The preventive role of vitamin D in the prevention and management of Fibromyalgia syndrome.

Aim: Vitamin D deficiency is a prevalent condition among the general population, all around the world. Vitamin D deficiency is defined as serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D lower than 20 ng/ml (50 nmol/ml). It is a known actor in the skeletal system through the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone mineralization. Still, the role of vitamin D as an immunomodulator is yet to be acknowledged by healthcare practitioners as a cause, precipitating factor, and contributor to a variety of diseases. Vitamin D is shown to be an actor in multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and irritable bowel syndrome. Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic disorder associated with a severe pain that can affect a patient's musculoskeletal system, daily routine, and mood. The clinical presentation encapsulates other disorders such as lethargy and sleep problems, brain fog and other cognitive issues, and physical and psychiatric symptoms. Methods: We have used PubMed and ResearchGate in the reviewing process of our paper. We tried to address as many topics as we judged to be adequate and relevant for the practicing clinicians. Results: Management of fibromyalgia syndrome is both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic, which are provided in a stepwise fashion. Yet, the management of FMS remains a challenge, heeding a multidisciplinary approach. Among the dietary interventions, we chose vitamin D and its effects on FMS. Literature shows that supplementation improves pain caused by fibromyalgia syndrome, yet specific recommendations are still to be created. Conclusions: We call on all the relevant governmental bodies, public health experts and health policy makers, healthcare practitioners, and the civil society to use novel data related to fibromyalgia syndrome, and in a broader perspective, the integral role of vitamin D.

Impact of Reducing Sitting Time in Women with Fibromyalgia and Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Sitting time has negative effects on health, increasing the risk of obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes, and cancer. Thus, primary health care education interventions aimed to reduce sitting time and sedentary behavior could have beneficial effects on people's health and wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an intervention based on reducing sitting time to decrease cardiometabolic risk on a sample of women diagnosed with fibromyalgia and moderate obesity. METHODS: Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention to decrease cardiometabolic risk in 84 participants. Sedentary behavior was monitored using an accelerometer before and at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, body mass index decreased, and the number of steps taken increased, in the intervention group 3 months after the intervention. No significant differences were found in the rest of the variables measured. CONCLUSION: The intervention group decreased sitting time after the intervention. Group activities and support from primary care may be useful to improve treatment adherence. RCT registration: NCT01729936.

Impact of isometric and concentric resistance exercise on pain and fatigue in fibromyalgia.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the local and systemic effects of isometric and concentric muscle contractions on experimental pain and performance fatigability in people with and without fibromyalgia. METHODS: Forty-seven fibromyalgia (FM: 51.3 ± 12.3 year) and 47 control (CON: 52.5 ± 14.7 year) participants performed submaximal isometric and concentric exercise for 10 min with the right elbow flexors. Assessments before and after exercise included pressure pain thresholds (PPT) of the biceps and quadriceps, central pain summation, self-reported exercising arm and whole-body pain, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the right elbow flexors and left handgrip. RESULTS: People with FM experienced greater reductions in local fatigue (right elbow flexor MVIC: CON: - 4.0 ± 6.7%, FM: - 9.8 ± 13.8%; p = 0.013) and similar reductions in systemic fatigue (left handgrip MVIC: - 6.5 ± 10.2%; p < 0.001) as CON participants, which were not different by contraction type nor related to baseline clinical pain, perceived fatigue, or reported pain with exercise. Following exercise both groups reported an increase in PPTs at the biceps (pre: 205.5 ± 100.3 kPa, post: 219.0 ± 109.3 kPa, p = 0.004) only and a decrease in central pain summation (pre: 6.8 ± 2.9, post: 6.5 ± 2.9; p = 0.013). FM reported greater exercising arm pain following exercise (CON: 0.7 ± 1.3, FM: 2.9 ± 2.3; p < 0.001), and both groups reported greater arm pain following concentric (isometric: 1.4 ± 2.0, concentric: 2.2 ± 2.9; p = 0.001) than isometric exercise. Neither group reported an increase in whole-body pain following exercise. CONCLUSION: People with FM experienced greater performance fatigability in the exercising muscle compared to CON that was not related to central mechanisms of fatigue or pain. These results suggest changes in performance fatigability in FM may be due to differences occurring at the muscular level. TRIAL REGISTRATION #: NCT #: NCT03778385, December 19, 2018, retrospectively registered. IRB#: HR-3035.

