Enuresis and encopresis: Association with child abuse and neglect.

OBJECTIVE: Several reports suggest a possible link between child abuse and enuresis or encopresis but concern small series of children and present therefore methodological biases. The objective of the present study was to clarify this issue by examining the relationships between child abuse and enuresis or encopresis in a large sample of children. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 428 children in social residential centers in France. Four types of child abuse were considered: sexual abuse, physical abuse, psychological abuse and neglect. The accuracy and reliability of the characterization of the type of abuse as well as that of the sphincter disorder was particularly high. In fact, all the cases benefited from both a social and a psychological investigation and from an observation in a residential center. RESULTS: More than 60% of the children were victims of at least one type of abuse. Encopresis was reported in 15 children (3.5% [95% CI: 2.0%-5.7%]), mostly among boys (13 cases). Enuresis affected 54 of the 390 children aged five years or more (13.8% [95% CI: 10.6%-17.7%]). Most of the cases also appeared in boys (38 cases). Rates of encopresis were found to be seven-fold higher in both psychologically abused and neglect children compared to non-abused children (P=0.01). Concerning enuresis, a weaker but still significant association was found with sexual (OR= 3.3, P=0.025) and physical abuse (OR=2.3, P=0.035). CONCLUSION: Our findings support the hypothesis that enuresis and encopresis are associated with specific types of child abuse.

Functional urination or defecation disorders may be warning signs of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children in rural China.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its association with functional urination and defecation disorders among children in rural China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with children aged 6-18 in rural schools in southwest China using a survey questionnaire. The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Questionnaire-IV (SNAP-IV) was used to measure ADHD symptoms, and standardized questions about urination and defecation were used to measure lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and functional defecation disorders (FDDs). The association of ADHD with LUTS and FDDs was analyzed by matched logistic regression after propensity score matching was performed to minimize the influence of potential confounders, including demographic characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 17,279 participants were included in the analyses. The prevalence of ADHD was 2 % mainly among boys before age 12, after which it showed a decreasing trend with age, resulting in a concomitant reduction in gender differences. The risk of ADHD was positively associated with the presence of enuresis, holding maneuvers, intermittency, and encopresis, with encopresis having the strongest association (P = 0.001). The presence of holding maneuvers, intermittency, excessive volitional stool retention, and encopresis were associated with a higher risk of ADHD at 6-15 years-old, with intermittency exhibiting an increasingly positive association with ADHD risk across ages 6-15. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD was associated with LUTS and FDDs, which highlights that functional urination and/or defecation disorders could serve as warning signs for ADHD that should trigger screening, especially in relatively backward regions with little ADHD awareness.

A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial of a Multidisciplinary Intervention for Encopresis in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often delayed in achieving bowel continence, resulting in negative outcomes. In this pilot trial, 20 children with ASD and encopresis were randomly assigned to multidisciplinary intervention for encopresis (MIE; n = 10) or a waitlist control group (n = 10). The MIE group was treated for constipation and received a 10-day behavioral intervention that utilized suppositories to produce predictable bowel movements that were reinforced. Caregivers were trained to implement the intervention. Results support the feasibility of clinical trials of MIE, with high enrolment, competition, attendance, and caregiver acceptability. Preliminary outcomes were positive, with six of 10 in the MIE group achieving continence by the end of treatment compared to 0 in the control group (p = 0.005).Registered at clinicaltrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov); ID: NCT02383732.

Estreñimiento crónico: identificación de las causas en una clínica de manejo intestinal / Chronical Constipation: identification of the causes at a Bowel Management Clinic

