Holter ECG assessment of the effects of three different local anesthetic solutions on cardiovascular system in the sedated dental patients with coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to compare the effects of lidocaine alone, epinephrine-combined lidocaine and prilocaine with octapressin on the cardiovascular system during minor oral surgery of sedated cardiac dental patients under local anesthesia. METHODS: Connected to a Holter electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor for a total of 5 hours starting 1 hour before the procedure, twenty patients with high risk of coronary artery disease were included in the prospective cohort study. All the patients had three operations at 3 different appointments with at least one-week intervals and each operation was performed under local anesthesia achieved by 3.6 mL of 3% prilocaine with octapressin, 3.6 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:80.000 epinephrine and 3.6 mL of 2% lidocaine without a vasoconstrictor. Data of the Holter ECG device assessed at the end of every hour and evaluated statistically. Repeated measures ANOVA, Friedman test, and Wilcoxon signed ranks test were used to perform statistical analysis. RESULTS: Heart-rate showed significant differences between lidocaine with epinephrine and pure lidocaine in an hour following the injection (p<0.05 for all). Cardiac rhythm showed significant differences between prilocaine with octapressin and pure lidocaine at the second hour after its administration (p<0.05 for all). There were no significant differences between 3 local anesthetics in terms of ST segment deviation. CONCLUSION: In minor oral operation on the sedated patients with cardiac disease, the use of 3.6 mL or a less amount of local anesthetic injection containing epinephrine appears to be a predictable and safe method.

Felipressina aumenta pressão arterial durante procedimento odontológico em pacientes hipertensos / Felypressin increases blood pressure during dental procedures in hypertensive patients

FUNDAMENTO: A felipressina foi adicionada ao anestésico local para aumentar a duração do efeito anestésico e reduzir a toxicidade nos procedimentos dentários. No entanto, o efeito sobre a pressão arterial é incerta, e isso pode ser altamente relevante no tratamento dentário de pacientes hipertensos. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da felipressina sobre a pressão arterial em pacientes hipertensos com pressão arterial controlada. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 71 indivíduos com essas características e com necessidade de tratamento periodontal. Após 10 minutos de repouso, a anestesia local (prilocaína) foi infiltrada com e sem adição de felipressina. Em seguida, uma raspagem subgengival profunda foi realizada. A pressão arterial foi medida por um equipamento oscilométrico automático (DIXTAL DX2010). Dez minutos após a administração do anestésico, o pico de ação anestésica foi gravado. O Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE) foi utilizado para avaliar o traço de ansiedade nos pacientes. RESULTADOS: A pressão arterial sistólica aumentou após a anestesia, independentemente da associação com felipressina, durante todo o procedimento dentário (p < 0,05), e essa resposta pode ser explicada, pelo menos em parte, pelos níveis de traço de ansiedade dos indivíduos. No entanto, um aumento adicional na pressão arterial diastólica foi observado quando a prilocaína foi associada a felipressina (p < 0,05), mas essa resposta não se alterou com os níveis de traço de ansiedade. CONCLUSÃO: A felipressina aumentou a pressão arterial diastólica de pacientes hipertensos com pressão arterial controlada. Pacientes com traço de ansiedade elevado apresentaram aumento na pressão arterial sistólica em alguns procedimentos, sugerindo que um aumento da pressão arterial também pode estar relacionado ao medo ou à ansiedade.

BACKGROUND: Felypressin has been added to local anesthetic to increase the length of the anesthetic effect and reduce toxicity during dental procedures. However, the effect on blood pressure remains uncertain, and this may be highly relevant in the dental treatment of hypertensive patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of felypressin on blood pressure in hypertensive patients with controlled BP. METHODS: 71 subjects with these characteristics and in need of periodontal treatment were studied. After 10 minutes of rest, local anesthesia (prilocaine) was infiltrated with and without addition of felypressin. Then, a deep subgingival scaling was performed. Blood pressure was measured by an automated oscillometric device (DIXTAL DX2010). Ten minutes after the administration of the anesthetic, peak anesthetic action was recorded. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to assess the patients' trait anxiety. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure increased after anesthesia, regardless of association with felypressin, throughout the dental procedure (p<0.05) and this response can be explained, at least in part, by the trait anxiety levels of the subjects. However, a further increase in diastolic blood pressure was observed when prilocaine was associated with felypressin (p<0.05), but this response did not change with trait anxiety levels. CONCLUSION: Felypressin increased the diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure. Patients with high trait anxiety presented increases in systolic blood pressure upon some procedures, suggesting that an increase in blood pressure might also be related to fear or anxiety.

