ABSTRACT
Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson is perhaps the most renowned naval commander, who allowed Britain to have dominion over the sea for 100 years after his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar. He was able to do so despite suffering from a multitude of communicable diseases and traumatic injuries, including the functional loss of his right eye, amputation of his right arm, scalp laceration, head injury, and finally a spinal injury. These injuries had permanent consequences but did not stop him from leading the charge and allowing the British to defeat the French and Spanish fleets in the decisive Battle of Trafalgar.
Subject(s)
Armed Conflicts/history , Naval Medicine/history , Arm Injuries/history , Craniocerebral Trauma/history , Eye Injuries/history , Famous Persons , General Surgery/history , History, 18th Century , Humans , Male , Wounds, GunshotABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , History, Ancient , Eye Injuries/history , Medicine in Literature/history , Poetry as Topic/history , Orbit/injuriesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To describe the history of eye injuries and the consequent evolution of eye protection. METHODS: A comprehensive search of Medline and the grey literature using the terms 'ocular trauma' and 'eye protection' or 'injury prevention' and 'history'. References were used to identify other relevant publications. Publications were classified according to the setting of eye injury: occupational, recreational or combat-related. RESULTS: Eye protection has been described in a wide range of sources, including in literature and art. With advances in eye protection material and design, as well as government and societal promotion of appropriate eye protection usage in the workplace, the epidemiology of ocular trauma has changed over time. In developed countries, the use of eye protection in the workplace has reduced the proportion of occupation-related eye injuries over the last century, with a higher proportion occurring during sports or at home. New protection devices and policies have evolved to meet this change. CONCLUSION: Vision loss has broad implications for the individual and for society and despite available prevention strategies, ocular trauma is a significant cause of preventable monocular and bilateral vision loss. The use of appropriate eye protection has reduced the burden of ocular trauma. History provides lessons for informing current eye protection and eye injury prevention strategies.
Subject(s)
Eye Injuries/history , Eye Protective Devices/history , Ophthalmology/history , Eye Injuries/prevention & control , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st CenturyABSTRACT
The human retina, as transducer of light energy, is especially exposed to light toxicity. Solar maculopathy has been the only form of photic maculopathy for millennia, often secondary to the observation of an eclipse. During the last century, technological advances have led to the appearance of new forms of photic maculopathy, related to the exposure to new forms of artificial light, such as welding devices and lasers. In recent years, the general use of laser pointers has led to an upturn in interest in this pathology. The aim of this review is to offer an integrated view of the different types of photic maculopathy. Due to the extension of this topic, the review is presented divided into two parts. In this first part solar maculopathy and welding arc maculopathy are presented.
Subject(s)
Eye Injuries/etiology , Light/adverse effects , Macula Lutea/radiation effects , Radiation Injuries/etiology , Retinal Diseases/etiology , Sunlight/adverse effects , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Animals , Diagnosis, Differential , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological , Disease Models, Animal , Disease Outbreaks , Eye/radiation effects , Eye Injuries/diagnosis , Eye Injuries/epidemiology , Eye Injuries/history , Eye Protective Devices , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , Humans , Macaca mulatta , Macula Lutea/pathology , Occupational Diseases/diagnosis , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Occupational Diseases/etiology , Occupational Diseases/prevention & control , Prognosis , Rabbits , Radiation Injuries/diagnosis , Radiation Injuries/epidemiology , Radiation Injuries/history , Rats , Retinal Diseases/diagnosis , Retinal Diseases/epidemiology , Retinal Diseases/history , Solar Activity , Welding/instrumentationABSTRACT
Today's safety eyewear can be so lightweight and comfortable that at times workers don't even notice they are wearing it once it's on.