Resumen:Antecedentes:el estreñimiento crónico en la población pediátrica es una patología frecuente que puede afectar la calidad de vida del paciente y el entorno familiar. Se presenta la experiencia inicial de la Clínica de Manejo Intestinal, en la que se incluyen pacientes con patologías médicas y quirúrgicas de difícil manejo.Metodología:se revisaron los expedientes clínicos de la Clínica de Manejo Intestinal del Hospital "Dr. Maximiliano Peralta Jiménez", incluyendo todos los pacientes valorados desde junio de 2012 hasta junio de 2015. Se tomaron como pacientes activos, aquellos que se encuentran en control en la clínica, y como resueltos aquellos pacientes que fueron manejados inicialmente y luego referidos a la consulta externa de pediatría o cirugía.Resultados:se obtuvieron 77 pacientes, 25 activos (35%) y 52 resueltos (65%), que fueron referidos de las consultas de Pediatría y Cirugía Pediátrica, por estreñimiento de difícil manejo. De los pacientes activos, los diagnósticos son: 16 pacientes (64%) estreñimiento funcional, 6 pacientes (24%) enfermedad de Hirschsprung, 1 paciente (4%) con Síndrome de Mowat Wilson, 1 paciente con espina bífida, 1 paciente con ptosis del colon transverso. El motivo de consulta de los pacientes activos fue estreñimiento crónico en 20 (80%), enfermedad de Hirschsprung en 3 (12%) y encopresis en 2 pacientes (8%); los síntomas asociados de este grupo de pacientes fueron: dolor abdominal en 10 (40%), vómito en 3 (12%) y manchado en 19 (76%). De los 52 pacientes resueltos, 32 son hombres (61,5 %) y 20, mujeres. 44 pacientes (84,6%) tienen diagnóstico de estreñimiento funcional, 6 (11,5%) de enfermedad de Hirschsprung, 1 (1,9%) de ano imperforado con fístula perineal, y 1 con estenosis anal. El motivo de consulta fue estreñimiento crónico en 47 pacientes (90%), estenosis anal en 1 (1,9%), enfermedad de Hirschsprung en 1 (1,9%), fecalomas en 1 (1,9%), malformación anorrectal en 1 (1,9%) y enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria también en 1 paciente (1,9%).Conclusiones:los resultados obtenidos permiten identificar las causas más frecuentes de referencia de los pacientes con estreñimiento referidos a la Clínica de Manejo Intestinal del Hospital "Dr. Maximiliano Peralta Jiménez". De todos los pacientes referidos por estreñimiento de difícil manejo, se detectaron 15 (19%) de resolución quirúrgica.

Abstract:Background:Chronic constipation in the pediatric population is a common pathology that can affect the quality of life of the patient and the family. The initial experience at the Bowel Management Clinic is presented; patients with medical and surgical pathologies are included.Methodology:the clinical files from the Bowel Management Clinic at the Hospital "Dr. Maximiliano Peralta Jiménez" were reviewed, including all the patients evaluated between June 2012 to June 2015. The patients considered as active, are those who are presently in control at the clinic and patients considered as solved those patients who were evaluated initially and then referred to the pediatric outpatient clinic or surgery.Results:77 patients were included, 25 were active patients (35%) and 52 solved (65%), that were referred from the pediatric and pediatric surgery outpatients clinic for difficult management constipation. In the active patients the diagnoses are: 16 patients (64%) functional constipation, 6 patients (24%) Hirschsprung's disease, 1 patient (4%) with Mowat Wilson's Syndrome, 1 patient with spina bifida and 1 patient with ptosis of the transverse colon. The motive for consultation of the active patients was a chronic constipation in 20 patients (80%), Hirschsprung's disease in 3 (12%) and encopresis in 2 patients (8%); the associated symptoms of this group of patients were: abdominalpain in 10 patients (40%), vomit in 3 patients (12%) and soiling in 19 patients (76%) From the 52 solved patients, 32 are men (61.5%) and 20 women. 44 patients (84.6%) have diagnosis of functional constipation, 6 (11.5%) Hirschsprung's disease, 1 patient (1.9%) imperforated anus with perineal fistula and 1 patient with anal stenosis. The motive for consultation was chronic constipation in 47 patients (90%), anal stenosis in 1 (1.9%), anorectal malformation in 1 (1.9%) and inflammatory pelvic disease also in 1 patient (1.9%).Conclusions:The obtained results allow us to identify the most frequent causes of referral patients with chronic constipation to the Bowel Management Clinic at the Hospital "Dr. Maximiliano Peralta Jiménez". From all the patients referred for constipation of difficult management 15 (19 %) were detected for surgical resolution.

[Atomoxetine Treatment For Encopresis In A Child With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder]. / Dikkat Eksikligi ve Hiperaktivite Bozuklugu'nda Atomoksetin Ile Düzelen Bir Enkoprezis Olgusu.

Letter to the editor.