Felypressin increases blood pressure during dental procedures in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: Felypressin has been added to local anesthetic to increase the length of the anesthetic effect and reduce toxicity during dental procedures. However, the effect on blood pressure remains uncertain, and this may be highly relevant in the dental treatment of hypertensive patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of felypressin on blood pressure in hypertensive patients with controlled BP. METHODS: 71 subjects with these characteristics and in need of periodontal treatment were studied. After 10 minutes of rest, local anesthesia (prilocaine) was infiltrated with and without addition of felypressin. Then, a deep subgingival scaling was performed. Blood pressure was measured by an automated oscillometric device (DIXTAL DX2010). Ten minutes after the administration of the anesthetic, peak anesthetic action was recorded. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to assess the patients' trait anxiety. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure increased after anesthesia, regardless of association with felypressin, throughout the dental procedure (p<0.05) and this response can be explained, at least in part, by the trait anxiety levels of the subjects. However, a further increase in diastolic blood pressure was observed when prilocaine was associated with felypressin (p<0.05), but this response did not change with trait anxiety levels. CONCLUSION: Felypressin increased the diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure. Patients with high trait anxiety presented increases in systolic blood pressure upon some procedures, suggesting that an increase in blood pressure might also be related to fear or anxiety.

Effect of local anesthetics with and without vasoconstrictor agent in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.

BACKGROUND: The routine use of local anesthetics associated to vasoconstrictors for the dental treatment of patients with cardiopathies is still controversial, due to the risk of adverse cardiovascular effects. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the hemodynamic effects of the use of local anesthetics with a non-adrenergic vasoconstrictor in patients with ventricular arrhythmia, when compared to the use of anesthetics without vasoconstrictor. METHODS: A prospective randomized study evaluated 33 patients with positive serology for Chagas' disease and 32 patients with coronary artery disease that presented complex ventricular arrhythmia at Holter monitoring (>10 EV/h and NSVT), of which 21 were females, aged 54.73 + 7.94 years, submitted to routine dental treatment with pterygomandibular anesthesia. These patients were divided in two groups: group I received prilocaine 3% associated with felypressin 0.03 IU/ml and group II received lidocaine 2% without vasoconstrictor. The number and complexity of extrasystoles were analyzed, as well as the heart rate and systemic arterial pressure of the patients on the day before, one hour before, during the procedure and one hour after the dental procedure. RESULTS: No hemodynamic alterations or increase in the number and complexity of the ventricular arrhythmia related to the anesthetic used in the dental procedure were observed in either group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that prilocaine 3% associated to a felypressin 0.03 IU/ml can be safely used in patients with Chagas' disease or coronariopathy with complex ventricular arrhythmia.

Efeito de anestésicos locais com e sem vasoconstritor em pacientes com arritmias ventriculares / Effect of local anesthetics with and without vasoconstrictor agent in patients with ventricular arrhythmias

FUNDAMENTO: A utilização de anestésicos locais associados a vasoconstritores para tratamento odontológico de rotina de pacientes cardiopatas ainda gera controvérsia, em razão do risco de efeitos cardiovasculares adversos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar os efeitos hemodinâmicos do uso de anestésico local com vasoconstritor não-adrenérgico em pacientes portadores de arritmias ventriculares, em relação ao uso de anestésico sem vasoconstritor. MÉTODOS: Um estudo prospectivo randomizado avaliou 33 pacientes com sorologia positiva para doença de Chagas' e 32 pacientes com doença arterial coronariana, portadores de arritmia ventricular complexa ao Holter (>10 EV/h e TVNS), 21 do sexo feminino, idade de 54,73 + 7,94 anos, submetidos a tratamento odontológico de rotina com anestesia pterigomandibular. Esses pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: no grupo I, utilizou-se prilocaína a 3 por cento associada a felipressina 0,03 UI/ml, e no grupo II, lidocaína a 2 por cento sem vasoconstritor. Avaliaram-se o número e a complexidade de extra-sístoles, a freqüência cardíaca e a pressão arterial sistêmica dos pacientes no dia anterior, uma hora antes, durante o procedimento odontológico e uma hora após. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas alterações hemodinâmicas, nem aumento do número e da complexidade da arritmia ventricular, relacionados ao anestésico utilizado, em ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que prilocaína a 3 por cento associada a felipressina 0,03 UI/ml pode ser utilizada com segurança em pacientes chagásicos e coronarianos, com arritmia ventricular complexa.

