[Classification of color/race in children from indigenous households in Brazil]. / Classificação de cor/raça de filhos em domicílios indígenas no Brasil.

Studies on racial classification systems in Brazil reveal the influence of socioeconomic factors in the expression of color/race categories, especially for whites and blacks. The aim of this study was to analyze specific family arrangements between fathers, mothers, and children, at least one of whom was indigenous. Based on the sample from the 2010 Population Census, we selected households with at least three residents (father, mother, and children), at least one of whom was indigenous. Children were characterized according to color/race (white, brown, and indigenous), sex, age, per capita household income, maternal schooling, and number of urban and rural household residents. Descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed. We estimated a total of 290.247 children (of whom 77.1% were classified as indigenous, 13.8% brown, and 9.1% white), 74.3% living in rural households and 41.3% in the North region of Brazil; children classified as white and brown were located mostly in urban areas. The odds of children of indigenous fathers or mothers being classified as white were higher in the Southeast and South. The odds of children being classified as white or brown increased proportionally with monthly income and maternal schooling. The findings show that socioeconomic status is significantly associated with color/race classification in Brazil, including in indigenous households.

As investigações sobre os sistemas de classificação racial no Brasil evidenciam as influências de aspectos socioeconômicos na expressão das categorias de cor/raça, com destaque para brancos e negros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar arranjos específicos formados entre pais, mães e filhos em que, pelo menos, um deles era indígena. Com base na amostra do Censo Demográfico de 2010, foram selecionados domicílios com pelo menos três moradores (pai, mãe e filhos), sendo, pelo menos, um indígena. Os filhos foram caracterizados segundo cor/raça (branca, parda e indígena), sexo, idade, renda domiciliar per capita, escolaridade das mães e número de moradores nos domicílios urbanos e rurais. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e regressão logística multinomial. Estimou-se um total de 290.247 filhos (77,1% indígenas, 13,8% pardos e 9,1% brancos), dos quais 74,3% residiam em domicílios rurais e 41,3% na Região Norte; filhos brancos e pardos estavam localizados majoritariamente em áreas urbanas. As chances de os filhos de pais ou mães indígenas terem sido classificados como brancos foram mais expressivas nas regiões Sudeste e Sul. Os filhos apresentaram maiores chances de serem classificados como brancos e pardos com o aumento do rendimento mensal e da escolaridade materna. Os achados demonstram como a posição socioeconômica está associada de forma significativa com os processos de classificação de cor/raça no Brasil, também nos segmentos indígenas da população.

Las investigaciones sobre los sistemas de clasificación racial en Brasil evidencian las influencias de aspectos socioeconómicos en la expresión de las categorías de color/raza, destacando blancos y negros. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar núcleos específicos familiares formados por padres, madres e hijos donde, por lo menos, uno de ellos era indígena. A partir de la muestra del Censo Demográfico 2010, se seleccionaron domicilios con por lo menos tres residentes (padre, madre e hijos), siendo, por lo menos, uno indígena. Todos ellos fueron caracterizados según color/raza (blanca, mestiza e indígena), sexo, edad, renta domiciliaria per cápita, escolaridad de las madres y número de residentes en los domicilios urbanos y rurales. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y una regresión logística multinomial. Se estimó un total de 290.247 hijos (77,1% indígenas, 13,8% mestizos y 9,1% blancos), de los cuales un 74,3% residían en domicilios rurales y 41,3% en la región norte; los hijos blancos y mestizos estaban localizados mayoritariamente en áreas urbanas. Las oportunidades de que los hijos de padres o madres indígenas hayan sido clasificados como blancos fueron más expresivas en las regiones del sudeste y sur. Los hijos presentaron mayores oportunidades de ser clasificados como blancos y mestizos con el aumento de la renta mensual, así como de la escolaridad materna. Los hallazgos demuestran como la posición socioeconómica se asocia de forma significativa con los procesos de clasificación de color/raza en Brasil, también en los segmentos indígenas de la población.

