No Proof Found of Anesthesia Involvement in Medical Misconduct During the Nazi Period. Investigation of the Alleged Purchase of 150 Inmates From Auschwitz Concentration Camp by Bayer to Test a New Narcotic.

A comprehensive investigation was undertaken to find evidence of the frequently reported, but never authenticated, "purchase of 150 inmates" from Auschwitz concentration camp by Bayer to test a new narcotic, resulting in the death of all investigated inmates. The archives of Auschwitz camp, Bayer, and the so-called former Soviet Union, where evidence of this alleged misconduct could have been saved, were investigated, but no evidence was found. Many records concerning concentration camp experiments on humans had been destroyed, but given the Nazis' meticulous record-keeping, the death of 150 inmates should have been recorded somewhere. Unethical medical research was indeed undertaken by physicians in concentration camps in many medical specialties, but no records regarding anesthesia-related medical misconduct during the Nazi period were found despite the allegations to the contrary that have been investigated here.

A magic bullet for the "African" mother? Neo-Imperial reproductive futurism and the pharmaceutical "solution" to the HIV/AIDS Crisis.

On the basis of a close reading of popular and medical texts which address a debate over the ethics of clinical drug trials funded by the United States and designed mainly for sub-Saharan Africa, I argue that international public health discourse about infant HIV infection in that region reflects and legitimates a neo-imperialist, anti-reproductive justice ideology. Participants share a fetal-centered logic that US-funded biomedicine must shoulder the burden of rescuing sub-Saharan Africa from itself by using the bodies of HIV-positive pregnant women to transmit biomedicine's magic bullet­antiretroviral drugs­to the next generation. The survival of the fetus, disguised as the well-being of the HIV-positive woman and accomplished by the magic of biomedical research, becomes the survival of a region otherwise doomed by its present state of economic, political, and medical incapacity. This version of what queer theorist Lee Edelman (2004, No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive) calls "reproductive futurism" redounds to the benefit of the more explicitly women-hating and nationalist ideologies of still-powerful right-wing movements against reproductive and sexual rights.

The drug industry and clinical research in interwar America: three types of physician collaborator.

This essay describes collaborations between American pharmaceutical companies and clinical investigators, mainly in academic medical centers and other research institutions, during the interwar period. I argue that efforts on the part of early twentieth-century "scientific medicine" reformers to impose higher standards on the testing and promotion of pharmaceuticals led both to the intended disciplining of the drug industry and also, as a reciprocal but unintended consequence, to a deep involvement with industry among medical scientists. Three basic patterns of collaboration between clinical trialists and sponsoring drugs firms are described. These patterns may help illuminate the mutual accommodation between ethical drug firms and academic clinical researchers (and institutions) that still prevails today.

The historical study of an ethics for American pharmacists.

The Code of Ethics for pharmacists clarifies the standards of professional conduct. The code should be positively enforced in every country, and must play its role as the conduct standard for pharmacists at all times. American pharmacists did not suddenly become ethical in the 1980s. An appreciation of the importance of professional ethics has a long history starting when the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy adopted a Code of Ethics in 1848. Since the first legislation of the American Pharmacy Code of Ethics as far back as 1852, the code has been revised in 1922, 1952, 1969, 1981 and 1994. The term of between revisions has gotten shorter over the years, reflecting the change in the status and the proficiency of pharmacists in 146 years. Its historical meaning is quite significant.

George Fulford and Victorian patent medicine men: Quack mercenaries or Smilesian entrepreneurs?

In the early twentieth century, a time when patent medicine men were stereotyped as evil and dishonest, G. T. Fulford of Brockville, Ontario made his fortune from an iron pill called Dr. Williams' Pink Pills for Pale People. Once successful, Fulford remained in Brockville where he served on the town council and gave generously to charities. In 1900 he was appointed by Laurier to the Senate. When he died in 1905 he was remembered as a kind and ethical man. His story, like that of several other prominent patent medicine men, conforms more with the ideals of Samuel Smiles than with the popular image of disrepute.

[An ambiguous partnership between an apothecary and a physician in the middle of the XV century]. / "Liaison dangereuse" entre un médecin et un apothicaire au milieu du XV Siècle.

The analysis of an accountancy showed an ambiguous partnership between an apothecary and a physician. A quickly reading induce an unfavourable business accomplice opinion. a careful and well timed examination of facts in their economic and social context don't permit a positive charge. All doubts are not removed.

[The new 1995 code of ethics compared to the 1508 statutes of apothecaries from Rouen]. / Le nouveau code de déontologie de 1995 éclairé par les statuts de 1508 des apothicaires Rouennais.

The new 1995 code of ethics contains many articles which closely correspond to articles which were included in the 1508 statutes of apothecaries from Rouen. Some examples are given and show that human beings have to be protected from abuses by the same kind of barriers at the end of the 20th century as they had to be in 1508.

[The competences of doctors and apothecaries in relation to the prescription or medicines according to the analysis of ordinances from 1796]. / Competencias de medicos y boticarios en relacion a la prescripcion de medicamentos segun se desprende del analisis de unas ordenanzas del año 1796.

The tasks and duties of apothecaries were perfectly outlined and regulated by the Real Tribunal de Protomedicato (Royal Tribunal of the Protomedicate) as well as the Real Colegio de Boticarios (Royal College or Apothecaries). However, when the Real Colegio de Medicina de Madrid (Madrid Royal College of Medicine) was set up, this institution began to take over certain responsabilities which, until then, had been regulated and controlled by a series of instutions such as the Royal Colleges. This was clear interferences in the privated affairs of these institutions in the presumible aim of newly centralizing power in one medical centre as had occurred throughout history. In any case, professional Colleges began to spring up and clearly define the frontiers between the three branches of health care. They also began to dictate deontological standards both in the professional terrain and between professionals and society in general.

[The analects of Hajime Hoshi (No. 3) - philosophy of Hoshi].

Hajime Hoshi was the founder of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company and Hoshi University. He made one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in Japan in the early 20th century, and furthermore was a journalist, member of the Diet, educator, and also a writer. With such a checkered career, he had an attractive and invincible philosophy. As well as his most import philosophy "kindness first" described in the previous paper, "cooperation first" also had weight in his thought. In the Creed of the Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company, he said "self-reliance should go hand-in-hand with cooperation. Cooperation is an essential requisite in all successful enterprises." "Cooperation is an order of the god, and leads directly to progress." "Cooperation is construction, but noncooperation is destruction." Besides the thought "cooperation first," a part of his profound aphorism is described below. "Patience produces everything and conquers everything." "Success is proportioned to the degree of patience." "Success or failure is determined not at the end, but at the start of an enterprise. A well-conceived plan is the mother of success." "Train your mind. Man's brains become the more fertile and keen, the more they are used." "The is no limit to improvement and invention. We should never relax our endeavor to improve and invent." "Smile! Smile! Do your work with a smile on your face. Conquer difficulty and discontent with smiles." "Yesterday's impossibility is today's possibility. Today's impossibility is tomorrow's possibility."