The effect of concomitant fibromyalgia in HIV infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: HIV infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) have extensive musculoskeletal system involvement. Arthralgia and myalgia are the most common forms. Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a chronic pain syndrome of the musculoskeletal system characterized by diffuse pain including arthralgia and myalgia. These overlapping symptoms are suggested the relationship between HIV and FMS. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of FMS in HIV/AIDS patients. The secondary objective was to investigate the effects of FMS on functional status, depression, fatigue, sleep pattern and quality of life. METHODS: A total of 225 HIV infected patients who were receiving ART were included in this cross-sectional prospective study. The demographic data of the participants, CD4 T-lymphocyte count (cells/mm3), viral load (> 40 copy/ml), and ART regimens were recorded. FMS diagnosis was based on 2016 revision of diagnostic criteria. All patients completed the following questionnaires: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and SF-36 scale. RESULTS: FMS was found in 20% of the HIV infected patients (n = 45). The mean duration of disease was 4.74 ± 4.42 years; it was significantly longer in patients with FMS (p = 0.007). The median CD4 T-lymphocyte count was found to be 616.00 ± 303.91 cells/mm3, and it was significantly higher in patients without FMS (p = 0.06). No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups according to the drug regimens used. A statistically significant difference was found in FIQ, BDI, PSQI, FSS and all subgroups of the SF-36 scale between the patients with and without FMS (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A slightly higher frequency of FMS was determined in HIV infected patients receiving ART compared to previous studies. It was shown that presence of FMS negatively affected the function, depression, fatigue, sleep, and quality of life. Detection of FMS may decrease depression, fatigue, and sleep disorders and increase the quality of life in HIV infected patients. FMS should be distinguished correctly for an accurate treatment management of HIV and for increasing ART compliance.

La fibromialgia con una visión desde la atención primaria / Fibromyalgia, a vision from the primary care

RESUMEN La fibromialgia es una enfermedad crónica, definida por dolor generalizado, a menudo acompañado de fatiga y alteraciones del sueño, la cual afecta a uno de cada 20 pacientes en la atención primaria. Aunque la mayoría de los pacientes con fibromialgia se manejan en la atención primaria, el diagnóstico y tratamiento continúan presentando un desafío, y los pacientes se envían a menudo las consultas de otros especialistas. Las investigaciones exhaustivas, la prescripción de múltiples drogas para tratar los diferentes síntomas, los retrasos en el diagnóstico, y el aumento de la invalidez, necesita de un conocimiento más profundo y un tratamiento basado en el médico de la atención primaria. Se hizo una revisión de diferentes publicaciones actualizadas sobre la epidemiología, patofisiología y tratamiento de la fibromialgia aparecidas en PubMed, Scielo, Hinari y Medline, además de artículos pertinentes, hasta comienzos del año 2017, de donde se seleccionaron diferentes artículos en base a la calidad, relevancia e importancia en cuanto a las nuevas directrices de esta enfermedad. La aplicación de novedosos sistemas de diagnóstico y enfrentamiento al dolor crónico aplicable en la atención primaria disminuiría el tiempo de diagnóstico, costosas pruebas, demora en el diagnóstico y mejores resultados terapéuticos en estos pacientes. El tratamiento centrado en el paciente desde la atención necesita de un grupo multidisciplinario con una alta preparación en esta enfermedad. Aunque se mantienen algunas barreras para la aplicación de un sistema de atención médica de la fibromialgia, esto permitiría un cambio muy favorable en el tratamiento de esos pacientes (AU).

