Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Urosepsis during Pregnancy and Treatment Outcomes, in a Urology Clinic.

Background and Objectives: Urosepsis is a significant cause of maternal and fetal mortality. While certain risk factors for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in pregnant women are well established, those associated with an elevated risk of urosepsis in pregnant women with upper UTIs remain less defined. This study aims to identify factors linked to an increased risk of urosepsis and examine urologic treatment outcomes in such cases. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis on 66 pregnant women diagnosed with urosepsis over a nine-year period. A control group included 164 pregnant women with upper UTIs, excluding urosepsis, admitted during the same timeframe. This study highlights factors potentially contributing to urosepsis risk, including comorbidities like anemia, pregnancy-related hydronephrosis or secondary to reno-ureteral lithiasis, prior UTIs, coexisting urological conditions, and urologic procedures. Outcomes of urologic treatments, hospitalization duration, obstetric transfers due to fetal distress, and complications associated with double-J catheters were analyzed. Results: Pregnant women with urosepsis exhibited a higher prevalence of anemia (69.7% vs. 50.0%, p = 0.006), 2nd-3rd grade hydronephrosis (81.8% vs. 52.8%, p = 0.001), and fever over 38 °C (89.4% vs. 42.1%, p = 0.001). They also had a more intense inflammatory syndrome (leukocyte count 18,191 ± 6414 vs. 14,350 ± 3860/mmc, p = 0.001, and C-reactive protein (CRP) 142.70 ± 83.50 vs. 72.76 ± 66.37 mg/dL, p = 0.001) and higher creatinine levels (0.77 ± 0.81 vs. 0.59 ± 0.22, p = 0.017). On multivariate analysis, factors associated with increased risk for urosepsis were anemia (Odds Ratio (OR) 2.622, 95% CI 1.220-5.634), 2nd-3rd grade hydronephrosis (OR 6.581, 95% CI 2.802-15.460), and fever over 38 °C (OR 11.612, 95% CI 4.804-28.07). Regarding outcomes, the urosepsis group had a higher rate of urological maneuvers (87.9% vs. 36%, p = 0.001), a higher rate of obstetric transfers due to fetal distress (22.7% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.001), and migration of double-J catheters (6.1% vs. 0.6%, p = 0.016), but no maternal fatality was encountered. However, they experienced the same rate of total complications related to double-J catheters (19.69% vs. 12.80%, p > 0.05). The pregnant women in both groups had the infection more frequently on the right kidney, were in the second trimester and were nulliparous. Conclusions: Pregnant women at increased risk for urosepsis include those with anemia, hydronephrosis due to gestational, or reno-ureteral lithiasis, and fever over 38 °C. While the prognosis for pregnant women with urosepsis is generally favorable, urological intervention may not prevent a higher incidence of fetal distress and the need for obstetric transfers compared to pregnant women with uncomplicated upper UTIs.

Perinatal risk factors associated with the need for resuscitation in newborns born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid.

OBJECTIVE: The Neonatal Life Support 2020 guidelines emphasize that meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) remains a significant risk factor for a newborn to receive advanced resuscitation, especially if additional risk factors are present at the time of birth. However, these additional perinatal risk factors are not clearly identified. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of additional independent ante- and intrapartum risk factors in the era of no routine endotracheal suctioning that determine the need for resuscitation in newborns born through MSAF. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included deliveries ≥ 35 weeks' gestation associated with MSAF that occurred between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019. The newborns needing resuscitation (any intervention beyond the initial steps) were compared to those not needing resuscitation. Among newborns needing resuscitation, those needing advanced resuscitation (continuous positive airway pressure/ positive pressure ventilation or beyond) were compared to those not needing advanced resuscitation. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis revealed that among various perinatal factors, primigravida, thick meconium, fetal distress, chorioamnionitis, rupture of membranes ≥ 18 hours, post-term (gestational age ≥ 42 weeks), cesarean section or shoulder dystocia independently significantly increased the odds of a meconium-stained newborn needing resuscitation. Among these factors, fetal distress, chorioamnionitis or cesarean section independently further increased the odds of needing advanced resuscitation. CONCLUSION: Risk stratification of perinatal factors associated with the need for newborn resuscitation and advanced resuscitation in the deliveries associated with MSAF may help neonatal teams and resources to be appropriately prioritized and optimally utilized.

Understanding Preterm Birth in Pregnancies Complicated by Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis.