Classificação de cor/raça de filhos em domicílios indígenas no Brasil / Classification of color/race in children from indigenous households in Brazil / Clasificación de color/raza de hijos en domicilios indígenas en Brasil

Resumo: As investigações sobre os sistemas de classificação racial no Brasil evidenciam as influências de aspectos socioeconômicos na expressão das categorias de cor/raça, com destaque para brancos e negros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar arranjos específicos formados entre pais, mães e filhos em que, pelo menos, um deles era indígena. Com base na amostra do Censo Demográfico de 2010, foram selecionados domicílios com pelo menos três moradores (pai, mãe e filhos), sendo, pelo menos, um indígena. Os filhos foram caracterizados segundo cor/raça (branca, parda e indígena), sexo, idade, renda domiciliar per capita, escolaridade das mães e número de moradores nos domicílios urbanos e rurais. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e regressão logística multinomial. Estimou-se um total de 290.247 filhos (77,1% indígenas, 13,8% pardos e 9,1% brancos), dos quais 74,3% residiam em domicílios rurais e 41,3% na Região Norte; filhos brancos e pardos estavam localizados majoritariamente em áreas urbanas. As chances de os filhos de pais ou mães indígenas terem sido classificados como brancos foram mais expressivas nas regiões Sudeste e Sul. Os filhos apresentaram maiores chances de serem classificados como brancos e pardos com o aumento do rendimento mensal e da escolaridade materna. Os achados demonstram como a posição socioeconômica está associada de forma significativa com os processos de classificação de cor/raça no Brasil, também nos segmentos indígenas da população.

Abstract: Studies on racial classification systems in Brazil reveal the influence of socioeconomic factors in the expression of color/race categories, especially for whites and blacks. The aim of this study was to analyze specific family arrangements between fathers, mothers, and children, at least one of whom was indigenous. Based on the sample from the 2010 Population Census, we selected households with at least three residents (father, mother, and children), at least one of whom was indigenous. Children were characterized according to color/race (white, brown, and indigenous), sex, age, per capita household income, maternal schooling, and number of urban and rural household residents. Descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed. We estimated a total of 290.247 children (of whom 77.1% were classified as indigenous, 13.8% brown, and 9.1% white), 74.3% living in rural households and 41.3% in the North region of Brazil; children classified as white and brown were located mostly in urban areas. The odds of children of indigenous fathers or mothers being classified as white were higher in the Southeast and South. The odds of children being classified as white or brown increased proportionally with monthly income and maternal schooling. The findings show that socioeconomic status is significantly associated with color/race classification in Brazil, including in indigenous households.

Resumen: Las investigaciones sobre los sistemas de clasificación racial en Brasil evidencian las influencias de aspectos socioeconómicos en la expresión de las categorías de color/raza, destacando blancos y negros. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar núcleos específicos familiares formados por padres, madres e hijos donde, por lo menos, uno de ellos era indígena. A partir de la muestra del Censo Demográfico 2010, se seleccionaron domicilios con por lo menos tres residentes (padre, madre e hijos), siendo, por lo menos, uno indígena. Todos ellos fueron caracterizados según color/raza (blanca, mestiza e indígena), sexo, edad, renta domiciliaria per cápita, escolaridad de las madres y número de residentes en los domicilios urbanos y rurales. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y una regresión logística multinomial. Se estimó un total de 290.247 hijos (77,1% indígenas, 13,8% mestizos y 9,1% blancos), de los cuales un 74,3% residían en domicilios rurales y 41,3% en la región norte; los hijos blancos y mestizos estaban localizados mayoritariamente en áreas urbanas. Las oportunidades de que los hijos de padres o madres indígenas hayan sido clasificados como blancos fueron más expresivas en las regiones del sudeste y sur. Los hijos presentaron mayores oportunidades de ser clasificados como blancos y mestizos con el aumento de la renta mensual, así como de la escolaridad materna. Los hallazgos demuestran como la posición socioeconómica se asocia de forma significativa con los procesos de clasificación de color/raza en Brasil, también en los segmentos indígenas de la población.