ABSTRACT Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder defined by widespread pain, frequently accompanied by fatigue and sleep disturbance, affecting up to one in 20 patients in the primary care. Although most of the patients with fibromyalgia are managed in the primary care, its diagnosis and treatment are still a challenge and the patients are often referred to the consultation of other specialists. The exhaustive research, the prescription of several drugs to treat the different symptoms, the diagnosis retardation, and the increase of disability, require deeper knowledge and a treatment led by the health professional of the primary care. We reviewed the epidemiology, pathophysiology and management of fibromyalgia by searching PubMed, Scielo, Hinari and Medline, and references from relevant articles published until the beginning of 2017, choosing them on the basis of quality, relevance to the illness and importance in illustrating current management pathways and the potential for future improvements. The implementation of a framework for diagnosis and chronic pain management in the primary care would reduce diagnostic time consumption, costly tests, and diagnostic delays, and will achieve better therapeutic outcomes in these patients. The patient-centred treatment from the primary care needs a multi disciplinary team highly trained in this disease. Although there are still several barriers for the application of a medical care system in fibromyalgia, It would allow a favourable change in the treatment of these patients (AU).

La fibromialgia con una visión desde la atención primaria / Fibromyalgia, a vision from the primary care

RESUMEN La fibromialgia es una enfermedad crónica, definida por dolor generalizado, a menudo acompañado de fatiga y alteraciones del sueño, la cual afecta a uno de cada 20 pacientes en la atención primaria. Aunque la mayoría de los pacientes con fibromialgia se manejan en la atención primaria, el diagnóstico y tratamiento continúan presentando un desafío, y los pacientes se envían a menudo las consultas de otros especialistas. Las investigaciones exhaustivas, la prescripción de múltiples drogas para tratar los diferentes síntomas, los retrasos en el diagnóstico, y el aumento de la invalidez, necesita de un conocimiento más profundo y un tratamiento basado en el médico de la atención primaria. Se hizo una revisión de diferentes publicaciones actualizadas sobre la epidemiología, patofisiología y tratamiento de la fibromialgia aparecidas en PubMed, Scielo, Hinari y Medline, además de artículos pertinentes, hasta comienzos del año 2017, de donde se seleccionaron diferentes artículos en base a la calidad, relevancia e importancia en cuanto a las nuevas directrices de esta enfermedad. La aplicación de novedosos sistemas de diagnóstico y enfrentamiento al dolor crónico aplicable en la atención primaria disminuiría el tiempo de diagnóstico, costosas pruebas, demora en el diagnóstico y mejores resultados terapéuticos en estos pacientes. El tratamiento centrado en el paciente desde la atención necesita de un grupo multidisciplinario con una alta preparación en esta enfermedad. Aunque se mantienen algunas barreras para la aplicación de un sistema de atención médica de la fibromialgia, esto permitiría un cambio muy favorable en el tratamiento de esos pacientes (AU).

ABSTRACT Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder defined by widespread pain, frequently accompanied by fatigue and sleep disturbance, affecting up to one in 20 patients in the primary care. Although most of the patients with fibromyalgia are managed in the primary care, its diagnosis and treatment are still a challenge and the patients are often referred to the consultation of other specialists. The exhaustive research, the prescription of several drugs to treat the different symptoms, the diagnosis retardation, and the increase of disability, require deeper knowledge and a treatment led by the health professional of the primary care. We reviewed the epidemiology, pathophysiology and management of fibromyalgia by searching PubMed, Scielo, Hinari and Medline, and references from relevant articles published until the beginning of 2017, choosing them on the basis of quality, relevance to the illness and importance in illustrating current management pathways and the potential for future improvements. The implementation of a framework for diagnosis and chronic pain management in the primary care would reduce diagnostic time consumption, costly tests, and diagnostic delays, and will achieve better therapeutic outcomes in these patients. The patient-centred treatment from the primary care needs a multi disciplinary team highly trained in this disease. Although there are still several barriers for the application of a medical care system in fibromyalgia, It would allow a favourable change in the treatment of these patients (AU).

