ABSTRACT
Formaldehyde has been prominent in preserving biological tissues since the nineteenth century. Despite being admittedly harmful to health and to the environment, it is still widely used. The Morphology Department of the University of Brasília - Brazil, applied the rethink, reduce, reuse, recycle and responsibility methodology to their activities in an effort to protect the health of laboratory workers and users, save resources and reduce damage to the environment. Here we evaluate the results obtained a decade after the implementation of this proposal (2005-2015). Formaldehyde was replaced by alcohol and glycerol solutions in corpse conservation. Over five thousand dollars in public funds that would have been destined to buying preserving substances were saved annually, and over a hundred thousand liters of water that would have been contaminated and thrown into the sewage system were spared. The environment used to implement the study was improved and anatomical parts kept for study had their lifespan extended. It is noteworthy that such simple adjustments could cause pronounced changes in laboratory activities. We would avoid contaminating billions of liters of water and it would be possible to save millions if similar practices were implemented in all educational institutions having similar routines.
Subject(s)
Cadaver , Embalming/methods , Environmental Health/methods , Fixatives/toxicity , Formaldehyde/toxicity , Preservation, Biological/methods , Alcohols/toxicity , Brazil , Conservation of Natural Resources/economics , Conservation of Natural Resources/methods , Embalming/economics , Environmental Health/economics , Glycerol/toxicity , Humans , Preservation, Biological/economics , SolutionsABSTRACT
Climate change poses multiple risks to the population of Lima, the largest city and capital of Peru, located on the Pacific coast in a desert ecosystem. These risks include increased water scarcity, increased heat, and the introduction and emergence of vector-borne and other climate sensitive diseases. To respond to these threats, it is necessary for the government, at every level, to adopt more mitigation and adaptation strategies. Here, focus groups were conducted with representatives from five Lima municipalities to determine priorities, perception of climate change, and decision-making processes for implementing projects within each municipality. These factors can affect the ability and desire of a community to implement climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. The results show that climate change and other environmental factors are of relatively low priority, whereas public safety and water and sanitation services are of highest concern. Perhaps most importantly, climate change is not well understood among the municipalities. Participants had trouble distinguishing climate change from other environmental issues and did not fully understand its causes and effects. Greater understanding of what climate change is and why it is important is necessary for it to become a priority for the municipalities. Different aspects of increased climate change awareness seem to be connected to having experienced extreme weather events, whether related or not to climate change, and to higher socioeconomic status.
Subject(s)
Cities , Climate Change , Decision Making , Health Planning , Health Priorities , Social Planning , Budgets , City Planning , Developing Countries , Economic Development , Environmental Health/economics , Focus Groups , Government Programs , Health Services Needs and Demand , Humans , Peru , Public Opinion , Public Policy , Urban Health , Water SupplyABSTRACT
Objetivo Estimar los beneficios en salud asociados a la reducción de la concentración promedioanual de material particulado PM10, entre el 2010 y el 2020 a 50 μg/m³, por Unidades de Planeamiento Zonal en Bogotá. Materiales y Métodos Se determinaron los casos de morbilidad y mortalidad atribuibles a la contaminación por PM10 y se estimó su valoración económica año por año usando BenMap®, consolidando los resultados por localidad y por Unidades de PlaneamientoZonal. Se utilizó funciones de concentración-respuesta para determinar los casos atribuibles en mortalidad y hospitalizaciones por causas respiratorias y cardiovasculares, mientras que para los demás servicios hospitalarios analizados, se usaron proporciones del servicio con respecto a la tasa de hospitalización. Resultados Podrían evitarse 21 000 muertes para mayores de 30 años y 900 muertes en menores de un año por exposición a largo plazo.Para menores de 5 años, podrían evitarse 1 2000 hospitalizaciones por causas respiratorias, 3800 atenciones en salas de urgencias, 34 000 visitas a salas ERA y 2 500 visitas a las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Para mayores de 5 años, se evitarían alrededor de 44 000 hospitalizaciones por causas respiratorias, 350 hospitalizaciones por causas cardiovasculares (en mayores de 65 años), y 155 000 atenciones en las salas de urgencias en todo el período. Conclusiones Se obtendrían beneficios económicos alrededor de 180 mil millones de pesos en los costos de enfermedad y un beneficio económico de más de 21 billones de pesos en mortalidad, entre el 2010 y 2020 para Bogotá.
