Endocyclotamponade with pars plana vitrectomy for management of post-traumatic tractional cyclodialysis cleft.

A female in her 20s presented with a diminution of vision in the right eye (RE) following an open globe injury (scleral penetration) and repair a year back. At the presentation, she had low intraocular pressure (IOP) of 7 mm Hg, posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC), retrolental vitreous bands incarcerated at the penetration site, disc oedema, tortuous vessels and choroidal folds. Inferotemporal and superonasal cyclodialysis clefts were detected on CASIA 2 optical coherence tomography (OCT). The diagnosis of RE repaired scleral penetration, PSC and cyclodialysis cleft with hypotony maculopathy was made. The case was managed by phacoemulsification with an intraocular lens in the bag and a capsular tension ring in the sulcus, as a tamponading agent to close the cleft. Intraoperatively on endoscopic visualisation, vitreous membrane was noticed encasing the ciliary processes causing a tractional cyclodialysis and hence single port 23G pars plana vitrectomy was performed to relieve the traction. Postsurgery, IOP was 14 mm Hg, and the repaired cleft was visualised on anterior segment OCT.

Intraocular foreign bodies in children: A retrospective case series.

INTRODUCTION: Open globe injuries are a major cause of visual impairment in children, related to the severity of the trauma or secondary to induced amblyopia. Intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB) have been reported in approximately one third of cases of open globe injuries. As clinical presentation and management may differ between adults and children, data is lacking about IOFBs in children under 18years of age. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical characteristics and visual prognosis of ocular trauma associated with intraocular foreign bodies in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included patients under 18years of age treated for ocular trauma with IOFB. Demographic characteristics, complete initial and final ophthalmological examination, imaging data and details of medical and surgical management were collected. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were included (78.6% boys), with a mean age of 10.3years (min 7months-max 17years). In 92.9% of cases, patients were found to have a single IOFB, mostly metallic (71.4%). Posterior segment IOFBs were found in 50% of cases, anterior segment IOFBs in 28.6% and orbital IOFBs in 21.4%. The clinical examination permitted detection of the IOFBs in 50% of cases, while they were visible on CT scan in all cases. The mean initial visual acuity was 20/320, and the mean final visual acuity was 20/125. Endophthalmitis occurred in 2 cases (14%). DISCUSSION: Open globe injuries associated with IOFB are severe and sight-threatening. Localization of the IOFB in the posterior segment has a worse prognosis. CT scan is mandatory, especially in children, as the trauma history is often missing. Retinal detachment and endophthalmitis appear to be the main prognostic factors requiring urgent specialized pediatric ophthalmology management.

A rare intraocular foreign body resulting from a workplace accident.

A 54-year-old man presented to the ophthalmic emergency department of our center with eye pain and blurred vision in his right eye following a workplace accident. Examination revealed a penetrating corneal injury with the presence of an intraocular foreign body (IOFB) involving the corneoscleral limbus, perforating the cornea, iris, anterior lens capsule, and lens. Immediate surgical intervention was carried out with the extraction of the IOFB, identified as an 8mm mussel shell fragment, and the removal of the resulting traumatic cataract. Both preoperative and postoperative examinations showed an attached retina with no signs of retinal tears or vitreous hemorrhage. Appropriate management in this case, along with the timely identification of the agent, led to favorable outcomes despite the size of the intraocular foreign body.

Comparing forceps and self-assembled intraocular rare earth magnet in removing metallic intraocular foreign bodies in 25-guage vitrectomy.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and efficiency of self-assembled intraocular rare earth magnet and forceps in removing intraocular foreign bodies(IOFBs) undergoing 25-gauge(G) pars plana vitrectomy. METHODS: A total of 30 patients with metallic IOFB underwent 25-G PPV were enrolled into this study. Self-assembled intraocular rare earth magnet were used in 15 patients(bar group), and forceps were used in 15 patients(forceps group). Success rate of removing IOFB, time taken to remove IOFB, incidence of IOFB slippage and fall, iatrogenic retinal damages were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in success rate of removing IOFBs between the groups(93.3% and 100%, P > 0.99). The median time taken of removing FB was significantly shorter in bar group than in forceps group(112 and 295 s, P = 0.001). None of the patients in bar group had IOFB slippage and fall, or related iatrogenic retinal damage in the process of removal. In forceps group, IOFB slippage and fall during removal were observed in 7 of 15(47.6%) patients, related iatrogenic retinal injuries were recorded in 6 of 15(40.0%) patients, both were significantly higher than bar group(P = 0.003 and P = 0.017, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with forceps, the assembled intraocular magnet can greatly reduce the possibility of IOFB slippage and fall, prevent related iatrogenic retinal damage, and shorten the time taken to remove IOFB. The assembled intraocular magnet can be an useful tool in removing metallic IOFBs in PPV.

