[Esophageal stenosis as a result of a right aortic arch in 2 cats]. / Ösophagusstenose infolge eines persistierenden rechten Aortenbogens bei 2 Katzen.

A 3-month-old and a 4-year-old cat were presented in the clinic due to regurgitation. The kitten had displayed the symptoms since it had been fed solid foods and was smaller than the litter mates. The 4-year-old cat showed sudden-onset symptoms for 5 days prior to presentation and had a good general condition. Positive contrast thoracic radiographs of both cats in lateral recumbency showed an esophageal dilatation cranial to the heart base and raised a suspicion of foreign material with soft tissue density in this area. In the 4-year-old cat, findings of ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs were compatible with a dextroposition of the aorta and a slightly marked focal left curve of the trachea. The echocardiographic examination of the kitten pictured a right sided aorta, hence a vascular ring anomaly with a dextroposition from the aorta was suspected. Aberrant blood flow as it is seen in a persistent ductus arteriosus was not apparent in the echocardiography. As a result of the sudden development of the clinical signs in the older cat without displaying any former history of regurgitation, an esophagoscopy was performed to exclude an intraluminal esophageal cause for the stricture as well as to extract the foreign material. In this cat, computed tomography imaging also displayed an aberrant left subclavian artery. Both cats recovered well after surgical correction.The diagnosis of a ring anomaly in the kitten via echocardiography is a rare situation. As is the diagnosis of a high-grade esophageal stricture due to a vascular ring anomaly at the age of 4 without a former history of regurgitation.Recovery was excellent in the younger cat. There were no signs of regurgitation 6 months after surgery. The adult cat was in good general condition without clinical symptoms according to the owners when presented for stitch removal. Unfortunately, the adult cat was lost to follow up.

A retrospective cohort study on oesophageal food bolus obstruction in the North Denmark region in 2021-two thirds were never diagnosed with a cause.

BACKGROUND: Food bolus obstruction (FBO) leading to hospital treatment is often associated with eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE), stenosis, or oesophageal cancer (1). Danish national guidelines recommend that patients with FBO undergo a diagnostic upper endoscopy within two weeks of presentation to exclude possible malignancy, and histological evaluation of eight biopsies (2, 3). AIMS: The aims of this study were to (1) report the incidence and describe the causes and treatment of FBO in the North Denmark Region (NDR), (2) determine the proportion of patients who underwent upper endoscopy and biopsy according to regional and national guidelines, and (3) identify International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis and procedure codes applied to the hospital visits due to FBO in the NDR. METHODS: Among all acute hospital visits in the NDR in 2021, all visits with ICD-10 codes possibly reflecting FBO, as well as a random sample of 14,400 visits with unspecific ICD-10 codes (R and Z codes), were screened manually for possible FBO. Diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment of all patients with FBO were recorded. RESULTS: The median patient age was 66.0 (Q1-Q3: 49.8-81.0) years, and half of the patients had experienced FBO before. Two thirds of patients (66.0%) were never diagnosed with a cause of FBO, followed by 17.3% with EoE. 30% of patients did not undergo upper endoscopy within two weeks of the hospital visit, and 50.7% were never biopsied in the oesophagus. Of 1886 hospital visits with registry ICD-10 codes that possibly reflected FBO, 8.4% were due to FBO, while FBO was present in 0.028% of the random sample of unspecific ICD-10 codes. CONCLUSIONS: Most hospitalized FBO patients in the NDR in 2021 were never diagnosed with a cause. In these patients there is a high risk of overlooked EoE or upper gastrointestinal cancers. The area needs immediate focus and changed routines to improve treatment and prevent new FBO.

Risk factors for total laryngectomy associated proximal esophageal stricture formation in head and neck cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Development of esophageal strictures is common after the total laryngectomy of head and neck cancer patients. While endoscopic techniques like dilatation by balloon or Salvary bougies are well established, risk factors and pathophysiology for development of refractory strictures are less well understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factors associated with occurrence and recurrence of total-laryngectomy-associated esophageal strictures in head and neck cancer patients. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively a cohort of 170 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients, who underwent total laryngectomy between 2007 and 2017. The outcome measure was laryngectomy-associated proximal esophageal stricture needing an endoscopic dilatation by using a balloon or Savary dilators. RESULTS: Of the 170 patients in the cohort, 32 (18.8%) developed strictures. Mean time between surgery and first endoscopic intervention was 24.4 months. Significant predictive factors were age ≥ 65 (p=0.017), nodal status N> 1 (p=0.003), continued alcohol abuse after surgery (p=0.005) and diabetes mellitus (p=0.005). In a subgroup, 17 of 32 patients developed refractory strictures and needed more than three dilatations to relieve dysphagia. Postoperative mean (p=0.016) and maximum (p=0.015) C-reactive protein (CRP) were predictive for refractory strictures. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic strictures occurred in 18.8% of the cases. Age, nodal status N>1, continued alcohol abuse and diabetes mellitus were predictive factors. For refractory stenosis (>3 dilatations needed) mean and maximum postoperative CRP were predictive. This may indicate that systemic inflammatory response post-surgery is involved in the stricture formation process.

