[Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) and his contribution to neurology (the 250th anniversary of the birth)]. / Ser Charl'z Bell (1774­1842) i ego vklad v nevrologiyu (k 250-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya).

Sir Charles Bell (1774-1842) is Scottish physiologist, surgeon, artist, philosopher and anatomist. Throughout his professional career, Charles Bell made a number of important discoveries and published a large number of scientific papers. Bell first presented a detailed description of the clinical picture of facial palsy (later named after him) and a number of other neurological disorders, as well as important information about referred pain and reciprocal inhibition. Exploring the physical expression of emotions, Bell described the anatomical basis of facial expressions, which became the basis and incentive for Charles Darwin's work in this direction. Being a talented artist, the scientist himself illustrated his publications. Bell was one of the first to integrate scientific research in neuroanatomy with clinical practice. His most significant discoveries are collected in the book «The Nervous System of the Human Body¼ (1830). A number of neurological conditions and patterns were named after him.

Camillo Negro and his contributions to neurology.

An historical review of the contributions made by Italian professor, Camillo Negro, to neurology. Negro published several books on clinical neurology, was one of the pioneers of scientific films and described numerous neurological diseases. He is best known for describing the cogwheel phenomenon in patients with Parkinson's disease but also described a sign of peripheral facial paralysis.

Camillo Negro and his contributions to neurology / Camillo Negro e suas contribuições à Neurologia

ABSTRACT An historical review of the contributions made by Italian professor, Camillo Negro, to neurology. Negro published several books on clinical neurology, was one of the pioneers of scientific films and described numerous neurological diseases. He is best known for describing the cogwheel phenomenon in patients with Parkinson's disease but also described a sign of peripheral facial paralysis.

RESUMO Os autores apresentam uma revisão histórica sobre as contribuições do Professor italiano Camilo Negro para à neurologia. Negro publicou vários livros sobre clínica neurológica e também foi um dos pioneiros na realização de filmes científicos, com a descrição de inúmeras doenças neurológicas. Ele é mais conhecido pela descrição do fenômeno da roda denteada em pacientes com a doença de Parkinson, mas também descreveu um sinal da paralisia facial periférica.

[Gao Yuchun's experience of facial paralysis treatment].

To introduce professor Gao Yuchun's clinical experience and treating characteristics of facial paralysis treated with acupuncture and moxibustion. Professor Gao pays attention to yangming when he selects acupoints for clinical syndrome, and directs acupoints selection based on syndrome differentiation in different levels of jingjin, meridians and zangfu; he praises opposing needling technique and reinforcing the deficiency and reducing the excess highly; the acupuncture manipulation is gentle,shallow and slow for reducing the healthy side and reinforcing the affected side, and through losing its excess to complement its deficiency; besides, he stresses needle retaining time and distinguishes reinforcing and reducing. Facial paralysis is treated with key factors such as acupoints selecting based on yangming, acupuncture manipulation, needle retaining time, etc. And the spleen and stomach is fine and good at transportation and transformation; the meridians is harmonious; the qi and blood is smooth. The clinical efficacy is enhanced finally.

[The history of facial paralysis]. / Histoire de la paralysie faciale.

Facial paralysis has been a recognized condition since Antiquity, and was mentionned by Hippocratus. In the 17th century, in 1687, the Dutch physician Stalpart Van der Wiel rendered a detailed observation. It was, however, Charles Bell who, in 1821, provided the description that specified the role of the facial nerve. Facial nerve surgery began at the end of the 19th century. Three different techniques were used successively: nerve anastomosis, (XI-VII Balance 1895, XII-VII, Korte 1903), myoplasties (Lexer 1908), and suspensions (Stein 1913). Bunnell successfully accomplished the first direct facial nerve repair in the temporal bone, in 1927, and in 1932 Balance and Duel experimented with nerve grafts. Thanks to progress in microsurgical techniques, the first faciofacial anastomosis was realized in 1970 (Smith, Scaramella), and an account of the first microneurovascular muscle transfer published in 1976 by Harii. Treatment of the eyelid paralysis was at the origin of numerous operations beginning in the 1960s; including palpebral spring (Morel Fatio 1962) silicone sling (Arion 1972), upperlid loading with gold plate (Illig 1968), magnets (Muhlbauer 1973) and transfacial nerve grafts (Anderl 1973). By the end of the 20th century, surgeons had at their disposal a wide range of valid techniques for facial nerve surgery, including modernized versions of older techniques.

Early Observations on Facial Palsy.

Before Charles Bell's eponymous account of facial palsy, physicians of the Graeco-Roman era had chronicled the condition. The later neglected accounts of the Persian physicians Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari and Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi ("Rhazes") and Avicenna in the first millennium are presented here as major descriptive works preceding the later description by Stalpart van der Wiel in the seventeenth century and those of Friedreich and Bell at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries.

Mirror therapy for facial paralysis in traditional South Asian Islamic medicine.

Mirror therapy has stimulated a dynamic clinical and research agenda for the treatment of poststroke hemiparesis and phantom pain. The origins of mirror therapy are thought to lie with the end of the twentieth century. This article translates key sections on the use of mirror therapy for facial paralysis from Muhammad Akbar Arzani, an influential practitioner of South Asian Islamic medicine. Given that his text appeared over a quarter millennium before Western accounts of mirror therapy, this article calls for an amendment to the historical record so that Arzani is recognized.

The history of facial palsy and spasm: Hippocrates to Razi.

Although Sir Charles Bell was the first to provide the anatomic basis for the condition that bears his name, in recent years researchers have shown that other European physicians provided earlier clinical descriptions of peripheral cranial nerve 7 palsy. In this article, we describe the history of facial distortion by Greek, Roman, and Persian physicians, culminating in Razi's detailed description in al-Hawi. Razi distinguished facial muscle spasm from paralysis, distinguished central from peripheral lesions, gave the earliest description of loss of forehead wrinkling, and gave the earliest known description of bilateral facial palsy. In doing so, he accurately described the clinical hallmarks of a condition that we recognize as Bell palsy.

Razi's description and treatment of facial paralysis.

In the modern medical era, facial paralysis is linked with the name of Charles Bell. This disease, which is usually unilateral and is a peripheral facial palsy, causes facial muscle weakness in the affected side. Bell gave a complete description of the disease; but historically other physicians had described it several hundred years prior although it had been ignored for different reasons, such as the difficulty of the original text language. The first and the most famous of these physicians who described this disease was Mohammad Ibn Zakaryya Razi (Rhazes). In this article, we discuss his opinion.

Recent progress in facial paralysis: advances and obstacles.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Facial paralysis is a devastating and debilitating condition for which a range of management options exists; all of them continue to have limitations. We review the recent scientific literature and highlight key developments and opportunities for further exploration with the goal that this may help direct clinical practice and research endeavor. RECENT FINDINGS: We reviewed recent findings in the evaluation of facial paralysis, pharmacological management, nerve injury prevention and treatment. This includes review of novel techniques using photography and videography. Review of surgical and adjunctive techniques identifies several refinements of existing techniques, some novel techniques, and the value of adjunctive materials and therapies. SUMMARY: Management of facial paralysis remains an area of active investigation and innovation. The challenge to researchers and care providers will be to continue to explore and refine management strategies while maintaining rigorous and standardized means of evaluation and follow-up, such that outcomes may be determined and reported accurately and in a way that they can be transferred to other clinical practices. Further study of the role of growth factors and stem cells in facial nerve regeneration is critical, and is the most likely means of surmounting the remaining barriers to successful outcomes in alleviating the ravages of this devastating malady.