Skin and Bone: Intact Fish Skin to Reconstruct Traumatic Orbital Floor and Wall Defects.

Orbital reconstruction following orbital trauma, tissue sacrifice from cancer resection, or other tissue loss poses a unique challenge for surgeons. Factors to consider include the patient's systemic health status, potential for adjuvant radiation, final composition, and strength of the graft, infection risk, graft rejection, status of visual function, and cosmetic outcome. In settings where a permanent artificial implant is avoided due to exposure or infection risk, potential tissue utilized includes xenografts, allografts, and autografts-each with variable benefits and drawbacks, depending on the surgical goals of the repair. We describe a case of orbital reconstruction after a gunshot wound to the left orbit using tri-layer Kerecis (decellularized intact North-Atlantic cod fish skin) with excellent globe position and maintenance of ocular motility.

A Modification of the Intraocular Lens Blocking Technique Without Posterior Capsulorhexis for Intraocular Foreign Body Removal.

PURPOSE: The intraocular lens blocking technique described for the removal of intraocular foreign bodies emerged as a result of an effort to prevent the foreign body from being retracted into the posterior segment because of the resistance encountered while removing it from the corneal incision. However, in the technique described, in addition to the difficulty of the surgical procedure, the new concern is to create a posterior capsulorhexis according to the size of the foreign body and to pass the foreign body through the capsulorhexis. METHODS: Here, the authors describe a new approach to the intraocular lens blocking technique. In this approach, the intraocular foreign body, which is held with intraocular forceps without any opening in the posterior capsule, is held in a perpendicular position to the long axis, lifted directly into the anterior chamber, and safely removed from the front of the monoblock foldable intraocular lens. RESULTS: In all patients treated with this approach, IOFBs were successfully removed without intraoperative or postoperative complications, and postoperative intraocular lens centralization was achieved in all patients. CONCLUSION: This approach may provide practicality to the intraocular lens blocking technique.

Management of scleral tears with concurrent intraocular foreign bodies and factors affecting outcomes.

AIM: To report the clinical settings and factors predicting outcomes in scleral tears with concurrent retained intraocular foreign bodies METHODS: All cases with scleral and corneoscleral wounds with retained intraocular foreign bodies (RIOFB) from January 2014 to January 2021 were retrospectively analysed. Favourable anatomic outcome was defined as presence of globe integrity, attached retina, absence of hypotony and active inflammation at last visit. Favourable functional outcome was defined as final visual acuity (VA) > 20/200. RESULTS: Total 139 eyes were included. Mean age was 30.66 ± 13.32 years (median 29 years, IQR 17). Penetrating trauma accounted for 87.1%, rupture for 5.8%, perforation for 7.2%. In 5.8% of the eyes the injury involved zone I extending till Zone II while in 66.9% it involved Zone II and in 27.3% in Zone III. Snellen visual acuity at presentation was logMAR 2.97 ± 1.01 and at last visit was logMAR 2.38 ± 1.45 (p < 0.0001). Time between presentation and repair was 13.93 ± 19.56 h (median 7.6 h, IQR 17.17). Favourable functional outcome was seen in 34.5% eyes and 2/3rd achieved favourable anatomic outcome. Absence of endophthalmitis (OR = 6.25, p = 0.003) and ability to remove the foreign body (OR = 7.05, p = 0.003) were associated with a favourable anatomic outcome. Better presenting Snellen visual acuity (OR = 2.77, p = 0.003), manifest scleral tear (OR = 3.36, p = 0.04), and absence of endophthalmitis (OR = 50, p = 0.0009) were associated with a favourable functional outcome. CONCLUSION: A third of the cases achieved favourable visual outcome while 2/3rd achieved favourable anatomic outcome. Absence of endophthalmitis is an important factor predicting both.

An interpretable model predicts visual outcomes of no light perception eyes after open globe injury.