Perfil de pacientes con fibromialgia que acuden a los centros de atención primaria en Terrassa / Profile of patients with fibromyalgia being treated in primary care centers in Terrassa, a city in northeastern Spain

Objetivo. Realizar una amplia caracterización clínica y epidemiológica de nuestra población afectada de fibromialgia. Pacientes, material y método. Estudio observacional a lo largo de 2 años realizado en 3 centros de atención primaria de Terrassa. Muestra de 235 personas diagnosticadas de fibromialgia visitadas en consultas de atención primaria o de reumatología a las que se ofrece la asistencia al programa multidisciplinar y aceptan completar los datos iniciales del programa. Las mediciones principales fueron: datos sociodemográficos; hábitos tóxicos y ejercicio físico; comorbilidades; tratamientos para la fibromialgia; cuestionario de impacto de la fibromialgia (FIQ); escala hospitalaria de ansiedad-depresión (HADS), y cuestionario de funcionalidad familiar (APGAR familiar). Principales resultados. El 97,8% son mujeres; edad media, 54,6 años. Predominio de pacientes con estudios primarios y en situación de baja laboral. El 94% tienen comorbilidad asociada y solo el 3% no consumen ningún fármaco para su patología, a la vez que hay un elevado consumo de fármacos sin evidencia de efectividad en la fibromialgia. La mayoría puntúan como nivel moderado en el cuestionario de Impacto de la fibromialgia (FIQ); tienen patología ansiosa y/o depresiva probable en el 63 y el 53%, respectivamente, según la Escala hospitalaria de ansiedad y depresión (HADS) y soporte familiar correcto en el 62%, según el test APGAR familiar. Conclusiones. Se confirman como datos principales y coincidiendo con la bibliografía la gran prevalencia de la fibromialgia en mujeres, con elevada comorbilidad especialmente psiquiátrica-psicológica, con moderado impacto de la enfermedad y con importante consumo de fármacos sin eficacia demostrada (AU)

Objective. To perform an extensive clinical and epidemiological characterization of our fibromyalgia patients. Patients, material, and method. Two-year observational study in 3 primary care centers in Terrassa, Spain. We recruited a sample of 235 individuals diagnosed with fibromyalgia being treated in primary care or rheumatology clinics who, when offered inclusion in a multidisciplinary program, agreed to provide the initial data we requested. The main measures were sociodemographic data, unhealthy habits and physical activity, comorbidities, treatment for fibromyalgia, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and a family functioning scale (family APGAR). Main results. In all, 97.8% were women and the average age was 54.6 years. Most of the patients had a primary school education and the majority was on sick leave. Ninety-four percent had associated comorbidity and only 3% were not taking any medication for their disease. Many were taking drugs with no proven efficacy in fibromyalgia. The majority had intermediate scores on the FIQ, the HADS showed that 63% and 53% had an anxious and/or probable depressive disorder, respectively, and, according to the family APGAR score, 62% received proper family support. Conclusions. In agreement with the literature, the major findings in our fibromyalgia patients were a marked predominance of women, a high incidence of comorbidities-mainly psychiatric disorders-a moderate impact of the disease and widespread use of drugs with no demonstrated efficacy (AU)

Fibromialgia como paradigma de retos pendientes en la atención primaria / Fibromyalgia as a paradigm of outstanding challenges in primary care

No disponible

Recomendaciones revisadas de la EULAR para el manejo de la fibromialgia / EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia

No disponible

Fibromialgia

Site dedicado a informar sobre essa doença reumatológica crônica. Sintomas, causas e tratamentos.

Características epidemiológicas de los pacientes evaluados por fibromialgia en la Unidad Médica de Valoración de Incapacidades de Madrid / Epidemiological characteristics of patients evaluated with fibromyalgia in the Assessment of Disability Unit of Madrid