Effect of OROS methylphenidate on encopresis in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Although encopresis shows a high rate of comorbidity in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the etiologic origin of this relationship and the effect of ADHD drugs on encopresis are unclear. In this chart review, we explored the effect of OROS long-acting methylphenidate (MPH) treatment on encopresis in children with ADHD. We also evaluated the relationship between the clinical variables of ADHD and encopresis. METHODS: The sample consisted of 21 children and adolescents (20 boys and 1 girl) with encopresis and coexisting ADHD 7-15 years of age. Their clinical characteristics and baseline (visit 1) and end of the second months' (visit 2) Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) subscores were recorded. Retrospective clinician determinations were made using the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity subscale (CGI-S) for encopresis severity and the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement subscale (CGI-I) for encopresis response. RESULTS: According to the CGI-I, 14 subjects (71.4 %) showed much or very much improvement in their encopresis at the second visit. All of the CPRS scores showed a significant reduction during the second visit. No association was found between the CGI-I score and the changes in any of the CPRS scores. Baseline oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) scores were correlated with the CGI-S score; however, no association was found between core ADHD symptom severity and the CGI-S score. With regard to the encopresis outcome, the baseline CD score was negatively correlated with the CGI-I score, and the baseline ODD score was prone to show a negative correlation with the CGI-I score. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that coexisting behavioral problems may be a vulnerability factor based on the severity of encopresis, and that MPH treatment may have a positive effect on encopresis in children and adolescents with ADHD.

¿Qué esconden los problemas del control de esfínteres? A propósito de un caso / Hiding problems sphincters management: report of a case

Los trastornos del control de esfínteres son uno de los problemas más comunes en la consulta del pediatra de Atención Primaria. Se expone un caso clínico de un niño de cuatro años que presenta encopresis funcional por rechazo a utilizar el inodoro, así como la intervención llevada a cabo en conjunto por Pediatría y Psicología Clínica. La exposición de este caso muestra cómo la misma manifestación puede esconder distintos problemas que requerirán diferentes abordajes terapéuticos. Asimismo, se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de prestar atención a los diversos contextos que rodean al niño (familia, escuela, profesionales), así como valorar la interacción y la influencia mutua de los síntomas de este con la actitud de los padres y con otros factores externos para entender y abordar el problema de forma más precisa y global (AU)

Toilet training disorders are commonly treated problems in Primary Health Care Pediatrician practice. A case study of a four year-old boy with functional encopresis and stool toileting refusal is presented; the interdisciplinary intervention conducted by specialized Pediatrics and Clinical Psychology is also discussed. This clinical case presentation shows that the same symptoms may underlie different problems which would require different therapeutic interventions. The need to pay attention to the contexts surrounding the child (family, school, professionals) is also highlighted; as well as assessing the interaction and reciprocal influence between the child’s symptoms, the parents’ attitudes and other external factors, in order to understand and approach to the problem in a more comprehensive way (AU)

Monosymptomatic and non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: a clinical evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Nocturnal enuresis is divided into monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE). This study reviews clinical and ultrasonography (US) findings in enuretic children, and compares the organic and functional pathologies of the lower urinary tract (LUT) in children with MNE to those who have NMNE. METHODS: We enrolled 111 neurologically normal children with chief complaints of enuresis in this study. Participants included 60 boys and 51 girls, aged 5 - 17 years. There were 43 (38.8%) patients diagnosed with MNE and 68(61.2)% with NMNE. Urine analysis, urine culture and kidney-bladder US were performed for patients. Some patients underwent a voiding cystoureterography (VCUG), urodynamic study (UDS), or both.  RESULTS: Patients were divided into three groups: i) MNE, ii) NMNE without daytime incontinence (NMNE - daytime incontinence), and iii) NMNE plus daytime incontinence (NMNE + daytime incontinence). Constipation (P = 0.011), encopresis (P = 0.003) and urge incontinence (P = 0.001) were significantly more frequent in patients with NMNE +daytime incontinence. Bladder wall thickness (BWT) was the most common US finding. One patient with MNE and 9 with NMNE+ daytime incontinence had vesicoureteral reflux (VUR; P = 0.016). Posterior urethral valve (PUV) was reported in one patient with NMNE.  Evidence of bladder dysfunction was noted in about half of the patients who underwent UDS, with a higher prevalence in cases that had NMNE +daytime incontinence (P = 0.297). Bowel symptoms and VUR were significantly more prevalent in cases with NMNE + daytime incontinence.  CONCLUSION: We recommend VCUG in enuretic children who have daytime incontinence. In addition our study has revealed that symptoms suggestive of an overactive bladder (OAB) are not good indicators for bladder dysfunction.