Objective The health and economic benefits associated with the reduction of the annual average concentration of particulate matter PM10 to 50 μg/m³ between 2010 and 2020 were estimated and disaggregated in Zonal Planning Units in Bogotá. Materials and Methods BenMap® was used for determining attributable cases and their economic valuation year per year, and the results were represented spatially for every borough and zonal planning unit of the city. The study used concentration-response functions to determine the mortality cases attributable to PM10 pollution and hospitalizations related with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Results 21,000 deaths associated with long-term exposure could be prevented for people over 30 years old and 900 deaths associated with long-term exposure for children under one year old. For children under five years old, more than 12,000 preventable hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, about 3,800 emergency room visits, over 34,000 Acute Respiratory Diseases (ARD) cases and nearly 2,500 intensive care unit visits. For people over 5 years old, about 44000 hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, 350 hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases (people over 65 years old), and nearly 155,000 emergency room visits would be prevented. Conclusion Economic benefits for 180 billion Colombian Pesos (95 million U.S. dollars) would be obtained and a benefit higher than 21 trillion Colombian pesos (11 billion U.S. dollars) in ten years, preventing attributable deaths.
Subject(s)
Humans , Air Pollution/prevention & control , Environmental Health , Particulate Matter , Air Pollution/economics , Colombia , Environmental Health/economics , Particulate Matter/adverse effects , Particulate Matter/economics , Urban HealthABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The health and economic benefits associated with the reduction of the annual average concentration of particulate matter PM10 to 50 µg/m(3) between 2010 and 2020 were estimated and disaggregated in Zonal Planning Units in Bogotá. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BenMap® was used for determining attributable cases and their economic valuation year per year, and the results were represented spatially for every borough and zonal planning unit of the city. The study used concentration-response functions to determine the mortality cases attributable to PM10 pollution and hospitalizations related with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS: 21,000 deaths associated with long-term exposure could be prevented for people over 30 years old and 900 deaths associated with long-term exposure for children under one year old. For children under five years old, more than 12,000 preventable hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, about 3,800 emergency room visits, over 34,000 Acute Respiratory Diseases (ARD) cases and nearly 2,500 intensive care unit visits. For people over 5 years old, about 44000 hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, 350 hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases (people over 65 years old), and nearly 155,000 emergency room visits would be prevented. CONCLUSION: Economic benefits for 180 billion Colombian Pesos (95 million U.S. dollars) would be obtained and a benefit higher than 21 trillion Colombian pesos (11 billion U.S. dollars) in ten years, preventing attributable deaths.
Subject(s)
Air Pollution/prevention & control , Environmental Health , Particulate Matter , Air Pollution/economics , Colombia , Environmental Health/economics , Humans , Particulate Matter/adverse effects , Particulate Matter/economics , Urban HealthABSTRACT
Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo principal caracterizar o contexto e as práticas relacionadas ao uso de agrotóxicos entre agricultores residentes na Serrinha do Mendanha, comunidade agrícola situada em Campo Grande, município do Rio de Janeiro. A proposta metodológica teve uma abordagem qualitativa, sendo a principal fonte de dados a aplicação de questionário semiestruturado. Participaram da pesquisa 38 agricultores familiares. O perfil socioeconômico mostra uma realidade de idosos no trabalho agrícola, percentuais expressivos de analfabetismo e baixa renda. O uso de agrotóxicos é uma rotina para essas famílias. Apesar de existir uma naturalização do uso, a maioria dos informantes acredita que agrotóxicos podem afetar sua saúde, apresenta preocupação com o consumidor e gostaria de conhecer formas alternativas de cultivo. Tais achados apontam para a possibilidade de busca de mudança de práticas. Não se trata de repasse de conhecimento, pois este tipo de informação de alguma forma eles já possuem. Trata-se de desenvolver estratégias objetivando a minimização dos riscos ou mesmo o desuso de agrotóxicos na lavoura.