OBJECTIVE: Nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) is associated with poor perinatal outcomes including preterm birth (PTB). However, the frequency and causes of PTB in this population are not well understood. We hypothesized that NIHF frequently results in PTB due to medically indicated delivery for fetal distress. STUDY DESIGN: This was a secondary analysis of a prospectively enrolled cohort of pregnancies with NIHF that underwent exome sequencing if standard testing was nondiagnostic. The primary outcome was frequency of PTB at <37 weeks' gestation. Secondary outcomes were reasons for PTB, fetal predictors of PTB, and frequency of neonatal death following PTB. RESULTS: Fifty-six cases were included, with a median gestational age at delivery of 32.8 weeks (interquartile range [IQR]: 30.3-35.0). Overall, 86% (48/56) were delivered preterm. Among 48 PTBs, 18 (38%) were spontaneous, 9 (19%) were medically indicated for maternal indications (primarily preeclampsia), and 21 (44%) were medically indicated for fetal indications (nonreassuring antenatal testing or worsening effusions). Neither fetal genetic diagnosis nor polyhydramnios was associated with PTB. CONCLUSION: More than four-fifths of pregnancies with NIHF result in PTB, often due to nonreassuring fetal status. These data are informative for counseling patients and for developing strategies to reduce PTB in pregnancies with NIHF. KEY POINTS: · Pregnancies complicated by nonimmune hydrops fetalis often result in preterm birth.. · Preterm birth in these cases is most often medically indicated for fetal benefit.. · Fetal genetic conditions and polyhydramnios may be associated with preterm birth in cases of NIHF..

Maternal and Placental Risk Factors for Small Gestational Age and Fetal Malnutrition.

AIMS: This case-control study was conducted to identify maternal and placental risk factors of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and fetal malnutrition. METHODS: Cases comprised 104 consecutively delivered SGA neonates (determined as per INTERGROWTH- 21st standard). An equal number of next-born gestation and gender-matched appropriatefor- gestational age (AGA) neonates served as controls. Maternal risk factors were enquired, and placentae were evaluated by clinical and histopathological examination. Nutrition of the neonates was assessed by the clinical assessment of nutrition (CAN) score. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to identify the maternal and placental risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of SGA in the present study was 23.9%. Maternal fever [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR), 95% confidence interval (CI), 16.3 (3.5-124.1); p = 0.001], presence of placental syncytial knots [aOR (95% CI), 2.9 (1.1-9.1); p = 0.04] and placental calcifications [aOR (95% CI), 3(1.1- 8.7); p = 0.03], were identified as independent predictors of SGA using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Malnutrition (SCORE <25) affected 64% of SGA and 16.3% of AGA neonates. The only risk factor significantly associated with malnourished SGA was prematurity, whereas malnourished AGA was significantly associated with prematurity and fetal distress. In-hospital morbidities significantly higher in SGA were perinatal asphyxia, respiratory distress, need for respiratory support, polycythemia, hypoglycemia, and feeding intolerance. Mortality before discharge was 4.8% and 3.8% in SGA and AGA population, respectively (p > 0.05). Neonatal outcomes were comparable among well-nourished, malnourished SGA and AGA groups. CONCLUSION: Maternal fever, placental syncytial knots, and calcifications were independent risk factors of SGA, whereas prematurity and fetal distress were responsible for malnutrition.

Risk factors of maternal intrapartum fever and the effect of fever duration on neonatal morbidity in different temperature.

AIM: To investigate the clinical risk factors of intrapartum fever and explore the relationship between fever duration and neonatal morbidity of different fever peak. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted, and 714 pregnant women were divided into fever and nonfever group. Multivariable logistic regression model was estimated to evaluate the risk factors for maternal intrapartum fever. Receiver operating characteristic curve was adopted to explore the relationship between fever duration and fetal distress of different fever peak to find the cut-off point, then the neonatal outcomes of women with fever ≥38°C in two groups of different fever duration were compared. RESULTS: Epidural analgesia (odds ratio [OR]: 6.89, p < 0.001), longer time of membrane rupture (OR: 1.06, p < 0.001) and longer time of first stage of labor (OR: 1.04, p = 0.03) were considered as independent risk factors for maternal fever. For women with temperature <38°C, fever duration was not associated with fetal distress, whereas the women with temperature ≥38°C, fever duration longer than 93.5 min was a good predictor of fetal distress (Area under curve (AUC) = 0.82, p < 0.05). Further analysis showed that infants of women with fever peak ≥38°C and fever duration longer than 90 min had a higher rate of 1 min Apgar score <7 (15.5% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.03), assisted ventilation (29.6% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.02), and admission to neonatal ward (87.3% vs. 60.0%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Epidural analgesia, longer time of membrane rupture, and longer time of first stage of labor were considered as independent risk factors for maternal intrapartum fever. For women with fever ≥38°C, controlling fever time less than 90 min might be helpful to reduce neonatal morbidity.

