathy or emotive design heuristics. We applied the heuristics to the evaluation of four commonly used survey platforms. Our preliminary findings revealed that the heuristics performed effectively in scoring survey platforms on their level of empathy. Survey platforms that are highly empathetic were scored highest.

Empathetic and Emotive Design: A Scoping Review.

With the advent of the digital health era, there has emerged a new emphasis on collecting health information from patients and their families using technology platforms that are both empathetic and emotive in their design to meet the needs and situations of individuals, who are experiencing a health event or crisis. Digital empathy has emerged as an aspect of interactions between individuals and healthcare organizations especially in times of crises as more empathetic and emotive digital health platforms hold greater capacity to engage the user while collecting valuable health information that could be used to respond to the individuals' needs. In this paper we report on the results of a scoping review used to derive an initial set of evidence-based empathetic or emotive design heuristics.