This paper presents the results of a research which main goal was to describe the context and practices related to the use of pesticides among farmers in the community of Serrinha do Mendanha, Campo Grande, County of Rio de Janeiro. The methodological proposal had a qualitative approach and data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire. Thirty eight farmers participated in this research. Socio-economic profile shows elderly people working in agriculture, expressive percentile of illiteracy and low income. Despite the natural approach to the use of pesticides, which is a routine to these families, most informants believe that pesticides can affect their health, show some concern about the consumers and would like to know alternatives. These findings point to the possibility of change in agricultural practices. It is not a matter of simply offering information that in some way they already possess; it means developing strategies to reduce or even quit the use of pesticides in plantations.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Agriculture/economics , Pesticides/adverse effects , Pesticides/chemistry , Pesticides , Rural Health/trends , Brazil/ethnology , Socioeconomic Factors , Environmental Health/economics , Environmental Health/ethics , Public Health/economics , Public Health/ethics , Public Health/trends , Toxicity Tests/economics , Toxicity Tests/methods , Toxicity Tests/standardsSubject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Environmental Health/economics , Health-Disease Process , Public PolicyABSTRACT
Este documento traz subsídios para a elaboração da Política Nacional de Saúde Ambiental. Tal política deverá contribuir para proteger e promover a saúde humana por meio de um conjunto de ações integradas com instâncias de governo e da sociedade civil para fortalecer atores sociais e indivíduos no enfrentamento dos determinantes socioambientais e na prevenção dos agravos decorrentes da exposição humana a ambientes adversos. Sendo assim, este documento versa sobre os processos de construção, interlocução, os princípios, as diretrizes e os instrumentos cabíveis à referida política. O conceito de saúde ambiental é trabalhado de forma ampliada e pensado a partir da Reforma Sanitária, sendo entendido como um processo de transformação da norma legal e do aparelho institucional em um contexto de democratização. Tal processo se dá em prol da promoção e da proteção à saúde dos cidadãos, cuja expressão material concretiza-se na busca do direito universal à saúde e de um ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado em consonância com os princípios e as diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), do Sistema Nacional de Meio Ambiente (Sisnama), do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (Singreh) e de outros afins. Para a efetivação da Política Nacional de Saúde Ambiental, são sugeridas algumas linhas de atuação: (1) a estruturação e o fortalecimento da Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental; (2) a construção de agendas intersetoriais integradas; (3) o fomento à promoção de ambientes saudáveis; (4) o estímulo à produção de conhecimento e desenvolvimento de capacidades em saúde ambiental; e (5) a construção de um Sistema de Informação Integrado em Saúde Ambiental. A construção de ações intra e intersetoriais é o eixo central para a formulação da Política Nacional de Saúde Ambiental, pois, dessa forma, pode-se compatibilizar os procedimentos da Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental, que estão em desenvolvimento no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), com aqueles praticados por outros setores, para que sejam potencializados os recursos disponíveis e seja evitada a superposição de ações e os conflitos de mandatos entre instituições. A Política Nacional de Saúde Ambiental se construirá por meio de articulação, sinergia e integração das ações já empreendidas por várias instâncias de governo situadas em diversos Ministérios, bem como por meio das iniciativas efetuadas pela sociedade civil, para que, ao longo do tempo, vá se conformando como uma sólida Política Pública Integrada de governo legitimada socialmente pela pactuação de uma Agenda Integrada de Saúde Ambiental
Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Health/economics , Environmental Health Surveillance , Environmental Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , BrazilABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Since its founding in 1970, Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC) has supported research by concerned Latin American researchers on environments and human health relationships. Framing of such relationships has changed through different periods. METHODS: Participant observation, bibliographic searches, document review, and interviews with key IDRC staff. FINDINGS: From the early years of multiple different projects, IDRC developed more focussed interest in tropical diseases, pesticides, agriculture and human health in the 1980s. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in the early 1990s gave impetus to examination of links between ecosystems and human health or "EcoHealth". Projects in Latin America built on earlier work but extended it in methods (transdisciplinarity, community participation, gendered approach) and scope (broader land use and development paradigm issues tackled). A key IDRC-funded activity in Latin America was "EcoSalud", an Ecuadorian effort, which has worked with farming communities, agricultural researchers, health practitioners and local politicians to advance integrated pest management, better recognize and treat poisonings and improve pesticide-related policies. ONGOING CHALLENGES INCLUDE: mobilizing sufficient resources for the primary prevention focus of EcoHealth activities when primary care infrastructure remains stretched, promoting micro-level change in diverse communities and ecosystems, and addressing power structures at the global level that profoundly affect environmental change.