BACKGROUND: The visual outcome of open globe injury (OGI)-no light perception (NLP) eyes is unpredictable traditionally. This study aimed to develop a model to predict the visual outcomes of vitrectomy surgery in OGI-NLP eyes using a machine learning algorithm and to provide an interpretable system for the prediction results. METHODS: Clinical data of 459 OGI-NLP eyes were retrospectively collected from 19 medical centres across China to establish a training data set for developing a model, called 'VisionGo', which can predict the visual outcome of the patients involved and compare with the Ocular Trauma Score (OTS). Another 72 cases were retrospectively collected and used for human-machine comparison, and an additional 27 cases were prospectively collected for real-world validation of the model. The SHapley Additive exPlanations method was applied to analyse feature contribution to the model. An online platform was built for real-world application. RESULTS: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of VisionGo was 0.75 and 0.90 in previtrectomy and intravitrectomy application scenarios, which was much higher than the OTS (AUC=0.49). VisionGo showed better performance than ophthalmologists in both previtrectomy and intravitrectomy application scenarios (AUC=0.73 vs 0.57 and 0.87 vs 0.64). In real-world validation, VisionGo achieved an AUC of 0.60 and 0.91 in previtrectomy and intravitrectomy application scenarios. Feature contribution analysis indicated that wound length-related indicators, vitreous status and retina-related indicators contributed highly to visual outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: VisionGo has achieved an accurate and reliable prediction in visual outcome after vitrectomy for OGI-NLP eyes.

Review of Management and Outcomes of Delayed Repair Open Globe Injuries.

The standard of care for open globe injuries is prompt surgical closure, as delay in repair is a reported risk factor for post-traumatic endophthalmitis and is associated with worse visual outcomes. This article serves as a review of the current management and outcomes of open globe injuries repaired greater than 24 hours from the time of injury, specifically evaluating the rates of endophthalmitis in cases with and without intraocular foreign bodies, visual outcomes and rates of primary enucleation or evisceration.

ULTRASOUND BIOMICROSCOPY AND ECHOGENIC EXTERNAL MARKER ASSISTED INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY REMOVAL.

PURPOSE: We report a novel method of intraoperative localization of a retained anterior intraocular foreign body (IOFB), using a combination of ultrasound biomicrosopy and an insulated needle. METHODS: A retrospective case report of a 56-year-old man who presented with a right eye IOFB. RESULTS: On presentation, vision was decreased in the right eye to count fingers with a small subconjunctival hemorrhage, but no other signs of a penetrating laceration. Orbital CT revealed an IOFB, and the initial vitrectomy failed to retrieve the IOFB. Then, during the subsequent vitrectomy, using an ultrasound compatible needle and an ultrasound biomicrosopy, we were able to precisely locate and remove the small anterior IOFB. CONCLUSION: Retained IOFBs can lead to severe irreversible vision loss if not promptly removed. Ancillary imaging modalities and localization techniques can help locate occult IOFBs in difficult cases.

Visual outcomes and prognostic factors of early pars plana vitrectomy for open globe injury.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the clinical features and outcomes of early vitrectomy in patients with open globe injury (OGI) and the prognostic factors for visual outcome. METHODS: This retrospective observational case series included 390 eyes in 389 patients diagnosed with OGI receiving vitrectomy within four days after injury. Preoperative parameters included the injury types, wound locations, consequent tissue damages, initial visual acuity (VA), and ocular trauma score. Postoperative outcome measures included surgical procedures, retinal (re)attachment, complications, and final VA. The logistic analysis evaluated the prognostic factors for visual outcome. RESULTS: Intraocular foreign bodies (59.2%) and penetrating injuries (28.7%) were the most common injury types. Among the 165 eyes with retinal detachment (RD), 121 (73.3%) had retinal reattachment during early primary vitrectomy, and 32 (19.4%) were repaired during a second or subsequent surgery. Thirteen eyes (3.3%) were enucleated. The final VA improved from the initial level in 207 eyes (55.2%), remained unchanged in 123 (32.8%), and decreased in 45 (12.0%). Multivariable regression revealed that the injury zone, initial VA, RD, and endophthalmitis were associated with poor visual outcomes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher zone injury, low initial VA, RD, and endophthalmitis are predictors of poor visual outcome in eyes undergoing early vitrectomy for OGI.

Incidental finding of a retained intracorneal wooden foreign body.

We present a case of an intracorneal wooden foreign body that remained undetected for 15 years following an ocular injury sustained during gardening. The patient presented with stable visual acuity despite the long-standing presence of a wooden splinter embedded in the cornea. Interestingly, Pentacam corneal tomography did not show any abnormalities despite the foreign body piercing through the corneal stroma and endothelium. This case may serve as an opportunity to re-examine the approach to managing chronic and stable intracorneal wooden foreign bodies and explore the implications of continued observation rather than surgical management.