Placental Abnormalities and Placenta-Related Complications Following In-Vitro Fertilization: Based on National Hospitalized Data in China.

Introduction: Emerging evidence has shown that in-vitro fertilization (IVF) is associated with higher risks of certain placental abnormalities or complications, such as placental abruption, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. However, there is a lack of large population-based analysis focusing on placental abnormalities or complications following IVF treatment. This study aimed to estimate the absolute risk of placental abnormalities or complications during IVF-conceived pregnancy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 16 535 852 singleton pregnancies with delivery outcomes in China between 2013 and 2018, based on the Hospital Quality Monitoring System databases. Main outcomes included placental abnormalities (placenta previa, placental abruption, placenta accrete, and abnormal morphology of placenta) and placenta-related complications (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, preterm birth, fetal distress, and fetal growth restriction (FGR)). Poisson regression modeling with restricted cubic splines of exact maternal age was used to estimate the absolute risk in both the IVF and non-IVF groups. Results: The IVF group (n = 183 059) was more likely than the non-IVF group (n = 16 352 793) to present placenta previa (aRR: 1.87 [1.83-1.91]), placental abruption (aRR: 1.16 [1.11-1.21]), placenta accrete (aRR: 2.00 [1.96-2.04]), abnormal morphology of placenta (aRR: 2.12 [2.07 to 2.16]), gestational hypertension (aRR: 1.55 [1.51-1.59]), preeclampsia (aRR: 1.54 [1.51-1.57]), preterm birth (aRR: 1.48 [1.46-1.51]), fetal distress (aRR: 1.39 [1.37-1.42]), and FGR (aRR: 1.36 [1.30-1.42]), but no significant difference in eclampsia (aRR: 0.91 [0.80-1.04]) was found. The absolute risk of each outcome with increasing maternal age in both the IVF and non-IVF group presented two patterns: an upward curve showing in placenta previa, placenta accreta, abnormal morphology of placenta, and gestational hypertension; and a J-shape curve showing in placental abruption, preeclampsia, eclampsia, preterm birth, fetal distress, and FGR. Conclusion: IVF is an independent risk factor for placental abnormalities and placental-related complications, and the risk is associated with maternal age. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term placenta-related chronic diseases of IVF patients and their offspring.

Umbilical Cord Knots: Is the Number Related to Fetal Risk?

True knots of the umbilical cord (UC) are a rare occurrence and are reported in 0.4-1.2% of deliveries. The compression of true knot of the UC can cause obstruction of the fetal circulation, leading to intra-uterine growth retardation or fetal death. Predisposing factors for the genesis of the true UC knot are numerous and include all the conditions, which lead to a relatively large uterine volume. This situation may predispose to free and excessive fetal movements. Although not all true knots lead to perinatal complications, they have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including fetal distress, fetal hypoxia, intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR), long-term neurological damage, caesarean delivery and stillbirth. We present a rare case of operative delivery with vacuum in a multiparous woman at term of pregnancy with a double true knot of the UC. As in most cases, the diagnosis was made after delivery, as there were no fetal symptoms during pregnancy. Some authors assume that 3D power sonography may be useful in the diagnosis of true UC knots. However, 3D power Doppler cannot be considered as a definitive method. There are no specific prenatal indications to induce the physician to look for ultrasound signs suggestive of umbilical true knot. Some studies argue that cases of fetal death and fetal risk are directly related to the number of knots. We also support this thesis, even if further observational and retrospective studies are needed to demonstrate it.

Resolved but Not Forgotten: The Effect of Resolved Placenta Previa on Labor Management.