BACKGROUND: The routine use of local anesthetics associated to vasoconstrictors for the dental treatment of patients with cardiopathies is still controversial, due to the risk of adverse cardiovascular effects. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the hemodynamic effects of the use of local anesthetics with a non-adrenergic vasoconstrictor in patients with ventricular arrhythmia, when compared to the use of anesthetics without vasoconstrictor. METHODS: A prospective randomized study evaluated 33 patients with positive serology for Chagas' disease and 32 patients with coronary artery disease that presented complex ventricular arrhythmia at Holter monitoring (>10 EV/h and NSVT), of which 21 were females, aged 54.73 + 7.94 years, submitted to routine dental treatment with pterygomandibular anesthesia. These patients were divided in two groups: group I received prilocaine 3 percent associated with felypressin 0.03 IU/ml and group II received lidocaine 2 percent without vasoconstrictor. The number and complexity of extrasystoles were analyzed, as well as the heart rate and systemic arterial pressure of the patients on the day before, one hour before, during the procedure and one hour after the dental procedure. RESULTS: No hemodynamic alterations or increase in the number and complexity of the ventricular arrhythmia related to the anesthetic used in the dental procedure were observed in either group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that prilocaine 3 percent associated to a felypressin 0.03 IU/ml can be safely used in patients with Chagas' disease or coronariopathy with complex ventricular arrhythmia.

Efeitos cardiovasculares decorrentes da infiltração maxilar de quatro anestésicos locais / Cardiovascular effects of four local anesthetics on maxillary infiltration

Introdução - Os efeitos cardiovasculares, após a infiltração maxilar da lidocaína 2% sem vaso constritor (SV), lidocaína 2% com noradrenalina 1:50.000, lidocaína 3% com noradrenalina 1:50.000 e prilocaína 3% com felipressina 0,03 Ul/ml, foram avaliados durante procedimentos odontológicos de baixa complexidade. Métodos - Vinte pacientes normorreativos receberam 1 tubete (1,8 ml)dos anestésicos locais. Foram registrados os valores da pressão arterial e da frequência cardíaca por meio de um monitor automático não invasivo modelo Schollar II (Criticare S. Inc., EUA), diferentes etapas do tratamento. Resultados - A variação dos efeitos cardiovasculares, nas diferentes etapas comparadas duas a duas acusou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os valores da pressão arterial média nos pacientes anestesiados com lidocaína SV e lidocaína 3% associada à noradrenalina, e entre os valores da pressão arterial diastólica nos pacientes anestesiados com lidocaína 2% associada à noradrenalina e a prilocaína 3% associada à felipressina. Poucas diferenças estatisticamente significantes, dos parâmetros avaliados, foram evidenciadas nas diferentes etapas clínicas. Conclusão - Apesar das diferenças estatisticamente significantes, todas as soluções anestésicas locais utilizadas mostram-se seguras para uso rotineiro em Odontologia e o estresse parece ser o principal causador das alterações cardiovasculares

Effects of dental local anaesthetics in cardiac transplant recipients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cardiovascular responses of cardiac transplant recipients to dental local anaesthetic solutions with and without epinephrine (adrenaline). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A clinical study employing 30 patients (20 cardiac transplant recipients and ten healthy) awaiting gingival or minor oral surgery under local anaesthesia receiving either 4.4 ml lidocaine (lignocaine) with 1:80,000 epinephrine or 4.4 ml 3% prilocaine with 0.031 U/ml felypressin. RESULTS: Cardiac transplant patients experienced a significant tachycardia 10 minutes after injection of the epinephrine-containing solution. No significant change in heart rate was detected after the injection of an epinephrine-free solution. Blood pressure was not affected. Periodontal surgery did not affect the responses to the local anaesthetics in the transplant recipients. CONCLUSIONS: The cardiovascular response to dental local anaesthesia in cardiac transplant recipients is governed by the solution injected.

A comparison of the side effects of prilocaine with felypressin and lignocaine with adrenaline in large loop excision of the transformation zone of the cervix: results of a randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that prilocaine with felypressin causes fewer side effects than lignocaine with adrenaline when performing large loop excision of the transformation zone of the cervix. DESIGN: Randomised trial. SETTING: Colposcopy clinic in a large district general hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred consecutive women undergoing large loop excision of the transformation zone of the cervix. METHODS: Two different local anaesthetic combinations (prilocaine with felypressin and lignocaine with adrenaline) were compared in women undergoing large loop excision of the transformation zone. Prospective collection of clinical and treatment data was undertaken with scoring using an ordinal scale of pain experienced by the women during the procedure. Peri-operative blood loss and any side effects were also recorded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Side effects associated with the local anaesthetic agents. RESULTS: Lignocaine with adrenaline resulted in less blood loss (P = 0.006) but was more likely to cause side effects, such as feeling faint (P = 0.017) and shaking (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Prilocaine with felypressin causes fewer side effects than lignocaine with adrenaline and is therefore the preferred local anaesthetic combination for large loop excision of the transformation zone.