[Histological evaluation of esophageal stricture in children with caustic burn]. / Patogistologicheskaya kharakteristika striktury pishchevoda pri kausticheskom ozhoge u detei.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze histological features of esophageal strictures in children with chemical burn following ingestion of household products containing sodium (potassium) hypochlorite, sodium (potassium) hydroxide. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 3 children with complicated caustic esophageal burns. Children at the time of swallowing the caustic were 26.3±4.1 months. Multiple dilatations of esophageal stricture were ineffective. Therefore, extirpation or subtotal resection of the esophagus and esophagocoloplasty were performed. We stained specimens using hematoxylin and eosin, as well as Masson's trichrome. RESULTS: Severe esophageal burns caused by sodium (potassium) hydroxide and/or sodium hypochlorite are followed by irreversible tissue lesions and non-dilatable stricture. Strictures are localized in the areas of physiological narrowing of the esophagus. The longest stricture follows ingestion of liquid substance. Histological properties include atrophy of glands and mucous membrane, muscle layer substitution by connective tissue and diffuse sclerosis of esophageal wall. CONCLUSION: Non-dilatable esophageal stricture following caustic burn in children is due to irreversible morphological lesion of esophageal wall with mucous layer atrophy and sclerosis of all layers.

The Slender Esophagus: Unrecognized Esophageal Narrowing in Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammation in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) often leads to esophageal strictures. Evaluating esophageal narrowing is clinically challenging. We evaluated esophageal distensibility as related to disease activity, fibrosis, and dysphagia. METHODS: Adult patients with and without EoE underwent endoscopy and distensibility measurements. Histology, distensibility, and symptoms were analyzed. RESULTS: Patients with EoE had significantly lower distensibilities than controls. We found a cohort with esophageal diameter under 15 mm despite lack of dysphagia. DISCUSSION: This study raises concern that current assessments of fibrostenosis are suboptimal. We describe a cohort with unrecognized slender esophagus that were identified through impedance planimetry measurements. This tool provides additional information beyond symptomatic, histologic, and endoscopic assessments.

Esophageal Stricture after Endoscopic Drainage of Esophageal Abscess as a Complication of Acute Phlegmonous Esophagitis: A Case Report.

Esophageal abscess caused by acute phlegmonous esophagitis is rare but life-threatening. Rapid abscess drainage is an important part of the treatment, and endoscope-assisted intra-luminal abscess drainage is frequently performed. Although endoscopic drainage is less invasive than surgery, it has the potential to cause esophageal stricture as a complication. We present a rare case of esophageal stricture as a complication of intra-luminal drainage and evaluate a method to minimize the incidence of esophageal stricture complications.

[Gastric pull-up in caustic stenosis: presentation of a complex clinical case]. / Ascenso gástrico en estenosis por cáusticos: presentación de un caso clínico complejo.

Introduction: Chemical substances are important causes of gastrointestinal tract injuries and usually affect two groups of patients: children under 5 years of age and adults who attempt suicide. Its effects can range from necrosis to perforation of the digestive tract, which can affect the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach. The main complication of accidental caustic ingestion is esophageal stricture. The frequency with which esophageal strictures appear ranges from 15% to 35% and is related to the degree of injury induced by the ingested agent. They may become symptomatic by the second or third week after a latent repair phase or, in other cases, months or years after ingestion. Different forms of treatment have been applied to treat caustic esophageal strictures, and endoscopic dilation is the first line, with successful results in 60% to 80% of patients. If these are not effective, surgical treatment for esophageal replacement is indicated. Clinical Case: A clinical case of a 48-year-old male patient with no chronic degenerative history is presented, who began suffering after accidental ingestion of caustic substance 4 months ago with dysphagia to liquids and solids, for which he is protocolized in our unit for definitive surgical resolution by gastric pull-up. Conclusions: Although associated with high rates of anastomotic stricture, transhiatal esophagectomy and gastric pull-up with cervical anastomosis are safe procedures for the treatment of caustic esophageal strictures.