A propósito de un caso de espasmofemia tratado con olanzapina / Stuttering treated with olanzapine: a case report

Introducción. La espasmofemia, también llamada disfemia o tartamudeo, es un trastorno del habla caracterizado por la alteración del ritmo de las palabras y cuyos síntomas clásicos son los bloqueos y las repeticiones. Metodología. Se describe el caso clínico de un paciente, su evolución y estrategias terapéuticas, asimismo se revisa la literatura actual acerca del tema. Resultados. Paciente de 33 años, derivado a nuestra Unidad de Salud Mental por su médico de cabecera al presentar: "problemas de expresión y dificultad para expresar ideas, clínica que ha empeorado en las últimas semanas incrementándose su estado de angustia". En consulta destacan múltiples bloqueos en la emisión del lenguaje con circunloquios y repeticiones monosilábicas que plantean grandes dificultades para realizar la entrevista. Destaca también ansiedad anticipatoria y ocasionales obsesiones de comprobación. Tras seis semanas de tratamiento con olanzapina 5 mg/ día, presenta una mejoría significativa tanto en la fluidez, como en la ansiedad anticipatoria con disminución de las repeticiones, bloqueos, interjecciones y palabras entrecortadas. Discusión. La espasmofemia se ha asociado con una hiperactividad dopaminérgica por lo que se han realizado estudios con antipsicóticos atípicos: fundamentalmente olanzapina y risperidona, que han desvelado resultados prometedores. Por otra parte diversos estudios constatan que estos pacientes presentan índices más altos de ansiedad. Para ello se han empleado fármacos antidepresivos y ansiolíticos como la clomipramina, paroxetina, fluoxetina, citalopram, sertralina y alprazolam. Conclusión. El tratamiento con olanzapina, antagonista de los receptores 5HT-2 y D1/D2, mejoró significativamente el cuadro clínico tal como han descrito Boyd y cols. en su revisión sistemática (AU)

Introduction. Spasmophemia, also called stuttering or stammering, is a speech disorder characterized by impairment of the rhythm of words whose classical symptoms are blocks and repetitions. Methodology. We describe the case of a male patient, his evolution and therapeutic strategies and review the current literature on the subject. Results. A 33-year-old patient was referred to our Mental Health Unit by his family doctor due to "speech problems and difficulty expressing ideas. His symptoms had worsened in recent weeks, with increase in his state of anxiety". Standing out in the consultation to the doctor, the patient experienced multiple blocks in expressing words, using circumlocutions and monosyllabic repetitions that made it very difficult to conduct the interview. Anticipatory anxiety and occasional obsessions of repeated checking also stand out. After six weeks of treatment with olanzapine 5mg/ daily, the patient showed significant improvement both in the fluency and anticipatory anxiety with decreased repetitions, blocking, interjections and broken words. Discussion. Spasmophemia has been associated with dopaminergic hyperactivity, so that studies have been conducted with atypical antipsychotics. Fundamentally, olanzapine and risperidone have revealed promising results. Furthermore, several studies have shown that these patients have higher rates of anxiety. That is why antidepressants and antianxiety drugs such as clomipramine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, citalopram, sertraline and alprazolam have been used. Conclusion. Treatment with olanzapine, 5HT-2 and D1/D2 antagonist, significantly improved the clinical picture as Boyd et al. have described in their systematic review (AU)

Anorectal motility abnormalities in children with encopresis and chronic constipation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the response to rectal distension in children with chronic constipation and children with chronic constipation and encopresis. STUDY DESIGN: We studied 27 children, aged 3 to 16 years, with chronic constipation; 12 had encopresis. Anorectal motility was measured with a solid state catheter. When the catheter was located in the internal sphincter, the balloon was inflated to 60 mL with air. RESULTS: There were no differences in age, sex distribution, and duration of constipation in the two groups. Comparing groups, anorectal manometry showed no differences in the resting sphincter pressure, recovery pressure, the lowest relaxation pressure, and percent relaxation. However, time to maximum relaxation, time to recovery to baseline pressure, and duration of relaxation were significantly higher in patients with constipation and encopresis, compared with patients who had constipation alone. CONCLUSIONS: There may be an imbalance in neuromuscular control of defecation in constipated patients with encopresis that results in incontinence as a consequence of the increased time to recovery and duration of relaxation of the internal anal sphincter.

Assessing and treating faecal incontinence in children.

Faecal incontinence can have a profound effect on the lives of children and their families. Children who have faecal incontinence have a greater risk of being bullied at school, and parents are often frustrated and concerned by the associated social stigma. The social and psychological effects of faecal incontinence on the child can last for a long time. This article provides an overview of the causes of faecal incontinence, discusses assessment of bowel dysfunction and outlines current treatments. The article also highlights the importance of the nurse's role, as part of the multidisciplinary team, in assessing, treating and supporting children and their families to ensure that any interventions have the best chance of succeeding and to minimise the risk of relapse.