Influence of paternal consumption of a high-fat/high-sugar diet and/or orange juice during preconception on C57BL/6 female mice offspring breast cancer risk / Influência do consumo paterno de uma dieta hiperlipídica/hiperglicídica e/ou suco de laranja durante a preconcepção no risco de câncer de mama na prole feminina de camundongos C57BL/6

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women worldwide. Paternal consumption of a highfat diet has been shown to program breast cancer risk in female offspring. Orange juice is widely consumed and is known for its content of bioactive compounds that may have a role in regulating epigenetic processes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of paternal obesity and orange juice consumption on female offspring susceptibility to chemically-induced breast carcinogenesis. Three-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were distributed in control (CO), control-orange juice (CJ), obese (OB) and obese-orange juice (OJ) groups, fed either a standard chow or a high-fat/high-sugar diet (45% lard-based diet supplemented with sweetened condensed milk), with water or orange juice, for 11 weeks before mating. Female offspring were weaned onto standard chow until 7 weeks of age and then were initiated with 7,12-dimethyl-benzo[a]anthracene to induce mammary tumors. CJ female offspring presented higher multiplicity of mammary tumors (p≤0.05) compared to CO offspring. Female offspring from OB group showed higher tumor latency (p≤0.05), lower tumor incidence (p≤0.05), higher multiplicity of tumors (p≤0.05), lower cell proliferation (Ki67) in the mammary ducts (p≤0.05) and lower global levels of H3K27me3 in the mammary gland (p≤0.05) when compared to CO offspring. No differences (p≥0,05) were observed between OB and OJ female offspring regarding these parameters. Consumption of orange juice by non-obese fathers during preconception increased susceptibility of female offspring to mammary carcinogenesis. Although paternal consumption of a high-fat/high-sugar diet during preconception decreased incidence and increased latency of tumors, the multiplicity of lesions increased. In addition, the data indicates that the response to orange juice consumption depends of the paternal metabolic context

O câncer de mama é o mais frequente entre as mulheres em todo o mundo. Foi demonstrado que o consumo paterno de uma dieta hiperlipídica aumenta o risco de câncer de mama nas filhas. O suco de laranja é amplamente consumido e é conhecido pelo seu conteúdo de compostos bioativos que podem ter um papel na regulação dos processos epigenéticos. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da obesidade paterna e do consumo de suco de laranja na suscetibilidade da prole feminina à carcinogênese mamária quimicamente induzida. Camundongos C57BL/6 machos com três semanas de idade foram distribuídos nos grupos controle (CO), controle de suco de laranja (CJ), obeso (OB) e obeso suco de laranja (OJ), alimentados com ração controle ou com ração hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica (45% das calorias proveniente de lipídeos, a base de banha de porco) suplementada com leite condensado, com água ou suco de laranja, durante 11 semanas antes do acasalamento. A prole feminina foi desmamada e recebeu ração controle até 7 semanas de idade e, então, foi iniciada com 7,12- dimetil-benzo[a]antraceno para induzir tumores mamários. A prole feminina CJ apresentou maior multiplicidade de tumores mamários (p≤0.05) em relação a prole feminina CO. A prole feminina OB apresentou maior latência tumoral (p≤0.05), menor incidência tumoral (p≤0.05), maior multiplicidade de tumores (p≤0.05), menor proliferação celular (Ki67) nos ductos mamários (p≤0.05) e menores níveis globais de H3K27me3 na glândula mamária (p≤0.05), quando comparada a prole feminina CO. Não foram observadas diferenças (p≥0,05) entre a prole feminina do OB e OJ em relação a esses parâmetros. O consumo de suco de laranja por pais não obesos durante o período pré-concepcional aumentou a susceptibilidade da prole feminina à carcinogênese mamária. Embora o consumo paterno de uma dieta hiperlipídica e hiperglicídica durante a preconcepção tenha diminuído a incidência e aumentado a latência, a multiplicidade dos tumores mamários aumentou. Ainda, os resultados indicam que a resposta ao consumo de suco de laranja depende do contexto metabólico paterno

[Impact of Different Types of Fathers on Family Climate in Young Adulthood: A Multi-perspective Longitudinal Study on 14 to 27 Year Olds and their Fathers]. / Welchen Einfluss haben unterschiedliche Vatertypen auf das Familienklima im jungen Erwachsenenalter? Eine multiperspektivische Längsschnittuntersuchung an 14- bis 27- Jährigen und ihren Vätern.