OBJECTIVES: Placenta previa is diagnosed in up to 15% of pregnancies at the anatomy ultrasound and 0.5% persist to term. There is limited data regarding pregnancy outcomes with resolved previa. We aimed to examine patients with resolved placenta previa to determine if abnormal placentation at any time during pregnancy is associated with adverse events during labor. STUDY DESIGN: Patients with placenta previa were identified after second trimester ultrasound, included if placenta previa resolved with the placental edge greater than 2 cm from the internal cervical os, and excluded if placenta previa persisted to term, resolution occurred prior to 20 weeks, patients underwent a prior cesarean delivery, or delivered at an outside institution. Time-matched controls were identified among patients with normal placental location. Demographic data and outcomes were collected. Student's t-test, Wilcoxon's rank-sum test, Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used as appropriate RESULTS: Overall, 560 patients had placenta previa, 275 had resolved placenta previa, 285 were excluded. Resolved placenta previa patients were significantly older with lower prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), were significantly more likely to be a current smoker, have used assisted reproductive technology, and have had previous uterine surgeries. Overall, 10.2% of patients with resolved placenta previa experienced postpartum hemorrhage, compared with 2.1% in the normal placentation group. Patients with resolved placenta previa were 5.2 times more likely to have a postpartum hemorrhage (odds ratio [OR] = 5.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1-12.7; p < 0.01) and 3.4 times more likely to require extra uterotonic medications (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.9-6.2; p < 0.01). There is no difference with regard to rates of operative delivery for fetal distress (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 0.7-1.9; p = 0.48), or category-II or-III fetal heart tracing around the time of delivery. CONCLUSION: Patients with resolved placenta previa had a higher rate of postpartum hemorrhage and use of uterotonic agents. This information might have important clinical implications and could be incorporated into the hemorrhage risk assessment during labor. KEY POINTS: · This study aimed to determine if patients with resolved placenta previa had an increased risk of expedited delivery due to fetal distress during labor.. · Patients age with resolved placenta previa have similar risk factors to those with persistent placenta previa, including older maternal, lower prepregnancy BMI, current smoking status, use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and history of previous uterine surgeries. They were not at increased risk for operative vaginal delivery or cesarean section due to fetal distress. They did require increased uterotonic use and were at an increased risk for postpartum hemorrhage. · Patients with resolved placenta previa should undergo hemorrhage precautions at the time of admission..

Association between gestational visit-to-visit blood pressure variability and adverse neonatal outcomes.

The authors aimed to explore the association between visit-to-visit blood pressure variability (BPV) in pregnant women and adverse neonatal outcomes. The study included 52 891 pregnant women. BPV was calculated as standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP). All participants were divided into four groups by the quartiles of BPV. When comparing the highest quartiles to the lowest quartiles of DBP SD in all participants, the fully adjusted ORs were 1.19 (95% CI 1.11-1.27, p for trend < .001) for fetal distress, 1.32 (95% CI 1.14-1.54, p for trend < .001) for small for gestational age, 1.32 (95% CI 1.06-1.63, p for trend = .003) for 1-min Apgar score ≤ 7. When comparing the highest quartiles to the lowest quartiles of DBP CV, ORs were 1.22 (95% CI 1.14-1.30, p for trend < .001) for fetal distress, 1.38 (95% CI 1.17-1.61, p for trend < .001) for small for gestational age, 1.43 (95% CI 1.14-1.79, p for trend < .001) for 1-min Apgar score ≤ 7. ORs for preterm birth and 5-min Apgar score ≤ 7 were not statistically significant. However, in participants with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia, ORs for preterm birth were 2.80 (95% CI 1.99-3.94, p for trend < .001) in DBP SD and 3.25 (95% CI 2.24-4.72, p for trend < .001) in DBP CV when extreme quartiles were compared. In conclusion, higher visit-to-visit BPV was associated with adverse neonatal outcomes.