Introducción: las sustancias químicas son causas importantes de lesiones del tracto gastrointestinal y suelen afectar a dos grupos de pacientes: los niños menores de 5 años y los adultos que intentan el suicidio. Sus efectos pueden variar, desde la necrosis hasta la perforación del tubo digestivo, que puede afectar la boca, faringe, esófago y estómago. La principal complicación de la ingesta accidental de cáusticos es la estenosis esofágica. La frecuencia con la que aparecen las estenosis esofágicas oscila entre el 15 y el 35% y se relaciona con el grado de lesión inducida por el agente ingerido. Pueden hacerse sintomáticas hacia la segunda o tercera semanas después de una fase latente de reparación o, en otros casos, meses o años después de la ingesta. Diferentes formas de tratamiento se han aplicado para tratar las estenosis esofágicas por cáusticos, y en primera línea está la dilatación endoscópica, con resultados exitosos en el 60 a 80% de los pacientes. Si estas no son efectivas se indica el tratamiento quirúrgico de reemplazo esofágico. Caso clínico: se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 48 años de edad sin antecedentes crónico-degenerativos, el cual inicia padecimiento tras la ingesta accidental de sustancia cáustica hacía 4 meses, con disfagia a líquidos y sólidos, por lo que es protocolizado en nuestra unidad para resolución quirúrgica definitiva mediante ascenso gástrico. Conclusiones: aunque se asocia con tasas altas de estenosis anastomótica, la esofagectomía transhiatal y el ascenso gástrico con anastomosis cervical son procedimientos seguros para el tratamiento de estenosis esofágicas por sustancias cáusticas.

[The effective analysis of refractory esophageal stricture after endoscopic mucosal dissection of early esophageal cancer treated by endoscopic radiotomy combined with local injection of triamcinolone acetonide].

Refractor esophageal stenosis after endoscopic submucosal dissection of early esophageal carcinoma is a difficult clinical problem. To verify the effect of endoscopic radial incision combined local triamcinolone injection to treat refractory esophageal stenosis, we retrospectively analyzed 7 patients diagnosed with refractory esophageal stricture after endoscopic mucosal dissection of early esophageal cancer in this study, of whom 4 male and 3 female patients, aged 50-76 years, with the mean age of 63 years. We performed the endoscopic radial incision in the thickness point of the scar stricture and injected the triamcinolone locally. The results showed it was safe and effective. The follow-up showed no esophageal stenosis occured and no adverse reaction such as hemorrhage, perforation, tumor-recurrence and triamcinolone-allergy occured.

A reliable nomogram model for predicting esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection.

ABSTRACT: Currently, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has gradually become the diagnosis and treatment of choice for initial esophageal cancer. However, the formation of esophageal stricture after ESD is one of its important complications. In this paper, we intend to identify the risk factors of esophageal stricture to develop a nomogram model to predict the risk of esophageal stricture and validate this model.A total, 159 patients were included in this study, including 21 patients with esophageal stenosis. Multivariate analysis showed that age greater than 60 years, high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, the extent of esophageal mucosal defect greater than 1/2, and postoperative pathological type of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were independent risk factors for predicting esophageal stricture. We constructed a nomogram model to predict esophageal stenosis by these 4 independent predictors.The prediction performance of the model was verified by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model was 0.889, and the sensitivity and specificity were 80.00% and 91.28%, respectively, indicating that the prediction performance of the model was good; The calibration curve constructed by internal cross-validation suggested that the predicted results of the nomogram agreed well with the actual observed values.The nomogram model has a high accuracy for predicting esophageal stricture after esophageal ESD and is extremely important to reduce or avoid the occurrence of esophageal stricture. But it needs more external and prospective validation.

Defining the Long-Term Clinical Course and Need for Repeat Dilation for Patients With Schatzki Rings.