Subject(s)
Environmental Health/organization & administration , Financing, Government/statistics & numerical data , International Cooperation , Public Health , Research Support as Topic/organization & administration , Agriculture , Canada , Decision Making, Organizational , Developing Countries/economics , Ecosystem , Environmental Health/economics , Financing, Government/trends , Humans , Latin America , Pesticides , Research Support as Topic/trendsSubject(s)
Agriculture , Plant Diseases , Social Conditions , Agriculture/economics , Agriculture/history , Environment , Environmental Health/economics , Environmental Health/history , Food Supply/economics , Food Supply/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Honduras/ethnology , Musa , Plant Diseases/economics , Plant Diseases/history , Social Change/history , Social Conditions/economics , Social Conditions/history , Socioeconomic FactorsSubject(s)
City Planning , Environmental Health , Local Government , Population Growth , Public Facilities , Urbanization , City Planning/economics , City Planning/education , City Planning/history , City Planning/legislation & jurisprudence , Environmental Health/economics , Environmental Health/education , Environmental Health/history , Environmental Health/legislation & jurisprudence , History, 19th Century , Mexico/ethnology , Public Facilities/economics , Public Facilities/history , Public Facilities/legislation & jurisprudence , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban Health/history , Urban Population/history , Urbanization/history , Urbanization/legislation & jurisprudenceSubject(s)
Economics , Environmental Policy , Politics , Residence Characteristics , Rural Population , Social Change , Brazil/ethnology , Conservation of Natural Resources/economics , Conservation of Natural Resources/history , Conservation of Natural Resources/legislation & jurisprudence , Developing Countries/economics , Developing Countries/history , Ecology/economics , Ecology/education , Ecology/history , Economics/history , Economics/legislation & jurisprudence , Environmental Health/economics , Environmental Health/education , Environmental Health/history , Environmental Policy/economics , Environmental Policy/history , Environmental Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , History, 20th Century , Residence Characteristics/history , Rivers , Rural Population/history , Social Change/historyABSTRACT
Em funçäo das tendências contemporâneas dos movimentos de globalizaçäo e da surpreendente velocidade com que as mudanças surgem, novas exigências legais, normativas e comunitárias, vêm se impor em nosso país a partir de açöes consolidadas nos países desenvolvidos. Isto se dá tanto no âmbito da economia, na forma de novas relaçöes de comércio e estratégias mercadológicas, e da tecnologia, na forma de normas de qualidade, como também nas mudanças de atitude das pessoas, que têm seu poder de decisäo aumentado pelo rápido e amplo fluxo de informaçäo envolvendo também a variável ambiental. As questöes ambientais relativas à atividade econômica têm entäo ocupado parcela crescente de investimento e esforço, tornando-se um fator diferenciador de competitividade das empresas. A adoçäo de sistemas de gestäo ambiental cada vez mais aprimorados e integrados ao negócio tem se tornado inevitável por parte das empresas industriais. É portanto, necessário e urgente resgatar e analisar o cenário que se definiu no início dos anos 90, a fim de que os vários segmentos da indústria química brasileira em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, possam se posicionar frente às exigências de mudança de hoje em termos de gestäo ambiental
Subject(s)
Chemical Industry , Environmental Management , Environmental Health/economics , BrazilSubject(s)
Sustainable Development , Development Indicators , Environmental Health/economics , ChileABSTRACT
En este documento se caracterizan los procesos de inversión en ambiente y salud en Guatemala, con el objetivo de identificar las principales variables y la forma en que su relacion influyo sobre el proceso de asignacion de recursos durante el período 1982-1992. El estudio esta conformado por cinco componentes básicos: 1) identificacion de los aspectos macroeconómicos y las políticas sobre inversiónes en ambiente y salud; 2) identificacion y caracterizacion de los principales actores involucrados en los procesos de inversión y sus interrelaciones; 3) evolucion y composición de las inversiónes en ambiente y salud; 4) nivel de compatibilidad entre el comportamiento de la politica economica y las inversiónes en ambiente y salud; y 5) analisis del ciclo de procesos de inversión. Como complemento, se incluyen algunas consideraciones para la evaluación futura del progreso en ambiente y conclusiones y recomendaciones generales. Tambien se incorporan cuadros y graficos con informacion macroeconomica asi como la bibliografía consultada
Subject(s)
Drinking Water , Environment , Investments/economics , Legislation, Environmental , Sanitation , Environmental Health/economics , Guatemala , Health Expenditures , Health SystemsABSTRACT
El objetivo principal del estudio es caracterizar los procesos de inversión en ambiente y salud en la República Argentina, a fin de identificar las principales variales y su relacion con el proceso de asignacion de recursos durante el período 1982-1992. Para satisfacer los lineamientos métodologicos entregados por la Secretaría Ejecutiva del PIAS, se analizaron los siguientes aspectos; identificacion del marco macroeconómico, políticas sobre inversiónes en ambiente y salud, identificacion y caracterizacion de las principales instituciones e instancias involucradas en los procesos de inversión y evolucion de las inversiónes en ambiente y salud