ABSTRACT
Clostridium sordelli infection is a rare but potentially lethal infection associated with abortions, injury, contaminated wounds, and illicit drug use. It causes a recognizable syndrome with marked leukocytosis. Rapid diagnosis and aggressive sepsis management is required for optimal outcome. We report a case in a trauma patient with delayed presentation after sustaining facial trauma with soil contamination. The critical care management is summarized and a review of the literature.
Subject(s)
Clostridium Infections/diagnosis , Clostridium sordellii/isolation & purification , Edema/microbiology , Facial Injuries/complications , Clostridium Infections/etiology , Clostridium Infections/physiopathology , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Soil MicrobiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the role of initial prophylactic antibiotics on facial fractures, outcomes were compared between a short course (≤24 hours) of antibiotics to those who received an extended course (>24 hours). METHODS: Adults admitted (2010-2015) to a Level I trauma center intensive care unit with at least one facial bone fracture and major injuries isolated to the head and neck were included. Our primary analysis compared infectious complications of the head or neck (H/N infection) between patients given short or extended courses of antibiotic prophylaxis. Multivariate logistic regression and analysis of propensity score matched pairs were performed. RESULTS: A total of 403 patients were included, 85.6% had blunt injuries and 72.7% had their facial fracture managed nonoperatively. The H/N infection rate was 11.2%. Two hundred eighty patients received a short course of antibiotics and 123 patients received an extended course. Median Injury Severity Score was 14 in both groups (p = 0.78). Patients receiving an extended course of antibiotics had higher rates of H/N infection (20.3% vs. 7.1%, p < 0.001). Factors associated with development of H/N infection included younger age, penetrating injury, open fracture, upper face or mandible fracture, fractures in multiple facial thirds, vascular injury, hypertension, and extended antibiotic course. Multivariate logistic regression identified younger age (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-1.00; p = 0.02), multiple facial third fractures (OR, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.4-10.2; p < 0.001), and penetrating mechanism (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.5-6.4; p = 0.003) as independent predictors of H/N infection, but not antibiotic duration. Propensity score-matched analysis found no differences in H/N infection between short and extended antibiotic courses (11.4% vs. 12.5%; p = 1.0). Subgroup analyses demonstrated no differences in H/N infection between short or extended antibiotic courses by injury pattern, mechanism, or treatment (operative or nonoperative). CONCLUSION: These results lead us to believe that we should limit antibiotics to 24 hours or less upon admission for facial fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/care management, level IV.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/trends , Facial Injuries/drug therapy , Fractures, Open/drug therapy , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Soft Tissue Infections/prevention & control , Adult , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/adverse effects , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/methods , Critical Illness/epidemiology , Facial Injuries/complications , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Female , Fractures, Open/complications , Fractures, Open/pathology , Humans , Injury Severity Score , Male , Mandibular Fractures/complications , Mandibular Fractures/drug therapy , Mandibular Fractures/microbiology , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Skull Fractures/complications , Skull Fractures/drug therapy , Skull Fractures/microbiology , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/complications , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/drug therapy , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/microbiologyABSTRACT
Mucormycosis, also known as zygomycosis, is an aggressive infection caused by a ubiquitous group of molds known as mucormycetes and is often associated with immune suppression or trauma among immunocompetent populations. We present the case of a 19-year-old woman who was involved in a motor vehicle accident in whom rapidly progressive invasive cutaneous facial mucormycosis subsequently developed. The diagnosis, treatment options, and incidence of this disease process are discussed in the context of trauma.
Subject(s)
Facial Injuries/microbiology , Mucormycosis/diagnosis , Accidents, Traffic , Amphotericin B/therapeutic use , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Biomarkers/analysis , Combined Modality Therapy , Diagnosis, Differential , Facial Injuries/drug therapy , Facial Injuries/surgery , Fatal Outcome , Female , Humans , Mucormycosis/drug therapy , Mucormycosis/surgery , Young AdultSubject(s)
Facial Dermatoses/diagnosis , Immunocompetence , Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/diagnosis , Wound Infection/diagnosis , Accidental Falls , Aged , Biopsy , Facial Dermatoses/etiology , Facial Dermatoses/immunology , Facial Dermatoses/microbiology , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Female , Humans , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Nose/injuries , Skin Ulcer/etiology , Skin Ulcer/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/etiology , Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/immunology , Tuberculosis, Cutaneous/microbiology , Wound Infection/microbiologyABSTRACT
Cryptococcal skin infection in persons with AIDS has been demonstrated. We describe a patient with nasal and facial infection with cryptococci after traumatic injury with battery acid.
Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , HIV-1 , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Acids/toxicity , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Amphotericin B/therapeutic use , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Automobiles , Burns, Chemical/microbiology , Burns, Chemical/pathology , Cryptococcosis/drug therapy , Cryptococcosis/microbiology , Facial Injuries/chemically induced , Facial Injuries/drug therapy , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Fluconazole/therapeutic use , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Male , Medication Adherence , Meningoencephalitis , Middle Aged , RecurrenceABSTRACT
Bite wounds are especially prone to infectious complications, both local and systemic. In bite wounds to the face, such complications can create more difficulties than the initial tissue damage itself for the task of restoring an esthetic appearance. Management should aim to neutralize this potential for infection and provide an infection-free environment for wound healing. Wound cleansing followed by primary closure is the treatment of choice, and the use of prophylactic antibiotics may further decrease the risk of infection. Delay in presentation beyond 24 hours is not necessarily a contraindication to immediate repair, but excessive crushing of the tissues or extensive edema usually dictates a more conservative approach, such as delayed closure.
Subject(s)
Bites and Stings/therapy , Facial Injuries/therapy , Animals , Animals, Domestic , Antibiotic Prophylaxis , Bites and Stings/microbiology , Bites and Stings/surgery , Bites, Human/surgery , Bites, Human/therapy , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Facial Injuries/surgery , Humans , Lacerations/surgery , Lacerations/therapy , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Wound Healing/physiology , Wound Infection/prevention & controlABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of lupus vulgaris, a form of cutaneous tuberculosis, is not always clear, especially in patients who do not have coexistent extracutaneous tuberculosis and in patients with single lesions. OBJECTIVES: To report a case of lupus vulgaris in a locus minoris resistentiae (a site of reduced resistance) and to use a unique set of clinical circumstances and laboratory tests to reconstruct the pathogenesis of the lesion and the response to treatment. CONCLUSION: Lupus vulgaris can occur in a locus minoris resistentiae; local trauma and possibly other factors, such as increased temperature, topical corticosteroids, and the virulence of the infecting strain, may facilitate the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis present at a locus minoris resistentiae as a result of a silent bacillemia.
Subject(s)
Burns/microbiology , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Lupus Vulgaris/diagnosis , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Diagnosis, Differential , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Lupus Vulgaris/drug therapy , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Tinea barbae is an uncommon superficial dermatophyte infection of the beard and moustache areas. It was more frequently observed in the past, before single-use razors became available. In most cases, the zoophilic ectothrix Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton verrucosum are responsible for this type of infection. Its clinical presentation is variable; it can mimic many other skin disorders such as sycosis, iododerma, contact dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, and actinomycosis. We report a case of tinea barbae caused by an uncommon agent Trichophyton rubrum, misdiagnosed as sycosis, and review the approach and management of the disease.
Subject(s)
Diagnostic Errors , Facial Dermatoses/diagnosis , Folliculitis/diagnosis , Tinea/diagnosis , Aged , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Facial Dermatoses/drug therapy , Facial Dermatoses/microbiology , Facial Injuries/complications , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Griseofulvin/therapeutic use , Humans , Male , Tinea/drug therapy , Tinea/microbiology , Trichophyton/isolation & purification , Wound Infection/microbiologySubject(s)
Facial Dermatoses/microbiology , Granuloma/microbiology , Sporotrichosis/diagnosis , Wound Infection/microbiology , Dermatomycoses/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Eyelids/injuries , Eyelids/microbiology , Facial Injuries/complications , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Potassium Iodide/therapeutic use , Sporotrichosis/etiologyABSTRACT
We made a retrospective study of the casenotes of 132 patients with bite injuries who were treated in the departments of craniomaxillofacial surgery in Berlin and Bochum university hospitals. Dogs caused most of the injuries (n=121, 92%) and the lips were most commonly involved. Nearly half the patients had superficial injuries. More than 70% of the patients presented to the clinic within 6h after the bite, and developed fewer wound infections than the patients who presented late. A total of 71 patients were given antibiotics for prophylaxis. Patients who were given amoxycillin with clavulanic acid developed no wound infections. Surgical management included cleansing and primary closure of the wound. Infected wounds were closed primarily after insertion of a drain. Wound cultures showed mainly streptococcus. We concluded that antibiotic prophylaxis is essential for several indications and the antibiotic of first choice is amoxycillin-clavulanic acid. Primary wound closure is an approved principle even in infected wounds.