Impact of Different Types of Fathers on Family Climate in Young Adulthood: A Multi-perspective Longitudinal Study on 14 to 27 Year Olds and their Fathers In a 13 year longitudinal study, the influence of three types of fathers on the family climate was analyzed. In a sample of 213 subjects, their 169 fathers and their 210 mothers, the family environment ( Family Environment Scales) was examined when the subjects were young adults (M = 26.89, SD = 1.32). The results of the study point to significant changes in family climate in those young adults who described their father as increasingly negative (N = 28) or distant (N = 11) when in adolescence. These two groups showed a more negative family environment and greater differences between the perspectives of fathers and their young adult children than the group of young adults who described their father as normative (N = 174) when in adolescence. The highest discrepancies were described by young adults with a negative relationship with their father in adolescence. The findings show a long lasting importance of father-child interactions in adolescence.

Adolescent Reproductive Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs and Future Fatherhood.

PURPOSE: With a growing focus on the importance of men's reproductive health, including preconception health, the ways in which young men's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KAB) predict their reproductive paths are understudied. To determine if reproductive KAB predicts fatherhood status, timing and residency (living with child or not). METHODS: Reproductive KAB and fatherhood outcomes were analyzed from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a 20-year, nationally representative study of individuals from adolescence into adulthood. Four measures of reproductive KAB were assessed during adolescence in waves I and II. A generalized linear latent and mixed model predicted future fatherhood status (nonfather, resident/nonresident father, adolescent father) and timing while controlling for other socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: Of the 10,253 men, 3,425 were fathers (686 nonresident/2,739 resident) by wave IV. Higher risky sexual behavior scores significantly increased the odds of becoming nonresident father (odds ratio [OR], 1.30; p < .0001), resident father (OR, 1.07; p = .007), and adolescent father (OR, 1.71; p < .0001); higher pregnancy attitudes scores significantly increased the odds of becoming a nonresident father (OR, 1.20; p < .0001) and resident father (OR, 1.11; p < .0001); higher birth control self-efficacy scores significantly decreased the odds of becoming a nonresident father (OR, .72; p < .0001) and adolescent father (OR, .56; p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Young men's KAB in adolescence predicts their future fatherhood and residency status. Strategies that address adolescent males' reproductive KAB are needed in the prevention of unintended reproductive consequences such as early and nonresident fatherhood.

Estimates of general and emotional intelligence for self and parents in Iran.

Estimations of IQ and emotional intelligence for self and parents were investigated. Previous studies in both Western and African cultures have found significant sex differences in self-estimates of IQ and emotional intelligence, while IQ was rated higher for fathers than mothers. These prior results suggest the findings should be invariant across culture, and were expected to be replicated here in a predominantly Islamic society with great sociopolitical changes with respect to the Islamic Revolution. 187 Iranian university students estimated their own and their parents' scores on IQ and 15 facets of emotional intelligence on a normal distribution graph. The present results showed no significant sex differences in self-estimates of these variables, while fathers were rated higher on IQ. The implications of these findings are offered in light of sociopolitical changes during the last three decades in Iran.

[The influence of parental height on diagnosis of Turner syndrome in newborns and very young girls]. / Czy rutynowa ocena wysokosci ciala rodziców moze byc uzyteczna w rozpoznawaniu zespolu Turnera u noworodków i niemowlat?

INTRODUCTION: The high efficacy of treatment in Turner's patients (TS) is possible only when the therapy has been initiated early. Thus, in order to prevent short stature, an early detection of TS is indispensable, i.e. prenatally or at very early childhood. AIM OF STUDY: To compare mother's and father's stature to length and body mass of newborn with Turner's syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort of 355 female newborns with Turner's syndrome from single pregnancies were retrospectively studied. Data on GA, birth weight and birth length were taken from the medical records. Body height of both parents was recorded and related to norms for 18-year old subjects recorded in 1983. RESULTS: Mean body height of mothers amounted to -0.3+/-1.0 SDS. and that of fathers -0.2+/-1.0 SDS. Mean parental height was -0,2+/-0,8 SDS; 70% of parental stature is appropriate to normal range (-1,0 to +1,0 SDS). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of short parents, especially of fathers, is in the Turner population higher than of the tall ones. It may be presumed that short fathers pass their Turner daughters a deficient growth potential which may be one of the sources of deficient body height in that syndrome. Thus, only a short father may be considered a risk factor pointing to detailed search for Turner's syndrome, provided father's body height has been properly determined and assessed.

