ABSTRACT
The feed additive ethoxyquin (EQ) is a commonly used synthetic antioxidant preservative in animal feeds. In farmed Atlantic salmon fillets, EQ residues are present, both as the parent compound and as EQ derivatives. One of the main EQ derivates in fish muscle is an ethoxyquin dimer (EQDM), and the potential toxicity of this metabolite is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolism and potentially toxicological effects of EQDM. A 90-day subchronic exposure study with repeated dietary exposure to EQDM at 12.5 mg/kg of body weight per day was performed with male F344 rats. Hepatic Cyp1a1 mRNA was significantly reduced to <3% of the control in rats fed EQDM, and hepatic Cyp2b1 mRNA was increased to 192%. EQDM increased Gstpi1 mRNA expression to 144% that of the control, but the activity level of this phase II enzyme was reduced. Biomarkers of liver and kidney function did indicate adverse effects of EQDM when F344 rats were fed 12.5 mg/kg of body weight per day. The present study revealed that EQDM produces responses that are comparable to those produced by the parent compound (EQ) in terms of activating the same enzyme systems.
Subject(s)
Ethoxyquin/pharmacokinetics , Food Preservation/methods , Food Preservatives/pharmacokinetics , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Salmon/metabolism , Animal Feed , Animals , Biotransformation , Consumer Product Safety , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Ethoxyquin/adverse effects , Food Preservatives/adverse effects , Humans , Male , Models, Animal , Rats , Rats, Inbred F344ABSTRACT
No disponible
No disponible
Subject(s)
Male , Adult , Humans , Ethoxyquin/adverse effects , Drug Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Antioxidants/adverse effects , Environmental Illness/diagnosis , Skin TestsSubject(s)
Animal Feed/adverse effects , Antioxidants/adverse effects , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/etiology , Ethoxyquin/adverse effects , Occupational Diseases/chemically induced , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Adult , Animals , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Male , Patch TestsABSTRACT
Farm workers handling animal feeds are exposed to a variety of chemicals, some of which may cause allergic contact dermatitis. A case of allergy to ethoxyquin (a preservative added to chicken feed to inhibit vitamin degradation) in a chicken farmer is presented. Although the offending allergen was identified in this patient, it proved difficult to find ethoxyquin-free chicken feed products and the patient's dermatitis persisted. When facing the clinical problem of dermatitis in animal workers, the possibility of allergic contact dermatitis to components in animal feeds must be considered.
Subject(s)
Agricultural Workers' Diseases/etiology , Animal Feed/adverse effects , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/etiology , Ethoxyquin/adverse effects , Adult , Agricultural Workers' Diseases/diagnosis , Animals , Australia , Chickens , Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Patch TestsSubject(s)
Animal Feed , Dermatitis, Contact/etiology , Dermatitis, Occupational/chemically induced , Ethoxyquin/adverse effects , Facial Dermatoses/chemically induced , Food Additives/adverse effects , Hand Dermatoses/chemically induced , Quinolines/adverse effects , Adult , Animal Feed/adverse effects , Female , HumansABSTRACT
Biological actions of 4 commonly used synthetic antioxidants--butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, ethoxyquin and propyl gallate--on the molecular, cellular and organ level are complied. Such actions may be divided into modulation of growth, macromolecule synthesis and differentiation, modulation of immune response, interference with oxygen activation and miscellaneous. Moreover, an overview of beneficial and adverse interactions of these antioxidants with exogenous noxae is given. Beneficial interactions include radioprotection, protection against acute toxicity of chemicals, antimutagenic activity and antitumorigenic action. Possible mechanisms of the antitumorigenic action of antioxidants are discussed. This discussion is centered around antioxidant properties which may contribute to a modulation of initiation-related events, especially their ability to interfere with carcinogen metabolism. The beneficial interactions of antioxidants with physical and chemical noxae are contrasted to those leading to unfavorable effects. These include radiosensitization, increased toxicity of other chemicals, increased mutagen activity and increased tumor yield from chemical carcinogens. At present, the latter one can most adequately be characterized as tumor promotion at least in the case of butylated hydroxytoluene. It is concluded that current information is insufficient to promote expectations as to the use of antioxidants in the prevention of human cancer.
Subject(s)
Anisoles/pharmacology , Antioxidants/toxicity , Butylated Hydroxyanisole/pharmacology , Butylated Hydroxytoluene/pharmacology , Carcinogens , Ethoxyquin/pharmacology , Gallic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Mutagens , Propyl Gallate/pharmacology , Quinolines/pharmacology , Adult , Animals , Antibody Formation/drug effects , Butylated Hydroxyanisole/adverse effects , Butylated Hydroxytoluene/adverse effects , Drug Interactions , Enzyme Induction/drug effects , Ethoxyquin/adverse effects , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/metabolism , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Mice , Neoplasms/prevention & control , Propyl Gallate/adverse effects , Radiation Tolerance/drug effects , RatsABSTRACT
Dietary ethoxyquin (EQ) and methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) protected 6-8-month-old wethers from toxic doses of bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata DC.). The EQ-MHA group received sweet feed (corn, oats, dehydrated alfalfa pellets, cane molasses and minerals), 500 g/day/sheep, supplemented with EQ and MHA (0.5% and 1.0% of feed, respectively) for 9 days prior to the poisoning with bitterweed while the MHA group received the same feed without EQ and controls received the same amount of feed with no additives. Two of 6 MHA-treated and 3 of 7 controls died whereas all 7 EQ-MHA-treated sheep survived after receiving 5 doses of bitterweed (5 X 5.5 g/kg) in 6 days. Coadministration of MHA and EQ eliminated the adverse effect of EQ; dietary EQ lowered the serum albumin, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase content while protecting the animals from bitterweed poisoning. EQ is the most promising protective agent tested for bitterweed poisoning in sheep.
Subject(s)
Ethoxyquin/therapeutic use , Methionine/analogs & derivatives , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Quinolines/therapeutic use , Sheep Diseases/prevention & control , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Combinations , Ethoxyquin/adverse effects , Male , Methionine/therapeutic use , Plant Poisoning/prevention & control , SheepABSTRACT
Three cases of contact dermatitis due to additives in animal feed substances are described occurring in animal feed workers. There were two cases of sensitivity to ethoxyquin and one to halquinol.