Risk factors for seizures in the vigorous term neonate: A population-based register study of singleton births in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal seizures have been associated with increased mortality and impaired neurodevelopment and, knowledge about risk factors may be useful for prevention. Clear associations have been established between labor-related risk factors and seizures in asphyxiated neonates. However, there is limited information about why some vigorous term-born infants experience seizures. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to assess antepartum and intrapartum risk factors for seizures in vigorous term-born neonates. METHODS: This was a national cohort study of singleton infants born at term in Sweden from 2009-2015. Vigorous was defined as an Apgar score of at least 7 at 5 and 10 minutes. Data on the mothers and infants were obtained from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and the Swedish Neonatal Quality Register. A diagnosis of neonatal seizures was the main outcome measure and the exposures were pregnancy and labor variables. Logistic regression analysis was used and the results are expressed as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The incidence of neonatal seizures was 0.81/1,000 for 656 088 births. Seizures were strongly associated with obstetric emergencies (aOR 4.0, 95% CI 2.2-7.4), intrapartum fever and/or chorioamnionitis (aOR 3.4, 95% CI 2.1-5.3), and intrapartum fetal distress (aOR 3.0, 95% CI 2.4-3.7). Other associated intrapartum factors were: labor dystocia, occiput posterior position, operative vaginal delivery, and Cesarean delivery. Some maternal factors more than doubled the risk: a body mass of more than 40 (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-4.8), hypertensive disorders (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.7-3.1) and diabetes mellitus (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7-4.1). CONCLUSION: A number of intrapartum factors were associated with an increased risk of seizures in vigorous term-born neonates. Obstetric emergencies, intrapartum fever and/or chorioamnionitis and fetal distress were the strongest associated risks. The presence of such factors, despite a reassuring Apgar score could prompt close surveillance.

Risk Factors for Intrapartum Cesarean Section Delivery in Low-risk Multiparous Women Following at Least a Prior Vaginal Birth (Robson Classification 3 and 4).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk factors for cesarean section (C-section) in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth. METHODS: The present retrospective study included low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth who gave birth at between 37 and 42 gestational weeks. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the mode of delivery, as C-section Group and vaginal delivery Group. Risk factors for C-section such as demographic characteristics, ultrasonographic measurements, smoking, weight gain during pregnancy (WGDP), interval time between prior birth, history of macrosomic birth, and cervical dilatation at the admission to the hospital were obtained from the charts of the patients. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes were compared between groups. RESULTS: The most common C-section indications were fetal distress and macrosomia (33.9% [n = 77 and 20.7% [n = 47] respectively). A bivariate correlation analysis demonstrated that mothers aged > 30 years old (odds ratio [OR]: 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-3.34; p = 0.002), parity >1 (OR: 1.81; 95%CI: 1.18-2.71; p = 0.006), fetal abdominal circumference (FAC) measurement > 360 mm (OR: 34.20; 95%CI: 8.04-145.56; p < 0.001)) and < 345 mm (OR: 3.06; 95%CI: 1.88-5; p < 0.001), presence of large for gestational age (LGA) fetus (OR: 5.09; 95%CI: 1.35-19.21; p = 0.016), premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (OR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1-2.33; p = 0.041), and cervical dilatation < 5cm at admission (OR: 2.12; 95%CI: 1.34-3.34; p = 0.001) were associated with the group requiring a C-section. CONCLUSION: This is the first study evaluating the risk factors for C-section in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth according to the Robson classification 3 and 4. Fetal distress and suspected fetal macrosomia constituted most of the C-section indications.

Risk Factors for Intrapartum Cesarean Section Delivery in Low-risk Multiparous Women Following at Least a Prior Vaginal Birth (Robson Classification 3 and 4)

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk factors for cesarean section (C-section) in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth. Methods The present retrospective study included low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth who gave birth at between 37 and 42 gestational weeks. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the mode of delivery, as C-section Group and vaginal delivery Group. Risk factors for C-section such as demographic characteristics, ultrasonographic measurements, smoking, weight gain during pregnancy (WGDP), interval time between prior birth, history of macrosomic birth, and cervical dilatation at the admission to the hospital were obtained fromthe charts of the patients. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes were compared between groups. Results The most common C-section indications were fetal distress and macrosomia (33.9% [n=77 and 20.7% [n=47] respectively). A bivariate correlation analysis demonstrated that mothers aged>30 years old (odds ratio [OR]: 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-3.34; p=0.002), parity >1 (OR: 1.81; 95%CI: 1.18-2.71; p=0.006), fetal abdominal circumference (FAC) measurement>360mm (OR: 34.20; 95%CI: 8.04 -145.56; p<0.001)) and<345mm (OR: 3.06; 95%CI: 1.88-5; p<0.001), presence of large for gestational age (LGA) fetus (OR: 5.09; 95%CI: 1.35-19.21; p=0.016), premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (OR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1-2.33; p=0.041), and cervical dilatation<5cm at admission (OR: 2.12; 95%CI: 1.34-3.34; p=0.001) were associated with the group requiring a C-section. Conclusion This is the first study evaluating the risk factors for C-section in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth according to the Robson classification 3 and 4. Fetal distress and suspected fetal macrosomia constituted most of the Csection indications.