Schatzki rings (SRs) are a well-known cause of intermittent solid-food dysphagia.1 Although some patients sustain improvement after 1 endoscopic dilation, others require repeated dilations for recurrent symptoms.2-4 SRs are believed to be distinct from strictures caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease. SRs are sharply localized lesions with clearly defined margins, whereas peptic strictures have a more gradual transition between normal and abnormal esophagus to produce a funnel-shaped narrowing.5,6 Consequently, it has been assumed that repeat dilation is less common in SRs dissimilar from medically untreated peptic strictures. The study aim was to identify clinical and radiologic predictors for repeated esophageal dilations in patients with SRs and to assess if peptic stricture-like characteristics of rings correspond to need for repeat dilation.

A Gap in Care Leads to Progression of Fibrosis in Eosinophilic Esophagitis Patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: There are few data assessing disease progression in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) after diagnosis. We aimed to determine outcomes and assess for progression of fibrosis in patients with EoE with a gap in their regular care. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study of newly diagnosed patients with EoE, a "gap" in care was defined as ≥2 years without medical contact for EoE. For inclusion, a gap in care and both pre- and post-gap endoscopies were required. Patients with and without a gap were compared. Data were also compared in gap patients before the gap and after EoE care resumed, and progression of fibrosis and predictors were assessed. RESULTS: Of 701 patients with EoE, 95 (14%) had a gap in care (mean time without care, 4.8 ± 2.3 years). Post-gap, 12% presented with food impaction requiring emergency evaluation. Compared with pre-gap, patients post-gap had higher endoscopic severity (2.4 vs 1.5; P < .001) and smaller esophageal diameters (11.0 vs 12.7 mm; P = .04). Strictures were more prevalent with longer gap time (P < .05 for trend). Each additional year of gap time increased odds of stricture by 26%, even after accounting for pre-gap dilation. Additionally, of 67 patients without pre-gap fibrosis, 25 (37%) had at least one fibrotic feature (stricture, narrowing, or requiring dilation) post-gap. CONCLUSIONS: A gap in care of ≥2 years in patients with EoE was associated with signs of increased disease activity, and progression to fibrostenosis was noted, particularly with longer gaps in care. Because EoE can progress to fibrosis even after diagnosis, regular care in patients with EoE is required, perhaps at intervals <2 years.

Acquired Esophageal Strictures in Children: Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Analyses.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal strictures (ES) in children are not well characterized pathologically. We report unique histopathologic analyses of resected acquired ES and control esophagi (CE). METHODS: Muscle layer thicknesses were measured in intact well-oriented areas; inflammatory cells were counted in the most inflamed high power field (hpf). Sections were stained with relevant antibodies. Results were expressed as median, lower and upper quartiles. Wilcoxon Rank Sums non-parametric test was used to compare groups; P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: All ES (N = 10) showed focal replacement of lamina propria, muscularis mucosa and submucosa by actin+ fibers emanating from muscularis propria. Compared to CE (N = 8), ES displayed significantly thickened muscularis mucosa and propria, and increased mast cells (tryptase- and chymase-positive), and eosinophils in muscle layers (all P ≤ 0.01). Matrix proteins periostin and fibronectin were identified in the muscle layers of CE, and in the extracellular matrix in areas of disrupted architecture in ES. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to CE, acquired ES in children show significant structural alterations, including obliterative muscularization, inflammatory cell mural infiltrates, and extracellular matrix protein deposits. Therapies targeting connective tissue expansion, mast cells, eosinophils and inflammation may be beneficial to treat ES.

Safety and efficacy of large balloon dilatation under fluoroscopy.

The maximum diameter of the balloon used for balloon dilatation(BD) of esophagogastric anastomotic stricture (EAS) is generally 20 millimeters. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of BD under fluoroscopy, using balloons with a diameter of 25-30 millimeters. We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with benign EAS treated by large BD (balloon diameter, 25-30 mm) under fluoroscopy. The Cox proportional hazards model (PHM) was used to identify the factors associated with stricture-free survival. The results show that a total of 127 patients were included in this study, and 204 BDs were performed. The technical success rate was 96.6%, and the clinical success rate was 99.2%. The incidence of serious adverse events was 3.4% (7/204). One patient died of massive hemorrhage during BD, and nine patients were lost to follow-up. For the remaining 117 patients, the median stricture-free survival period was 14.9 months. In multivariable analysis using the Cox PHM, only balloon diameter was significantly associated with stricture-free survival. The stricture-free survival period tended to increase as balloon diameter increased. Large BD under fluoroscopy appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of benign EAS after esophagectomy.

Frequent occurrence of postbreakfast syncope due to carotid sinus syndrome after surgery for hypopharyngeal cancer: A case report.