Prognostic factors of open-globe injuries: A review.

Open-globe injuries (OGI) can lead to significant visual impairment. The Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) is the most widely recognized tool for predicting visual outcomes. This review aimed to identify prognostic factors and assess the effectiveness of the OTS in predicting visual outcomes. Twenty-one articles published on PubMed and Google Scholar were analyzed. Initial visual acuity and the zone of injury were found to be the most significant prognostic factors for OGI. Other significant prognostic factors include retinal detachment/involvement, relative afferent pupillary defect, vitreous hemorrhage, vitreous prolapse, type of injury, hyphema, lens involvement, and duration from incidence of OGI to vitrectomy. Of the 21 studies evaluated, 11 investigated the effectiveness of OTS. Four studies concluded that OTS was effective overall, while six studies suggested that it was only useful in certain OGI categories. Thus, there is a need for further research to develop an optimized ocular trauma prognosticating system.

Open Globe Injuries From Garage Door Springs.

We describe seven patients who were attempting to repair their garage door when a spring dislodged at high velocity, resulting in open globe injury. All patients were seen at Massachusetts Eye and Ear between the years 2008 and 2023. Their final visual acuities ranged from 20/125 to no light perception. Open globe injury appears to be a risk of attempts to repair a garage door by people who are inexperienced in doing so. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2023;54:666-669.].

Intraocular foreign body in the anterior chamber angle misdiagnosed as herpetic stromal keratitis.

We report a case of a metallic intraocular foreign body (IOFB) retained in the anterior chamber (AC) angle that was masquerading as herpetic stromal keratitis. A 41-year-old male construction worker was referred to our ophthalmology clinic with the complaint of consistent blurred vision for 3 days in his left eye. He had no history of ocular trauma. The best-corrected visual acuity was found to be 10/10 in the right eye and 8/10 in the left eye. On slit-lamp examination of the anterior segment, the right eye was normal, while the left eye showed unilateral corneal edema and scarring, anterior lens capsule opacification, +2 cells in the AC, and the Seidel test was negative. Fundus examination was normal bilaterally. Despite there not being history of it, we still suspected ocular trauma considering the patient's occupational risk. Consequently, an orbital computed tomography imaging was performed which revealed a metallic-IOFB in the inferior iridocorneal angle. On the second follow-up day, the corneal edema regressed, and a gonioscopic examination of the affected eye was performed, showing a small foreign body embedded in the inferior iridocorneal angle of the AC. Subsequently, the IOFB was surgically removed using Barkan lens, and excellent visual results were achieved. This case emphasizes the importance of considering IOFB in the differential diagnosis of patients with unilateral corneal edema and anterior lens capsule opacification. Fur-thermore, the presence of IOFB should be definitely excluded in patients with occupational risk of ocular trauma even if there is no history of trauma. More awareness about the proper use of eye protection should be raised to circumvent penetrating ocular-trauma.

Grease-gun injury of the orbit: two cases report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: The grease-guns injury is an uncommon injury to the orbit. We present the twelfth and thirteenth cases of grease-gun injury to the orbit to be reported in the English language literature since 1964. Here we discus and review the presentation, investigation, and treatment of this unusual trauma. CASE PRESENTATION: Case 1 was a 29-year-old man who presented 1 day after a grease-gun injury of the left orbit with severe pain, marked periorbital swelling, and proptosis. Computed tomography (CT) revealed penetration of grease into his left orbit. Following surgical removal, proptosis decreased. The limitation of extraocular movement and loss of visual acuity to finger count was discovered after the initial surgery. Motility gradually returned. Visual acuity recovered after phacoemulsification, capsular tension ring and intraocular lens implantation for traumatic cataract and subluxation. Case 2 was a 6-year-old boy who was referred 2 months after a grease-gun injury for worsening swelling with sinus, necrosis and slight ptosis of the upper left eyelids. This is a case of orbital chronic inflammation from grease-gun injuries masquerading as orbital cellulitis. The imaging findings of CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are not typical. Surgical exploration and debridement was inevitable and actually relieved the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Grease-gun injuries can damage the orbit in different degrees. Careful history inquiry and taking is important to establish the diagnosis. Imaging examinations using CT or MRI are helpful to determine depth of trauma and foreign bodies in the orbit at diagnosis. We suggest that surgical exploration and debridement is a key step in the management.