Perinatal Risk Factors Influencing Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy in Southern China: A Case-Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, our objective was to explore the relevant influencing factors of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in Southern China and provide scientific basis for improving the quality of life for neonates. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of 306 cases with HIE neonates who were admitted during April 2015 to October 2017 was conducted. A total of 306 non-HIE patients admitted to the same hospital during the same period were also included as controls. The basic clinical characteristics were analyzed, and the risk factors for HIE were assessed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that the differences in medicals during pregnancy, placenta previa, fetal distress during labor, cesarean section, amniotic fluid contamination, abnormal labor stage, and Apgar showed significantly different in the case group and the control group (p < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the placenta previa, medicals during pregnancy, fetal distress, abnormal labor stage, Apgar's score, amniotic fluid contamination, and cesarean section were independent risk factors for HIE. CONCLUSION: The placenta previa, medicals during pregnancy, fetal distress, and abnormal labor stage can increase the risk of HIE. Early detection, early diagnosis, and treatment might make great achievement in improving the life quality of HIE neonates.

Birth asphyxia following delayed recognition and response to abnormal labour progress and fetal distress in a 31-year-old multiparous Malawian woman.

Reducing neonatal mortality is one of the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 3 on good health and well-being. The highest rates of neonatal death occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Birth asphyxia is one of the major preventable causes. Early detection and timely management of abnormal labour progress and fetal compromise are critical to reduce the global burden of birth asphyxia. Labour progress, maternal and fetal well-being are assessed using the WHO partograph and intermittent fetal heart rate monitoring. However, in low-resource settings adherence to labour guidelines and timely response to arising labour complications is generally poor. Reasons for this are multifactorial and include lack of resources and skilled health care staff. This case study in a Malawian hospital illustrates how delayed recognition of abnormal labour and prolonged decision-to-delivery interval contributed to birth asphyxia, as an example of many delivery rooms in low-income country settings.

Hemodynamic factors associated with fetal cardiac remodeling in late fetal growth restriction: a prospective study.

Background Altered cardiac geometry affects a proportion of fetuses with growth restriction (FGR). The aim of this study was to explore the hemodynamic factors associated with cardiac remodeling in late FGR. Methods This was a prospective study of singleton pregnancies complicated by late-onset FGR undergoing assessment of left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular sphericity-index (SI). The study population was divided in two groups according to the presence of cardiac remodelling, defined as LVSI <5th centile. The following outcomes were explored: gestational age at birth, birthweight, caesarean section (CS) for fetal distress, umbilical artery (UA) pH and neonatal admission to special care unit. The differences between the 2 groups in UA pulsatility index (PI), middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI, uterine artery PI, cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and umbilical vein (UV) flow corrected for fetal abdominal circumference (UVBF/AC) were tested. Results In total, 212 pregnancies with late FGR were enrolled in the study. An abnormal LV SI was detected in 119 fetuses (56.1%). Late FGR fetuses with cardiac remodeling had a lower birthweight (2390 g vs. 2490; P = 0.04) and umbilical artery pH (7.21 vs. 7.24; P = 0.04) and were more likely to have emergency CS (42.8% vs. 26.9%; P = 0.023) and admission to special care unit (13.4% vs. 4.3%; P = 0.03) compared to those with normal LVSI. No difference in either UA PI (p = 0.904), MCA PI (P = 0.575), CPR (P = 0.607) and mean uterine artery PI (P = 0.756) were present between fetuses with or without an abnormal LV SI. Conversely, UVBF/AC z-score was lower (-1.84 vs. -0.99; P ≤ 0.001) in fetuses with cardiac remodeling and correlated with LV (P ≤ 0.01) and RV SI (P ≤ 0.02). Conclusion Fetal cardiac remodelling occurs in a significant proportion of pregnancies complicated by late FGR and is affected by a high burden of short-term perinatal compromise. The occurrence of LV SI is independent from fetal arterial Dopplers while it is positively associated with umbilical vein blood flow.

Fetoscopy-Assisted Percutaneous Decompression of the Distal Trachea and Lungs Reverses Hydrops Fetalis and Fetal Distress in a Fetus with Laryngeal Atresia.