Utilizaçäo de cloridrato de prilocaína a 3 por cento com felipressina a 0, 03UI em pacientes hipertensos / The application of the prilocaine chloridrate at 3 per cent with felypressin at 0, 03UI in hypertensive patients

Este trabalho tem como propósito avaliar os efeitos da combinaçäo do cloridrato de prilocaína a 3 por cento a 0,03UI sobre a pressäo arterial de pacientes hipertensos submetidos a exodontias convencionais

Uso dos anestésicos locais em Odontologia / The anesthetics local in dentistry

A preocupaçäo do cirurgiäo-dentista em promover a analgesia fez com que houvesse uma evoluçäo dos anestésicos locais. Com isso, muitas dúvidas surgiram como toxicidade, efeito dos vasoconstritores e dosagem que os anestésicos locais podem gerar no paciente. Seräo discutidos os conceitos e a utilizaçäo dos anestésicos locais (AL), visando melhor eficiência e segurança para o paciente

Prilocaine: an old anesthetic agent and a new ophthalmic procedure.

We present a new local anesthetic technique for ophthalmic surgery that reduces the risks associated with retrobulbar and peribulbar anesthesia. This method uses topical proparacaine plus 1.5 mL of prilocaine (3%) with felypressin injected into the subconjunctival (sub-Tenon's) space. Of 5210 consecutive adult patients in whom the technique was used, all demonstrated adequate analgesia. Sixty-three (1.2%) of the eyes required supplemental analgesia, provided by a single injection of prilocaine (0.5 mL). Ecchymosis and subconjunctival hemorrhage developed in 63 (1.2%) of the eyes. There were no instances of ptosis.

Avaliaçäo da eficácia e dos efeitos cardiovasculares da associçäo prilocaína + felipressina em procedimentos odontológicos / The evaluate the anesthetic efficacy and cardiovascular effects of the prilocaine + pelipressin association in odontological procedures

Este trabalho tem objetivo a avaliaçäo da eficácia anestésica e dos efeitos cardiovasculares, em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos odontológicos, sob anestésico local. Foi montado um protocolo de pesquisa onde o Grupo I, de 40 pacientes, foi avaliado para avaliaçäo da eficácia e o Grupo II, de 20 pacientes, foi utilizado para avaliaçäo de eficácia, pressäo arterial e alteraçöes cardíacas. Para tando, estes pacientes foram monitorizados durante os procedimentos cirúrgicos. Os resultados mostraram que a associaçäo anestésica avaliada proporcionou eficácia global excelente e satisfatótia em 88,4 por cento dos casos, sendo que a mesma variou de acordo com o tipo de procedimento realizado. Quanto aos efeitos cardiovasculares, podemos dizer que nas condiçöes em que foi testada, a associaçäo prilocaína-felipressina näo foi responsável por nenhuma alteraçäo significativa e nem houve relato de reaçöes adversas

A case of coronary artery spasm during oral surgery under general anesthesia.

A case of coronary artery spasm during oral surgery under general anesthesia is reported. The patient, aged 44 years, 160 cm in height, and 55 kg in weight, was scheduled for radical surgery for right maxillary sinusitis and was healthy except for the disease requiring surgery. Just before the start of the surgery, severe and persistent hypotension with tachycardia after local injection of 3% propitocaine with 0.03 IU/mL felypressin (Citanest-Octapressin) was followed by sudden ST elevations in the ECG. Immediate continuous intravenous injection of nitroglycerin was thought to be effective. The patient recovered without any sequelae.

[General complications in dental local anesthesia]. / Allgemeine Komplikationen bei der zahnärztlichen Lokalanästhesie.

In a prospective, randomised double blind study we recorded the rate of complications in dental anesthesia in more than 1500 patients using 4 commonly known anesthetic solutions. 228 of our patients (18.3%) noted headaches postoperatively. Furtheron we found syncopes, failures of anesthesia and nausea. Double vision was noticed once intraoperatively (Articain) and postoperatively (Lidocain). We found a high standard of security in dental local anaesthesia.

Severe hypertension during anaesthesia for dacryocystorhinostomy.

A healthy 82-year-old woman presented for dacryocystorhinostomy under general anaesthesia. Following the application of intranasal cocaine and subcutaneous injection of felypressin she developed severe hypertension, multiple ventricular ectopic beats and depression of the ST segment on the electrocardiogram. A drug interaction is suspected.