Measuring the accuracy and completeness of linking certificates for deliveries to the same woman.

No standards exist for reporting the accuracy and completeness of pregnancy histories created by linking the birth and fetal death certificates for all the deliveries occurring to one woman. To link certificates, analysts use deterministic and/or probabilistic approaches. Errors in linkage occur randomly and non-randomly. Any type of error can cause incorrect estimation of the magnitude of relationships. Methods for assessing linkage correctness are proposed. Analysts can detect errors in linkage by comparing the linkage results with the pregnancy history reported by the mother. The analyst interviews a random sample of women, ascertaining the dates and outcomes (stillbirth or live birth) for their births and, if the linkage used certificates from one state, the state where they occurred. For each woman, he/she then assesses the accuracy and completeness of this linkage by comparing it with her reported pregnancy history. An alternative approach is to chronologically sequence each woman's births. The parity for the most recent birth shows the number of babies born to the same woman and should equal the number of births that the analyst linked. In the absence of maternally reported pregnancy histories, an analyst can use data on the certificates to assess linkage correctness. Although this will show whether the correct number of births have been linked, it provides no information concerning the accuracy of linkages. It may be, however, the most universally applicable way of reporting the completeness of the linkage of deliveries.

A new method for measuring misclassification of maternal sets in maternally linked birth records: true and false linkage proportions.

OBJECTIVES: Numerous studies have used maternally linked birth records to investigate perinatal outcomes, maternal behaviors, and the quality of vital records birth data. Little attention has been given to assessing errors in the linkages and to understanding how such errors affect estimates derived from the linked data. The author developed a framework for conceptualizing maternal linkage error and measures for quantifying it, and examined the behavior of the new measures in a maternally linked file. METHODS: Linkage errors were conceptualized as misclassification, with the classes being the maternal sets (records classified as representing different births to the same woman). The true linkage proportion, analogous to sensitivity, was used to capture the degree to which all of a woman's births were assigned to a single maternal set; the false linkage proportion, analogous to specificity, was used to capture the degree to which the assigned maternal sets combined births from different women. The behavior of the two proportions was examined by introducing increasing degrees of linkage error into a maternally linked file. RESULTS: Both measures indicated greater misclassification with increasing simulated linkage errors. CONCLUSIONS: The new measures may be a useful tool for assessing the quality of maternally linked data, as well as other types of linked records where the linkages are within a single file. This is a necessary step towards developing methods for addressing misclassification bias in studies of maternally linked records through sensitivity analysis, adjustment, and other means.

Family socioeconomic position at birth and future cardiovascular disease risk: findings from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the association of father's social class, recorded at the time of birth, with coronary heart disease and stroke in a British cohort of 11106 individuals born in the 1950s. METHODS: Survival analysis was used to relate social class at birth to the occurrence of either fatal or nonfatal coronary heart disease or stroke. RESULTS: Rates of coronary heart disease and stroke increased across the social class distribution from highest to lowest, and patterns of association were similar for the 2 outcomes. The gender-adjusted hazard ratio of experiencing either coronary heart disease or stroke comparing the manual and nonmanual social class categories was 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.14, 2.02). This ratio fell to 1.41 (95% CI = 1.05, 1.88) after adjustment for indicators of intrauterine and childhood growth. Further adjustment for educational attainment reduced the ratio to 1.28 (95% CI=0.94, 1.75). CONCLUSIONS: We found that social class at birth was associated with risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease among individuals born in the 1950s, a period of relative prosperity and after the introduction of the welfare state in Britain. This relation appeared to be mediated in part through educational attainment.

[Paternity analysis in deficiency cases with related putative fathers: simulation of a deficiency analysis in 27 families]. / Abstammungsbegutachtungen in Defizienzfällen mit verwandten Putativvätern: eine simulierte Analyse in 27 Familien.