Pápulas perianales en un niño / Perianal Papules in a Child

No disponible

No disponible

El PEG3350 es efectivo en el tratamiento del estreñimiento funcional / No disponible

No disponible

Ingresos hospitalarios en adolescentes con enfermedades psicosomáticas / Hospital admissions in adolescents with psychosomatic illnesses

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de ingresos hospitalarios por enfermedades psicosomáticas en la edad adolescente. Definir la sintomatología más frecuente que acompaña a estos trastornos, los factores desencadenantes, las pruebas complementarias realizadas y la posible existencia de patología psiquiátrica en las figuras parentales. Pacientes y método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de tipo retrospectivo, durante el período comprendido entre enero de 2002 y agosto de 2006, en pacientes de 10 a 18 años ingresados en el Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús cuyo diagnóstico al alta incluía patología de origen psicosomático. Resultados: El número de historias recogidas fue de 33, lo que representa una prevalencia del 2,6 %. Se encontró un predominio de pacientes con sexo femenino, con edad media de 11,5 años, cuyo síntoma más frecuente fue el dolor abdominal aislado o acompañante de otra patología. La duración del síntoma antes de acudir al hospital fue de 11 días. En 13 de los 33 casos (39,4 %) existían síntomas previos de etiología psicosomática. El estudio complementario fue negativo en todos los casos. La media de ingreso fue de 5 días. Se encontraron factores desencadenantes en 21 de los 33 (63,6 %), de los cuales los problemas escolares fueron los más frecuentes. En 7 de los 33 (21 %) existían antecedentes de patología psiquiátrica familiar. Conclusiones: El síntoma somatomorfo más frecuente de ingreso en adolescentes fue el dolor abdominal, y existieron factores desencadenantes estresantes en la mayoría de los pacientes. El estudio complementario para descartar patología somática no encontró alteraciones significativas. En un caso de cada cinco existe patología psiquiátrica familiar. Es recomendable la atención al enfermo de forma multidisciplinaria desde el inicio del ingreso mediante técnicas de interconsulta y enlace

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of hospital admissions due to psychosomatic diseases in the adolescents. To define the most frequent symptomatology that accompanies these disorders, the triggering factors, the complementary tests made and the possible existence of psychiatric illness in the parents. Patients and method: A retrospective study was carried out with patients of 10 to 18 years who were admitted to the Niño Jesús Children's Hospital during the period from January 2002 to August 2006, whose discharge diagnosis included symptomatology of psychosomatic origin. Results: The number of medical histories was 33. In this period the frequency of admissions due to psychosomatic diseases was 2.6 %. We found a predominance of female patients, with an average age of 11.5 years; the most frequent symptom was abdominal pain, isolated or accompanied by other pathology. The duration of the symptom before going to the hospital was 11 days. In 13/33 (39.4 %) of the cases previous symptoms of psychosomatic aetiology existed. The complementary study to discard organic disease was negative in all cases. The average stay was 5 days. The existence of triggering factors was found in 21/33 (63.6 %), school problems being the most common. In 7/33 (21 %) there was a family history of psychiatric disease. Conclusions: The most frequent somatic symptom was abdominal pain, being the triggering factor in most of the patients. The complementary study did not find significant abmormalities. In one out of five cases there was a family history of psychiatric disease. It is recommended to give these patients multidisciplinary care from the beginning of the stay, using consultation and link technique

Psychological differences between children with and without soiling problems.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies, based on clinic samples, report that childhood soiling is associated with behavior problems and reduced self-esteem. This population-based study investigates the prevalence of psychological problems associated with childhood soiling. METHODS: A total of 8242 children aged 7-8 years born to mothers in the United Kingdom-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children were studied. Parents completed postal questionnaires assessing common childhood emotional and behavioral problems, and children were asked questions at a research clinic concerning their behavior, friendships, bullying, and self-esteem. The rate of psychological problems was compared in children who soil frequently (once a week or more), those who soil occasionally (less than once a week), and those with no soiling problems (controls). Analyses were adjusted for developmental delay, gender, sociodemographic background, and stressful life events. RESULTS: Children who soil were reported by their parents to have significantly more emotional and behavioral problems compared with children who do not soil. Children who soil frequently had significantly more problems than those who soil occasionally. The rate of attention and activity problems, obsessions and compulsions, and oppositional behavior was particularly high in frequently soiling children. Children with soiling problems reported significantly higher rates of involvement in overt bullying (as both perpetrator and victim) and antisocial activities compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: The current study finds significantly higher rates of behavior and emotional problems, bullying, and antisocial activities in children who soil compared with those who do not soil. Children who soil frequently are more likely to have these problems than those who soil occasionally.