Subject(s)
Antibiotic Prophylaxis/methods , Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Bites and Stings/microbiology , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Animals , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Cats , Child , Child, Preschool , Dogs , Equidae , Horses , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Mice , Middle Aged , Parrots , Rats , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Cryptococcosis is the third most common invasive fungal infection in organ transplant recipients after candidiasis and aspergillosis. It occurs almost exclusively in the late posttransplantation period (>6 months after the initiation of immunosuppression). Subclinical onset of meningitis is the usual clinical presentation. Despite initiation of therapy, the mortality rate associated with this infection in this patient population remains high. To the best of our knowledge, this report describes one of the first cases of a rare entity: a primary cutaneous cryptococcosis in a renal transplant recipient disclosed by skull osteomyelitis and pseudotumoral intracranial extension. Surgical debridement and azole antifungal therapy were performed. Ten months after the onset of treatment, the patient feels good, clinical examination findings are normal, and no sign of evolutive cryptococcosis is noted.
Subject(s)
Cryptococcosis/complications , Granuloma/etiology , Kidney Transplantation , Opportunistic Infections/complications , Osteitis/etiology , Osteolysis/etiology , Parietal Bone/pathology , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Abscess/diagnosis , Abscess/drug therapy , Abscess/etiology , Abscess/surgery , Amphotericin B/therapeutic use , Animals , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Combined Modality Therapy , Cryptococcosis/diagnosis , Debridement , Diagnosis, Differential , Ducks , Environmental Exposure , Facial Injuries/complications , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Fluconazole/therapeutic use , Graft Rejection/drug therapy , Granuloma/diagnosis , Granuloma/drug therapy , Granuloma/surgery , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/complications , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/surgery , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Immunosuppression Therapy/adverse effects , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Male , Middle Aged , Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Osteitis/diagnosis , Osteitis/drug therapy , Osteitis/surgery , Osteolysis/diagnosis , Osteolysis/drug therapy , Osteolysis/surgery , Parietal Bone/microbiology , Remission Induction , Seminoma/radiotherapy , Seminoma/surgery , Skull Neoplasms/diagnosis , Subcutaneous Tissue/microbiology , Testicular Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Testicular Neoplasms/surgeryABSTRACT
Bite wounds are frequently located on the face; injuries inflicted by dogs are most common, especially in children. Bacteriology of infected dog and cat bite wounds includes Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureus, viridans streptococci, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, and oral anaerobes. Infected human bites yield a similar spectrum of bacteria except for Pasteurellae and C. canimorsus; instead human bites are frequently complicated by Eikenella corrodens. Antibiotic therapy against these bacteria is indicated both for infected bite wounds and fresh wounds considered at risk for infection. Amoxicillin-clavulanate (and other combinations of extended-spectrum penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors) and moxifloxacin offer the best in vitro coverage of the pathogenic flora. Initial wound management consisting in irrigation and debridement is at least equally important with antibiotics for prevention of infection. The need for prophylaxis against systemic infectious complications, particularly tetanus, should also be evaluated. Primary surgical repair is the treatment of choice for most clinically uninfected facial bite wounds, whereas delayed closure should be reserved for certain high risk or already infected wounds. Avulsive injuries with significant tissue loss represent the most difficult cases for definitive management and are also those most likely to require hospitalization.
Subject(s)
Bites and Stings/therapy , Facial Injuries/therapy , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bites and Stings/microbiology , Bites and Stings/surgery , Bites, Human/microbiology , Bites, Human/surgery , Bites, Human/therapy , Cats , Dogs , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Facial Injuries/surgery , Humans , Wound Infection/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Nattrassia mangiferae orbital infection is a very rare disease that is usually curable. We report the first case of a fatal N. mangiferae orbital infection following a thorn penetration injury in a patient who also had diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and cirrhosis.