Objetivo. Conocer las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes con fibromialgia que solicitan la valoración de una incapacidad laboral. Método. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el que se incluyeron los pacientes valorados en la Unidad Médica de la Dirección Provincial del Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social de Madrid entre los años 2005 a 2014, en cuyo informe de valoración figurase el diagnóstico de fibromialgia. Estudiamos las variables: edad, sexo, estado civil, comorbilidad (hipotiroidismo, cervicalgia, enfermedad psiquiátrica mayor o menor y síndrome de túnel carpiano), ocupación profesional, nivel de capacitación y régimen de afiliación a la seguridad social. Resultado. El total de pacientes estudiados fue de 5.501. La mediana de edad fue de 53 años. Respecto a la población general activa de nuestro entorno, observamos un 47% más de mujeres, un 12% menos de casados, un 25% menos de trabajadores con estudios superiores y un 23% más de empleos no cualificados. Respecto a la población en edad laboral de nuestro entorno, obtenemos una prevalencia marcadamente aumentada de cervicalgia (razón de prevalencia: 2,0), hipotiroidismo (razón de prevalencia: 2,4) y de síndrome del túnel carpiano (razón de prevalencia: 3,0). El 58% de la muestra presenta enfermedad psiquiátrica. Conclusión. Podemos concluir que el perfil del paciente con fibromialgia valorado en la UMEVI es una mujer, de entre 46-60 años, mayoritariamente con un trabajo poco cualificado y un nivel de estudios primario, que en más de la mitad de los casos asocia enfermedad psiquiátrica y que con frecuencia asocia los diagnósticos de cervicalgia, síndrome del túnel carpiano e hipotiroidismo (AU)

Objective. To determine the epidemiological characteristics of patients with fibromyalgia requiring assessment of incapacity for work. Method. A descriptive study was conducted on the patients evaluated in the Medical Unit of the National Institute of Social Security in Madrid in the period from 2005 to 2014 with the diagnosis of fibromyalgia. A study was made on the variables: age, sex, marital status, comorbidity (hypothyroidism, neck pain, psychiatric disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome), professional occupation, level of education, and type of affiliation to the National Institute of Social Security. Result. The total number of patients studied was 5,501. The median age was 53 years. Compared to the general working population in our area there were 47% more women, 12% less married people, 25% less workers with higher education, and 23% more unskilled occupations. As regards the working population in our area, there is a markedly increased prevalence of neck pain (prevalence ratio: 2.0), hypothyroidism (prevalence ratio 2.4), and carpal tunnel syndrome (prevalence ratio: 3.0). More than half (58%) of the sample presented with psychiatric disorders. Conclusion. It can be concluded that the profile of the patient with fibromyalgia assessed in the UMEVI is a woman, aged 46-60 years, mostly with a relatively unskilled job, and with primary level education. More than half of the cases had associated psychiatric disorders, and often associated with neck pain diagnoses, carpal tunnel syndrome, and hypothyroidism (AU)

«Abordaje clínico de la fibromialgia: síntesis de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia, una revisión sistemática» / «Clinical approach to fibromyalgia: synthesis of Evidence-based recommendations, a systematic review»

Objetivos. Se han hecho esfuerzos en estandarizar una práctica basada en la evidencia, pero las guías de práctica clínica no siempre siguen métodos rigurosos de desarrollo. El objetivo de esta revisión es identificar las guías actuales, analizar la variabilidad de sus recomendaciones y hacer una síntesis para su uso clínico. Material y método. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de guías de práctica clínica en las bases de datos electrónicas y bases de guías; con los términos: «fibromyalgia» AND [«guideline» OR «Clinical Practice guideline»], desde enero de 2003 a julio de 2013. Se seleccionaron las guías según los siguientes criterios: a) dirigidas al tratamiento de la fibromialgia en población adulta, b) basadas en evidencia científica, buscada de forma sistemática, c) incluyen niveles de evidencia y fuerza de recomendación, d) escritas en inglés o español. Resultados. De los 249 resultados, 6 guías cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Las guías analizadas en esta revisión muestran gran variabilidad tanto en presencia como en nivel de evidencia y fuerza de recomendación de muchos tratamientos. El ejercicio físico y la terapia cognitivo-conductual son las terapias de primera elección, con alto nivel de evidencia. La amitriptilina, usada por periodos cortos para controlar el dolor, es el tratamiento farmacológico con evidencia más sólida. El abordaje multimodal reporta mejores resultados que la aplicación aislada de cualquier tratamiento. Conclusiones. Las recomendaciones finales identifican los tratamientos óptimos, facilitando la translación de la evidencia a la práctica y permitiendo mayor eficiencia y efectividad en una actividad asistencial de calidad (AU)