Subject(s)
Accidents, Occupational/history , Accidents, Occupational/prevention & control , Equipment Design/history , Eye Injuries/history , Eye Injuries/prevention & control , Eye Protective Devices/history , Eye Protective Devices/trends , Occupational Exposure/history , Occupational Exposure/prevention & control , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , HumansABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , History, 20th Century , Dichloroethylenes/adverse effects , Eye Injuries/chemically induced , Eye Injuries/complications , Eye Injuries/history , World War I , Gas Poisoning/complications , Gas Poisoning/history , Gases/adverse effects , Hyperemia/chemically induced , Hyperemia/complications , Hyperemia/history , Statistics on Sequelae and Disability , Eye Diseases/chemically induced , Eye Diseases/historyABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , History, 20th Century , Vietnam Conflict , Ophthalmology/history , Ophthalmology , Eye Diseases/history , Eye Diseases/prevention & control , Eye Injuries/complications , Eye Injuries/history , Eye Injuries/prevention & control , Eye Protective Devices/history , Eye Protective Devices/trends , Eye Protective Devices , Foreign Bodies/history , Foreign Bodies/surgeryABSTRACT
Among the health emergency of World War 1, the one relating to the visual organs injuries is one of the most serious. The use of weapons of new type (grenades, shells, shrapnel) that produce chips that are projected on faces, brings the number of soldiers eye injured to an already impressive quantity at the end of the first year of conflict. This emergency is completely unexpected and it is particularly serious because this kind of trauma was extremely disabling. This situation cause a reaction by French ophthalmologists who start working to improve the organization of assistance, to administer effective treatments and surgery, and even on some issues beyond the medical field (legislation, assistance for war blinds). This article presents the main issues that French ophthalmologists have had to confront with during the Great War and, through this, to question the impact of the First World War on the development of ophthalmology as a medical specialty.
Subject(s)
Eye Injuries/history , Military Medicine/history , Ophthalmology/history , World War I , Wounds, Penetrating/history , France , History, 20th Century , Humans , Military PersonnelABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Ophthalmology/history , Eye Injuries/history , Dissection/historySubject(s)
Blindness/history , Eye Injuries/history , Famous Persons , Military Medicine/history , Military Personnel/history , Amputation, Surgical , Arm Injuries/etiology , Arm Injuries/surgery , Blindness/etiology , Eye Injuries/complications , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Humans , Male , United Kingdom , WarfareABSTRACT
Sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide; SM) is a potent vesicating chemical warfare agent that poses a continuing threat to both military and civilian populations. Significant SM injuries can take several months to heal, necessitate lengthy hospitalizations, and result in long-term complications affecting the skin, eyes, and lungs. This report summarizes initial and ongoing (chronic) clinical findings from SM casualties from the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), with an emphasis on cutaneous injury. In addition, we describe the cutaneous manifestations and treatment of several men recently and accidentally exposed to SM in the United States. Common, chronic cutaneous problems being reported in the Iranian casualties include pruritis (the primary complaint), burning, pain, redness, desquamation, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, erythematous papular rash, xerosis, multiple cherry angiomas, atrophy, dermal scarring, hypertrophy, and sensitivity to mechanical injury with recurrent blistering and ulceration. Chronic ocular problems include keratitis, photophobia, persistent tearing, sensation of foreign body, corneal thinning and ulceration, vasculitis of the cornea and conjunctiva, and limbal stem cell deficiency. Chronic pulmonary problems include decreases in lung function, bronchitis with hyper-reactive airways, bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, stenosis of the trachea and other large airways, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, decreased total lung capacity, and increased incidences of lung cancer, pulmonary infections, and tuberculosis. There are currently no standardized or optimized methods of casualty management; current treatment strategy consists of symptomatic management and is designed to relieve symptoms, prevent infections, and promote healing. New strategies are needed to provide for optimal and rapid healing, with the goals of (a) returning damaged tissue to optimal appearance and normal function in the shortest period of time, and (b) ameliorating chronic effects. Further experimental research and clinical trials will be needed to prevent or mitigate the acute clinical effects of SM exposure and to reduce or eliminate the long-term manifestations.