Subject(s)
Eye Infections, Fungal/microbiology , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Mitosporic Fungi/isolation & purification , Orbit/injuries , Orbital Diseases/microbiology , Wound Infection/microbiology , Wounds, Penetrating/microbiology , Diagnosis, Differential , Eye Infections, Fungal/diagnosis , Facial Injuries/diagnosis , Fatal Outcome , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Orbital Diseases/diagnosis , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Wound Infection/diagnosis , Wounds, Penetrating/diagnosisABSTRACT
In cases of stab and bite injuries to the face there is a risk of general infection and the necessity for an active and/or passive immunization must be considered by the first treating physician. In Central Europe tetanus, rabies, hepatitis B and C as well as HIV must be taken into account as possible consequences of such injuries. With regard to a tetanus immunization the indication for the post-exposition prophylaxis (PEP) should generally be as wide as possible. For other protective vaccinations a differentiated decision in co-operation with other fields of activity and public health authorities should be realized. The current recommendations for the systemic infections relevant in Central Europe are described.
Subject(s)
Antibiotic Prophylaxis/methods , Bites and Stings/microbiology , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Tetanus/prevention & control , Virus Diseases/prevention & control , Wounds, Stab/microbiology , Bites and Stings/complications , Bites and Stings/epidemiology , Bites and Stings/virology , Face , Facial Injuries/complications , Facial Injuries/virology , Germany/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Hepatitis/epidemiology , Hepatitis/prevention & control , Humans , Patient Care Management/methods , Prevalence , Rabies/epidemiology , Rabies/prevention & control , Tetanus/epidemiology , Vaccination/methods , Virus Diseases/etiology , Wounds, Stab/complications , Wounds, Stab/epidemiology , Wounds, Stab/virologyABSTRACT
Ozone therapy of wounds of the face and neck notably increased the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics in 79% cases.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/drug effects , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Neck Injuries/microbiology , Ozone/therapeutic use , Wound Healing/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cephalexin/therapeutic use , Facial Injuries/drug therapy , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Neck Injuries/drug therapy , Ofloxacin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Clinical and experimental studies of polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC) were carried out in order to select the optimal concentration and composition of the preparation. 1% PDMDAAC solution showed high antiseptic activity and can be used for local therapy of the periodontal inflammations and infected posttraumatic wounds.
Subject(s)
Facial Injuries/microbiology , Periodontitis/microbiology , Polyethylenes/therapeutic use , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/therapeutic use , Surface-Active Agents/therapeutic use , Wound Infection/drug therapy , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Candidiasis/drug therapy , Facial Injuries/drug therapy , Humans , Periodontitis/drug therapy , Wound Healing/drug effects , Wound Infection/microbiologyABSTRACT
This study investigated whether treatment with occlusive, hydroactive polyurethane dressings affects the microflora and clinical outcome of acute wounds. A randomized, controlled trial was performed on 60 patients with acute facial lacerations. Following primary closure, patients were provided with either a dry-gauze dressing or a hydroactive polyurethane dressing (Cutinova Thin). The wounds were assessed clinically and microbiologically prior to closure, then after 5, 28 and 56 days. The dressing, which was removed at day 5, was also sent for microbiological culture. Wounds treated with the polyurethane dressing showed improved comfort and contour (p < 0.04), less erythema (p < 0.03) and less potential for scarring (p < 0.01) at day 5. At day 28 and day 56, there were no significant differences in the clinical assessment between the test and control groups (p > 0.05). A total of 518 isolates were recovered from the patients during the study. Mean number of isolates and bacterial growth density were calculated in both groups. A similar range of microorganisms were obtained from both treatment groups with no clear difference in organism colonization. This study shows the potential usefulness of facial wounds as a human model for studying acute wound healing responses and anti-scarring therapy. While short-term, clinical benefits of occlusive dressings were evident in the management of acute wounds, these data clearly show that all studies of scarring following acute wounding should extend over at least 3 months post-injury to allow for spontaneous improvement to occur.
Subject(s)
Bandages , Facial Injuries/microbiology , Facial Injuries/therapy , Wound Healing , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Polyurethanes , Prospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
In this experimental study, maxillofacial regions of dogs were wounded by steel spheres, which weight 1.03 g at a mean primary velocity of 1500 m/s. Aerobe and anaerobe bacteria in the muscles of different interval from wound track edge were cultured at different time after wound. The results showed that there was bacteria infection in the soft tissues between 0 and 0.5 cm from wound track edge in 6 hours after wound. The quantity of bacteria obviously increased following time prolonging, on the contrary, it was much lower than threshold value of bacteria infection within 24 hours. The experimental results suggested that there was obvious bacteria infection in the soft tissues within 0.5 cm distance from wound track edge in maxillofacial firearm wound region. During the debridement removing soft tissues within 0.5 cm distance from wound track edge, the infection of wound region could be controlled. Using effective antibiotics is an important measure of controlling infection of wound after debridement.