Objectives. Efforts have been made to standardise evidence-based practice, but clinical practice guidelines do not always follow strict development methods. The objective of this review is to identify the current guidelines, analyse the variability of its recommendations and make a synthesis for clinical practice. Material and methods. A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines was made in electronic databases and guidelines databases; using 'fibromyalgia' AND ['guideline' OR 'Clinical Practice guideline'] as terms, from January for 2003 to July of 2013. Guidelines were selected according to the following criteria: a) aimed to fibromyalgia treatment in adults; b) based on scientific evidence, systematically searched; c) evidence levels and strength of recommendation included; d) written in English or Spanish. Results. From 249 initial results, six guides fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Clinical practice guidelines analysed in this review show great variability both in the presence and level of evidence and in the strength of recommendation of many treatments. Physical exercise and cognitive-behavioural therapy are first-line treatments, showing high level of evidence. Amitriptyline, used for short periods of time for pain control, is the pharmacologic treatment with the most solid evidence. The multimodal approach reported better results than the isolated application of any treatment. Conclusions. Final recommendations in this review identify optimal treatments, facilitating the translation of evidence into practice and enabling more efficient and effective quality care (AU)

Educación al paciente con fibromialgia. Revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados / Education for patients with fibromyalgia. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials

Objetivo. Analizar la efectividad de la educación al paciente con fibromialgia sobre el dolor, calidad de vida y funcionalidad. Sujetos y métodos. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó utilizando bases de datos electrónicas. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: estudios clínicos aleatorizados y controlados (ECA), realizados en pacientes con fibromialgia, donde la intervención terapéutica se basara en la educación al paciente, y publicados en inglés y castellano. Dos revisores independientes analizaron la calidad metodológica utilizando la escala PEDro. Resultados. Se seleccionaron cinco ECA, de los cuales cuatro presentaron una calidad metodológica buena. En tres de los estudios, la educación al paciente, en combinación con otra intervención basada en ejercicio terapéutico, mejoró los resultados en las variables que evaluaron el dolor y la calidad de vida en comparación con las mismas intervenciones realizadas por separado. Además, un ECA de buena calidad metodológica mostró que la educación al paciente activó vías neurales inhibitorias descendentes del dolor. El análisis cualitativo muestra evidencia fuerte-moderada acerca de que la educación al paciente, en combinación con otras intervenciones de ejercicio terapéutico, ofrece resultados positivos en las variables de dolor, calidad de vida y funcionalidad. Conclusiones. La educación al paciente por sí sola no ha mostrado ser efectiva sobre el dolor, la calidad de vida ni la funcionalidad en pacientes con fibromialgia. Existe evidencia fuerte de la efectividad de la combinación de educación al paciente con ejercicio y estrategias activas de afrontamiento sobre el dolor, la calidad de vida y la funcionalidad a corto, medio y largo plazo en pacientes con fibromialgia (AU)

Aim. To analyse the effectiveness of education about pain, quality of life and functionality in patients with fibromyalgia. Subjects and methods. The search for articles was carried out in electronic databases. Eligibility criteria were: controlled randomised clinical trials (RCT), published in English and Spanish, that had been conducted on patients with fibromyalgia, in which the therapeutic procedure was based on patient education. Two independent reviewers analysed the methodological quality using the PEDro scale. Results. Five RCT were selected, of which four offered good methodological quality. In three of the studies, patient education, in combination with another intervention based on therapeutic exercise, improved the outcomes in the variables assessing pain and quality of life as compared with the same procedures performed separately. Moreover, an RCT with a high quality methodology showed that patient education activated inhibitory neural pathways capable of lowering the level of pain. The quantitative analysis yields strong-moderate evidence that patient education, in combination with other therapeutic exercise procedures, offers positive results in the variables pain, quality of life and functionality. Conclusions. Patient education in itself has not proved to be effective for pain, quality of life or functionality in patients with fibromyalgia. There is strong evidence, however, of the effectiveness of combining patient education with exercise and active strategies for coping with pain, quality of life and functionality in the short, medium and long term in patients with fibromialgia (AU)