RATIONALE: Syncope often occurs in patients with advanced head and neck cancers due to the stimulation of the autonomic nervous system by the tumor. Here, we describe a case of frequent syncopal episodes after laryngopharyngectomy for hypopharyngeal cancer. As all syncopal episodes were observed during the forenoon, we also evaluated the heart rate variability using ambulatory electrocardiography to determine why the syncopal episodes occurred during a specified period of the day. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 73-year-old Japanese man who underwent laryngopharyngectomy for recurrent hypopharyngeal cancer started experiencing frequent episodes of loss of consciousness that occurred during the same time period (10:00-12:00). He had never experienced syncopal episodes before the operation. From 23 to 41 days postoperatively, he experienced 9 syncopal episodes that occurred regardless of his posture. DIAGNOSES: Pharyngo-esophagoscopy revealed an anastomotic stricture between the free jejunum graft and the upper esophagus. Swallowing videofluoroscopy confirmed the dilatation of the jejunal autograft and a foreign body stuck on the oral side of the anastomosis. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed that the carotid artery was slightly compressed by the edematous free jejunum. The patient was diagnosed with carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) as the free jejunum was dilated when consuming breakfast, which may have caused carotid sinus hypersensitivity and induced a medullary reflex. INTERVENTIONS: Administration of disopyramide was effective in preventing syncope. Heart rate variability analysis using ambulatory electrocardiography showed that parasympathetic dominancy shifted to sympathetic dominancy during 10:00 to 12:00. The significant time regularity of the syncopal episodes may have been affected by modified diurnal variation in autonomic tone activity. OUTCOMES: After the surgical release and re-anastomosis of the pharyngoesophageal stenosis via an open-neck approach, no recurrent episodes of syncope were reported. LESSONS: We reported a case of frequent syncopal episodes limited to the forenoon due to CSS after surgery for hypopharyngeal carcinoma. The patient was treated with anticholinergics followed by the release and re-anastomosis of the pharyngoesophageal stenosis. When syncope occurs after surgery for head and neck lesions, CSS due to postoperative structural changes should be considered as a differential diagnosis of syncope.

Diagnosis and management of pharyngoesophageal stenosis: A comprehensive approach to prophylactic, endoscopic, and reconstructive treatment options.

BACKGROUND: Pharyngoesophageal stenosis (PES) is a serious complication that substantially impacts functional outcomes and quality of life (QOL) for up to a third of head and neck cancer patients who undergo radiotherapy. Dysphagia is often multifactorial in nature and is a devastating complication of treatment that impacts patients' QOL, general health and overall wellbeing. The authors detail the clinical presentation, risk factors, imaging characteristics, preventive measures, and multimodality treatment options for PES. METHODS: The authors present a comprehensive management algorithm for PES, including treatment by dilation, stenting, spray cryotherapy and dilation, and reconstructive treatment options utilizing different pedicled and free flaps. RESULTS: The authors advocate for a thorough assessment of the extent and degree of pharyngoesophageal involvement of PES to determine the optimal management strategy. CONCLUSIONS: The development of post treatment dysphagia requires appropriate imaging and biopsy, when indicated, to rule out the presence of persistent/recurrent cancer. Multidisciplinary management by a team of physicians well-versed in the range of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions available for PES is critical to its successful management.

[Esophageal Lichen Planus - an Underdiagnosed Disease]. / Der Lichen planus des Ösophagus ­ Eine unterschätzte Erkrankung.

An involvement of the esophagus in patients with lichen planus was described for the first time in 1982. Ever since, it has been seen as a rarity. However, studies over the last 10 years have shown a higher prevalence than expected. It may even be supposed that esophageal lichen planus (ELP) is more common than eosinophilic esophagitis. ELP mostly affects middle-aged women. The principal symptom is dysphagia. Endoscopically, ELP is characterized by denudation and tearing of the mucosa, trachealization and hyperkeratosis and esophageal stenosis may occur in patients with long courses of the disease. Histologic findings including mucosal detachment, T-lymphocytic infiltrate, intraepithelial apoptosis (civatte bodies) and dyskeratosis are crucial. Direct immunofluorescence shows fibrinogen deposits along the basement membrane zone. So far, there is no well-established therapy but a treatment with topic steroids is effective in 2/3 of the patients. Common therapy of lichen planus of the skin seems to be ineffective for treatment of ELP. Symptomatic esophageal stenosis should be endoscopically dilated. ELP joins the group of "new" immunologic diseases of the esophagus.