We present a case of prenatal hydrops secondary to congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) that was treated with fetoscopy-assisted needle decompression. A 22-year-old G3P2 woman presented after a 21-week ultrasound demonstrated CHAOS. The fetus developed hydrops at 25 weeks, characterized by abdominal ascites, pericardial effusion, and scalp edema. Fetal MRI showed complete obstruction of the glottis and subglottic airway, suggestive of laryngeal atresia. At 27 weeks, due to the progression of the hydrops, operative fetoscopy was proposed and performed. Fetal laryngoscopy confirmed fusion of the vocal cords and laryngeal atresia. The atretic segment was a solid cartilaginous block, preventing intubation. Using the fetoscope to stabilize the fetal head and neck, we performed ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle drainage of the cervical trachea through the anterior fetal neck. We removed 17 mL of viscous fluid from the lower trachea, resulting in immediate lung decompression. Two weeks later, ultrasound confirmed hydrops resolution. The patient was delivered and tracheostomy performed at 30 weeks via an ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure after progression of preterm labor. At 27 days of life, the infant was stable on minimal ventilator support. To our knowledge, this is the first successful report of an ultrasound-guided percutaneous tracheal decompression through the anterior neck of a fetus with CHAOS secondary to laryngeal atresia.

Histopathological Changes of Placenta in Meconium Stained Liquor and Its Relevance in Fetal Distress: A Case Control Study.

OBJECTIVE: Meconium passage during labour is a quite common finding. Studies describing correlation between meconium stained liquor, fetal distress and specific placental pathology are sparse. This case control study had been designed to ascertain these lacunae of knowledge. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Placentae from 41 cases of otherwise uncomplicated antenatal and intranatal pregnancies with meconium stained liquor at 37 completed weeks of gestation were studied, both grossly and microscopically, comparing them with controls of 41 cases of clear liquor. Apgar score of all newborns at 1 minute and 5 minutes were recorded and correlated with histopathological findings. RESULTS: Both cases and controls were found to be age matched. Meconium stained liquor was associated with more caesarian section than the clear ones. Significant correlation was found with meconium stained liquor and low Apgar scores. Histopathology of placenta revealed many statistically significant associations between specific placental histopathology in meconium stained liquor and depressed Apgar score. Evidence of placental vasculopathy rather than meconium induced placental damage came out as the potential culprit in causing a low Apgar score in this case control study. CONCLUSION: Placental vascular changes have a role in meconium staining of liquor. If timely interventions are taken, the chance of development of fetal distress is low.

Association between non-invasive nursing care technologies during childbirth and neonatal vitality: a cross-sectional study / Asociación entre tecnologías no-invasivas de cuidado en el parto y la vitalidad neonatal: estudio transversal / Associação entre tecnologias não invasivas de cuidado no parto e vitalidade do recém-nascido: estudo transversal

Abstract Objective: to compare the use of non-invasive midwifery care technologies (TNICEO) with the use of traditional care model practices, having as parameters the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid and its repercussion on the newborn's vitality. Method: a cross-sectional study with secondary data of 10,219 parturients who delivered by midwives between September 2004 and October 2016. Logistic regression was used to assess Apgar> 8 Odds Ratio in exposure to noninvasive midwifery care technologies when compared to traditional care. Results: there were higher percentages of light amniotic fluid and neonates with good vitality in parturients who used only TNICEO compared with those exposed only to traditional care. Conclusion: nurse midwives' provision of TNICEO and its use by women are efficient strategies to reduce unfavorable neonatal outcomes. Implications of practice: investments in the performance of these experts is important, as their know-how to make them not medicalized through TNICEO confirms a process of humanized, safe and quality care that meets official recommendations and contributes to the change in the care model.

Resumen Objetivo: comparar el uso de tecnologías no invasivas de cuidado de enfermería obstétrica (TNICEO) con el uso de prácticas del modelo tradicional de cuidado, con la presencia de meconio en el líquido amniótico y su repercusión en la vitalidad del recién nacido. Método: estudio transversal, com datos secundários, de 10.219 parturientas, asistidas por enfermeras obstétricas entre septiembre de 2004 y octubre de 2016. Se utilizó la regresión logística para evaluar la probabilidad de Apgar> 8 en la exposición a TNICEO en comparación con la atención tradicional. Resultados: se observaron porcentajes más altos de líquido amniótico claro y recién nacido con buena vitalidad en las parturientas que solo usaron TNICEO en comparación con las expuestas solo a la atención tradicional. Conclusión: la oferta de TNICEO por las enfermeras obstétricas y su uso por las mujeres es una estrategia eficaz para reducir los resultados neonatales desfavorables. Implicaciones para la práctica: enfatizase la importancia de los investimentos en el desempeño de estos especialistas, ya que su experiencia, a través del TNICEO, constituye un proceso de atención humanizada, segura y de alta calidad, que cumple con las recomendaciones oficiales y contribuye para cambiar el modelo de atención.

