[Three horizontal muscle surgery for infantile esotropia and decompensated microtropia]. / Horizontale Dreimuskelchirurgie bei frühkindlichem Innenschielen und dekompensiertem Mikrostrabismus.

BACKGROUND: Surgical management of large-angle infantile esotropia and decompensated microtropia has been controversially debated. There seems to be a relative bias against surgery on more than two horizontal muscles to avoid overcorrections. In our study we report on the sensory and motor outcomes after three horizontal muscle surgery. Furthermore we aim to suggest a table to guide surgery amounts. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was a retrospective interventional cohort of 27 patients (16 female, 11 male; mean age 7.9 [years], ranging from 1 to 27 [years]) with infantile esotropia and decompensated microtropia who underwent three horizontal muscle surgery (bilateral medial rectus muscle recession and lateral rectus muscle plication) between 2005 and 2013. RESULTS: Preoperative deviation in primary position measured 30.2 [°] (mean; range 21.9 to 48.0). Postoperatively esotropia was significantly reduced to 2.6 [°] (mean; range -16.7 to 16.7). After six months deviation measured 5.5 [°] (mean, range -14.1 to 21.9). An effect of 1.63°/mm was calculated for the combined three muscle surgery. CONCLUSIONS: For the correction of large-angle infantile esotropia and decompensated microtropia three horizontal muscle surgery is associated with a high success rate. Only a very low rate of consecutive exotropia does occur.

One-stage vs. two-stage adjustable sutures for the correction of esotropia.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability and the level of postoperative consciousness, nausea and vomiting, ocular pain, starting oral intake and activity, and cost-effectiveness in patients undergoing medial rectus recession surgery using an adjustable suture technique that was performed by two different methods. METHOD: In this prospective study, we evaluated 78 patients undergoing medial rectus recession surgery. Thirty-eight patients were operated by a one-stage technique in which the whole operation was done under topical anesthesia and adjustment was done on the operating table, while 40 patients were operated by a two-stage technique in which the operation was done under general anesthesia and adjustment was done the following day at the patient's bedside. The results were recorded and compared according to the parameters given above. A scoring system was used to assess all these parameters except for stability. The stability of the procedures was evaluated according to the degrees of squint immediately after the adjustment and at least three months thereafter. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the procedures with regard to stability and ocular pain. During the early postoperative period, the level of consciousness was better and nausea and vomiting occurred less frequently in the patients operated by the one-stage procedure. Postoperative activity and oral intake returned to normal status more quickly in the one-stage group and the one-stage procedure was cost-effective. CONCLUSION: We conclude that although both procedures provide satisfactory and stable results, the one-stage procedure has significant advantages over the two-stage procedure for medial rectus recession surgery in suitable cases.

Acquired esotropia: subjective and objective outcomes.

PURPOSE: The measurement of outcomes of pediatric therapy will be increasingly important to third-party payers as they allocate health care resources. We undertook this study to assess the effectiveness of treatment of acquired esotropia, as measured subjectively by parents and objectively by examination. METHODS: A chart review was used to gather objective clinical data from all patients presenting between 1994 and 1995 with esotropia after their first birthday. Parents' impressions of the quality and impact of treatment were tabulated by using a telephone questionnaire. RESULTS: Of 48 patients studied (mean age, 3.8 years; 44 months' follow-up), the 26 with amblyopia were effectively treated in 81% of cases. Mean esotropic angles decreased, with glasses and/or surgery, from 33.1 to 4.9 PD at distance and from 40.0 to 11.4 PD at near. The average estimated cost of care was 547 dollars per patient per year. Parents considered treatment "extremely important" to their child's future happiness and success in 90% of cases. CONCLUSION: Our experience has shown that treatment of acquired esotropia in childhood, while relatively inexpensive, is highly effective, both objectively and subjectively.

Costs and methods of preventive visual screening and the relation between esotropia and increasing hypermetropia.

Atkinson has shown that early correction of hypermetropia reduces the incidence of esotropia. If esotropia is reduced by prescribing glasses early, the rate of esotropia-induced amblyopia can be similarly reduced; this would have important economic consequences. We have studied (1) how costs compare to benefits in early visual screening, (2) how videorefraction as used by Atkinson compares to retinoscopy, and (3) whether esotropia is more likely to occur in children who have increasing as opposed to decreasing hypermetropia. The costs of the study so far have been high. It was exceedingly difficult to get all infants invited, come to the clinic and examined. Videorefraction did not compare favourably with retinoscopy in terms of costs and precision, whereas the amount of skill and time needed was approximately equal. The third question, whether esotropia is more likely to occur in children who have increasing as opposed to decreasing hypermetropia, arose from the controversy whether, in the general population, refraction increases or decreases during the first years of life. We found that papers reporting a decrease of hypermetropia in early childhood were studies of large cross-sections of the general population, whereas papers that reported an initial increase originated from ophthalmological practices or strabismus departments. These conflicting results could be reconciled by assuming a population bias: if esotropia is more likely to occur in children with increasing hypermetropia, children with increasing hypermetropia will preferentially be seen by ophthalmologists. It seems natural that children with increasing hypermetropia are more likely to squint, because additional accommodation, needed to overcome increasing hypermetropia, will inevitably confer additional convergence. This relationship has meanwhile been confirmed by others.