Empagliflozin, an Inhibitor of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Exerts Anti-Inflammatory and Antifibrotic Effects on Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy Partly by Suppressing AGEs-Receptor Axis.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and receptor RAGE play a role in diabetic nephropathy. We have previously shown that increased glucose uptake into proximal tubular cells via sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) stimulates oxidative stress generation and RAGE expression, thereby exacerbating the AGE-induced apoptosis in this cell type. However, the protective role of SGLT2 inhibition against the AGE-RAGE-induced renal damage in diabetic animals remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of empagliflozin, SGLT2 inhibitor on AGE-RAGE axis, inflammatory and fibrotic reactions, and tubular injury in the kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Administration of empagliflozin for 4 weeks significantly improved hyperglycemia and HbA1c, and decreased expression levels of AGEs, RAGE, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and F4/80, markers of oxidative stress and macrophages, respectively, in the diabetic kidney. Although empagliflozin did not reduce albuminuria, it significantly decreased urinary excretion levels of 8-OHdG and L-fatty acid binding protein, a marker of tubular injury. Moreover, inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, transforming growth factor-ß, and connective tissue growth factor was enhanced in the diabetic kidney, all of which were prevented by empagliflozin. The present study suggests that empagliflozin could inhibit oxidative, inflammatory and fibrotic reactions in the kidney of diabetic rats partly via suppression of the AGE-RAGE axis. Blockade of the increased glucose uptake into renal proximal tubular cells by empagliflozin might be a novel therapeutic target for tubulointerstitial damage in diabetic nephropathy.

Efectos de un programa de Ai Chi acuático en pacientes con fibromialgia. Estudio piloto / Effects of a programme of aquatic Ai Chi exercise in patients with fibromyalgia. A pilot study

Introducción. La fibromialgia es un trastorno reumático que presenta sintomatología física, psicológica y social. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar los beneficios de un programa de Ai Chi en el medio acuático sobre la calidad de vida, depresión y dolor en pacientes con fibromialgia. Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio experimental con 20 pacientes diagnosticadas de fibromialgia de dos localidades distintas. Las dimensiones del estudio fueron la capacidad funcional (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire), la valoración del dolor (escala analógica visual) y la salud física y mental (Short Form-36). Las evaluaciones se llevaron a cabo en el momento basal y al finalizar las 20 sesiones. Resultados. Finalizadas las diez semanas de tratamiento, se obtuvieron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) en prácticamente todas las variables valoradas. Conclusión. Un programa de Ai Chi en el medio acuático contribuye a mejorar la salud física y mental, el dolor y la calidad de vida de pacientes con fibromialgia (AU)

Introduction. Fibromyalgia is rheumathological disease a combination of physical, psychological and social limitations. The aim of the present study is to determinate the benefits of Ai Chi program on quality of life, depression and pain. Patients and methods. An experimental study was performed with 20 fibromyalgia patients two different cities. Outcome measures were functional capacity (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire), pain (Visual Analogue Scale) and quality of life (Short Form-36). Measures were performed at baseline and after ten weeks post-intervention. Results. After ten weeks of treatment, the results showed significant reduction (p < 0,05) in virtually all outcome measures. Conclusion. An Ai Chi aquatic therapy programme contributes to reduce pain and improve quality of life as well as physical and mental health in patients with fibromyalgia (AU)

Self-efficacy and affect as mediators between pain dimensions and emotional symptoms and functional limitation in women with fibromyalgia.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of self-efficacy and affect as mediators of the relationship between pain and several fibromyalgia (FM) symptoms (functional limitation, depression, and anxiety). We evaluated 144 women with FM for self-reported pain (numerical pain scale), pressure pain sensitivity (pressure pain thresholds), functional limitation (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire), self-efficacy (Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale), depression-anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and positive-negative affect (Positive-Negative Affect Scale). Mediating analyses were conducted with ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis. The results demonstrated that self-reported pain and pressure pain sensitivity exhibited significant relationships with functional limitation, anxiety, depression, self-efficacy, and affect. Affect mediated the relationship between pressure pain sensitivity and anxiety, whereas self-efficacy was the mediating variable between self-reported pain and functional limitation and depression. Our results support a complex nature of pain in women presenting with FM, as cognitive and emotional variables have different mediator relationships between pain dimensions and functional and emotional outcomes in women with FM.