Resumo Objetivo: comparar o uso de tecnologias não invasivas de cuidado de enfermagem obstétrica (TNICEO) com o emprego de práticas do modelo de assistência tradicional, tendo como parâmetros a presença de mecônio no líquido amniótico e sua repercussão sobre a vitalidade do recém-nascido. Método: estudo transversal, com dados secundários, de 10.219 parturientes que tiveram parto acompanhado por enfermeiras obstétricas entre setembro/2004 e outubro/2016. Utilizou-se a regressão logística para avaliar a chance de Apgar >8 na exposição às tecnologias não invasivas de cuidado de enfermagem obstétrica quando comparada à assistência tradicional. Resultados: constataram-se maiores percentuais de líquido amniótico claro e neonatos com boa vitalidade nas parturientes que utilizaram somente TNICEO, em comparação com aquelas expostas, apenas, à assistência tradicional. Conclusão: o oferecimento das TNICEO pelas enfermeiras obstétricas e o seu uso pelas mulheres se configuram como estratégias eficientes para reduzir desfechos neonatais desfavoráveis. Implicações para a prática: destaca-se a importância de investimentos na atuação dessas especialistas, pois seu saber fazer desmedicalizado, por meio das TNICEO, confirma um processo de cuidar humanizado, seguro e de qualidade, que atende às recomendações oficiais e contribui para a mudança do modelo assistencial.

Factores perinatales en el desarrollo de enterocolitis necrotizante. Un estudio de casos y controles / Perinatal factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). A case-control study

Objetivos. Identificar factores perinatales que favorezcan el desarrollo de enterocolitis necrotizante (ECN) en las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). Métodos. Estudio de casos y controles de los recién nacidos (RN) tratados entre 2014-2015. Se evaluaron factores de riesgo materno-fetal (fiebre, corioamnionitis, cultivos rectovaginales y sufrimiento intrauterino) y neonatales (edad gestacional, canalización de vasos umbilicales, hemocultivos, sepsis, nutrición y probióticos) y su asociación a la ECN. Estudiamos también la existencia de tratamiento antibiótico y antifúngico intravenoso previo al cuadro de ECN. Se estimó la odds ratio con un nivel de significación p < 0,05. Resultados. Se analizaron 500 neonatos: 44 ECN y 456 controles. En el análisis univariante ninguno de los factores de riesgo maternos se relacionó con el desarrollo de ECN. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los RN que recibieron alimentación enteral o probióticos. Los RN con sufrimiento fetal y los diagnosticados de sepsis precoz presentaron mayor riesgo de desarrollo de ECN (p < 0,0001). Conclusión. La pérdida de bienestar fetal y la sepsis precoz favorecen el desarrollo de ECN, que también parece aumentar con el uso de antibioterapia sistémica así como el tratamiento antifúngico profiláctico para las infecciones de catéter o intubaciones orotraqueales prolongadas

Aim of the study. The aim of this study is to identify potential perinatal risk or protective factors associated with NEC. Materials and methods. Single-center, retrospective case-control study of newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with NEC from 2014 to 2015. Clinical charts were reviewed recording maternal factors (fever, positive recto-vaginal swab and signs of corioamnionitis or fetal distress), and neonatal factors analyzed were: birth- weight and weeks gestation, umbilical vessel catheterization, time of enteral feedings and the use of probiotics, antibiotics and antifungal agents. Cases and controls were matched for all of these factors. Parametric tests were used for statistical analysis and p ≤ 0.05 deemed significant. Results. We analyzed 500 newborns of which 44 developed NEC (cases) and 456 controls. Univariate analysis did not identify any maternal risk factors for NEC. We did not found statistical differences between patients either time of enteral feedings or probiotics. Nevertheless, patients with signs of fetal distress and early sepsis had a higher risk of NEC (p ≤ 0.0001). Conclusions. Infants with history of fetal distress and signs of early sepsis are at a higher risk of NEC. The use of prophylactic catheter infection or orotracheal intubation with antifungal treatment seemed to elevate the incidence of NEC. However, antibiotic treatment couldn't be demonstrated to increase the risk of NEC