During the last few years, the number of privately ordered paternity investigations has increased considerably. Probably due to financial reasons in more and more cases only the putative father and the child are investigated. Additionally, very often only one method, such as STR analysis, is employed. This raises the question whether such a reduced analysis leads to reliable and clear results when investigating cases with related putative fathers. We investigated 165 individuals from 27 families using the AmpFlSTRIdentifiler multiplex PCR and calculated the paternity probabilities of the children to their biological fathers, uncles, grand fathers and other relatives. In more than 30% less than three exclusions between child and relative were detected. In five cases no exclusions were found between child and uncle, always leading to paternity probabilities >99.9%. These results show that the calculation of high probabilities (>99.9%) does not necessarily lead to the accurate conclusion of fatherhood. In many of our cases misleadingly the brother of the real father or another close relative would have been declared to be the biological father.

Socioeconomic characteristics of fathers of children born to teenage mothers in Stockholm, Sweden.

AIMS: Teenage childbearing has been associated with adverse outcomes for the mother and the child. Despite this, no study in Sweden has focused on the fathers of those children. The aim of the present study was to describe and compare the socioeconomic situation of fathers of children born to teenage mothers with those of children born to average-aged mothers. METHODS: A descriptive comparative study was conducted, which comprised 132 fathers of children born to teenage mothers (Group A) and the same number of fathers of children born to older mothers (Group B). All fathers answered a structured questionnaire regarding socioeconomic and reproductive factors. RESULTS: On certain critical variables the Group A fathers were more likely to have had a more compromised and difficult socioeconomic background. Compared with the Group B fathers they were more likely to have tried illicit drugs and to be involved in criminality. In addition, the Group A fathers often came from single-parent households. CONCLUSION: Many fathers of children born to teenage mothers showed problem behaviours, which may negatively influence their ability to engage in successful parenting. Therefore increased attention should be paid to the fathers at an early stage of pregnancy, during the antenatal visits.

Life-course perspective on socioeconomic differences in carotid atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Socioeconomic status (SES) in adulthood is known to be related to carotid atherosclerosis. However, few studies have tried to assess its association with SES from a life-course perspective. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined the relationship between SES in childhood and in adulthood and carotid atherosclerosis in a general population of Swedish men and women. Carotid stenosis was determined by B-mode ultrasound. Results showed that women whose fathers' occupations involved unskilled manual labor had higher odds of carotid stenosis than did women whose fathers' occupations involved high- or medium-level nonmanual labor, even after adjustment for adult occupational status and risk factors (odds ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.8). No such association appeared in men. Furthermore, the impact of life-course SES on atherosclerosis was examined by using an additive measure of one's combined SES during childhood and adulthood. Among women, the odds of carotid stenosis increased with a rise in exposure to low SES during the life-course (P for trend <0.001). In men, no such trend was found. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the total life-course exposure to low SES, with contributions from childhood and adulthood, seems to play a role in atherogenesis in women. Such a pattern of association could not be shown in men.

Characteristics of males who father babies born to adolescents versus older adult women in Taiwan.

PURPOSE: To identify characteristics of males who father babies born to adolescent mothers in southern Taiwan. METHODS: This was a population-based cross-sectional study of male partners of 1,145 primigravidas (555 adolescent primigravidas and 590 adults) in Kaohsiung County, Taiwan, which compared their reports of their male partners' characteristics. Data were collected by a questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, health behavior problems, and attitudes toward the pregnancy. RESULTS: In multiple logistic regression analyses, the males who father babies born to adolescent primigravidas achieved a lower level of education; a greater age discrepancy between themselves and the mothers; a greater unemployment rate; less financial independence; more smoking, drinking, and drug abuse; less supportive attitude toward pregnancy; poorer attendance at childbirth; less provision of postpartum care for mothers and infants; and greater domestic violence than adult primigravidas (p < .05). These negative findings persist even after stratification by age discrepancy. Male partners of the adolescent mothers with an age difference of 5 years or more were more likely to report drug abuse and domestic violence than those of adult primigravidas. CONCLUSIONS: Males who father babies born to adolescent primigravidas were found to have many negative characteristics that place their partners and offspring at risk. Questions asked of or about the father of the baby during prenatal visits may help identify pregnant adolescents who need support during pregnancy and after delivery.