Hipnose em grupo para pessoas com fibromialgia: considerações clínicas / Hypnosis within groups for people with fibromyalgia: clinical considerations

A síndrome dolorosa crônica conhecida como fibromialgia possui etiologia desconhecida e tem tido um número crescente de diagnósticos, desafiando sistemas tradicionais de cuidado. Diante disso, ainda que prevaleça a hegemonia do modelo biomédico, tratamentos que buscam uma compreensão complexa da experiência da dor têm contribuído significativamente para o tratamento dessa população. A hipnose se constitui como uma ferramenta importante para o tratamento da dor e tem sido representada em diversas pesquisas. Entretanto, partindo de uma perspectiva qualitativa, grande parte delas estudam apenas atendimentos individuais, ocasionando uma grande escassez de estudos relativos à hipnose em grupo. Dessa forma, devido a consagrada efetividade de grupos terapêuticos e da hipnose no tratamento da dor, essa pesquisa intenciona analisar o impacto de intervenções hipnóticas em grupos terapêuticos nas configurações subjetivas da dor vivida por pessoas com fibromialgia. Por conceber a dor como uma experiência subjetiva, foi utilizada a metodologia construtiva-interpretativa, com base da Epistemologia Qualitativa de González Rey, a fim de desenvolver a compreensão dessas configurações subjetivas. Foram realizados dois grupos, cada um com doze encontros no CAEP (UnB), nos quais foram utilizadas temáticas baseadas na metodologia de hipnose ericksoniana chamada "Grupo de Crescimento" de Tereza Robles. Nos casos estudados, diversos elementos relacionados a processos subjetivos relativos às dores das participantes denunciaram a complexidade dessas experiências. A vivência da hipnose e das trocas no contexto do grupo, impactaram em alguns desses elementos, indicando reconfigurações subjetivas relativas à autonomia, a experiências traumáticas e aos modos de relação dos sujeitos. A vivência do transe proporciona alterações de referências que se apresentaram de forma específica no contexto de grupo. A construção e interpretação dos indicadores propiciaram reflexões que demonstraram a importância de reconhecer a dor como uma experiência subjetiva, da hipnose em grupo como uma ferramenta importante para pessoas com fibromialgia, além de outras questões sociais e clínicas.(AU)

The chronic pain syndrome known as fibromyalgia has an unknown etiology and has an increasing number of diagnoses, challenging traditional care systems. Therefore, although the prevalence of the biomedical model, treatments that seek a complex understanding of the pain experience have contributed significantly to treating cases of this disease. Hypnosis is an important tool for the treatment of pain as has been shown in several studies. However, from a qualitative perspective, most of them approached only sessions conducted individually, which explain the severe shortage of studies on the use of hypnosis within groups. Thus, due to the effectiveness of therapeutic groups and hypnosis itself in the treatment of pain, this research analyses the impact of hypnotic interventions in therapeutic groups in the subjective configuration of pain experienced by people with fibromyalgia. Acknowledging pain as a subjective experience, this research adopts a constructive-interpretative methodology supported by the principles of the Qualitative Epistemology by González Rey, in order to develop an understanding of these subjective configurations. Two separate groups were conducted, each with twelve meetings in CAEP (UNB), in which were adopted themes based on Ericksonian hypnosis methodology called "Growth Group" by Theresa Robles. In the cases analyzed, several elements related to subjective processes related to pain felt by the participants indicated the complexity of these experiences. The hypnotic experience, as well as the sharing of experiences within the groups, affected some of these elements, pointing to subjective reconfigurations related to autonomy, traumatic experiences and the subject's relations. The trance provides reference shifts which were detected specifically in the group context. The development and interpretation of these indicators have led to reflections that demonstrated the importance of recognizing pain as a subjective experience, group hypnosis as an important tool for people with fibromyalgia, besides other social and clinical issues.(AU)

Cognitive behavioral therapies for fibromyalgia.

Editor's note: This is a summary of a nursing care-related systematic review from the Cochrane Library.