ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: In the Brazilian public healthcare system, natalizumab is recommended as fourth-line treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Although natalizumab has already demonstrated higher effectiveness compared with fingolimod in some studies, this real-world study was conducted to evaluate annualized hospitalization rates (AHR) in Brazil for both treatments when switching from platform therapies. As secondary goals, we analyzed RRMS treatment patterns and hospitalization profiles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We extracted data from the DATASUS database of patients with MS (ICD-10 G35) who initiated treatment from January 2012 to December 2017. Two cohorts were screened for different purposes. Cohort 1 was used to analyze treatment patterns and hospitalization profiles and was defined as individuals who had at least one claim related to MS therapies and had received at least two lines of treatment. The second cohort, which was a subset of the first, was used to compare natalizumab's and fingolimod's AHR reduction from previous treatment lines and included patients switching from platform therapy to one of these two drugs. Cohort 2 adjustment was assessed through two different statistical methods: propensity score (PS) and inverse probability weighting (IPW). RESULTS: Of 29,410 patients screened, 2,876 were included in cohort 1. Three quarters of hospitalizations reported in this cohort were for treatment of MS relapse. Cohort 2 included 1,005 patients, and natalizumab was more commonly used (n = 540) than fingolimod (n = 465). Both PS and IPW analyses showed that patients treated with natalizumab had a statistical significantly reduction in AHR compared with first-line treatment (p<0.01 for both PS and IPW), while fingolimod did not result in significant reduction in AHR (p = 0.20 for PS and p = 0.17 for IPW). CONCLUSION: This study provides real-world evidence of natalizumab's and fingolimod's effectiveness in terms of AHR, with an increased reduction in AHR with natalizumab. The findings of this study also provide information to support disease management and healthcare planning in the Brazilian public healthcare system.
Subject(s)
Fingolimod Hydrochloride/therapeutic use , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/drug therapy , Natalizumab/therapeutic use , Administrative Claims, Healthcare/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Aged , Brazil , Female , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/administration & dosage , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/adverse effects , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Public/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Male , Middle Aged , Natalizumab/administration & dosage , Natalizumab/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Conclusion Bioequivalence Results: A total of 40 subjects were planned and enrolled in the study. Thirty-nine (39) subjects completed the clinical phase of the study and data of thirty-nine (39) subjects were considered for pharmacokinetic and statistical analysis. The 90 % CI's of Ln-transformed parameters for Fingolimod are summarized below: Safety results: Two (02) AEs were reported during the clinical phase of the study which were unexpected and not related to study drug, mild in severity and were considered for lost to follow up. No serious AEs (SAEs) were observed during the clinical phase. Conclusion: Based on the statistical analysis of Fingolimod on 39 subjects, it is concluded that the Test Product (T): Fibroneurina manufactured by Laboratorios Bagó, Argentina shows bioequivalence with the Reference Product Fingolimod 0.5 mg hard capsules Manufactured by Novartis Pharma GmbH, Germany. Date of the report: 04 February 2017
Subject(s)
Humans , Capsules/pharmacokinetics , Therapeutic Equivalency , Previous Analysis of Products , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/administration & dosageABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess safety of the switch between natalizumab and fingolimod without a washout period. METHODS: Prospective data on 25 JCV positive patients who underwent this medication switch were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: After a median period of nine months from the medication switch, there were no safety issues to report. The patients had good disease control and no adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Washout may not be necessary in daily practice when switching from natalizumab to fingolimod. Expertise on multiple sclerosis management, however, is essential for drug switching.
Subject(s)
Drug Substitution , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/administration & dosage , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage , Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy , Natalizumab/administration & dosage , Adult , Female , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/adverse effects , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , JC Virus/drug effects , JC Virus/immunology , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/complications , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/virology , Male , Multiple Sclerosis/complications , Natalizumab/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Viral LoadABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective To assess safety of the switch between natalizumab and fingolimod without a washout period. Methods Prospective data on 25 JCV positive patients who underwent this medication switch were collected and analyzed. Results After a median period of nine months from the medication switch, there were no safety issues to report. The patients had good disease control and no adverse events were reported. Conclusion Washout may not be necessary in daily practice when switching from natalizumab to fingolimod. Expertise on multiple sclerosis management, however, is essential for drug switching.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a segurança na mudança entre natalizumabe e fingolimode sem período de washout. Métodos Dados prospectivos de 25 pacientes positivos para vírus JC que tiveram sua medicação modificada foram coletados e analisados. Resultados Após uma mediana de nove meses da troca de medicação, não havia aspectos de segurança a relatar. Os pacientes estavam com bom controle da doença e não foram relatados eventos adversos. Conclusão Washout pode não ser necessário na prática diária para a mudança entre natalizumabe e fingolimode. No entanto, expertise no manejo de esclerose múltipla é essencial para esta troca entre medicações.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Drug Substitution , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/administration & dosage , Natalizumab/administration & dosage , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage , Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy , Prospective Studies , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/complications , Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/virology , Treatment Outcome , JC Virus/drug effects , JC Virus/immunology , Viral Load , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/adverse effects , Natalizumab/adverse effects , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Multiple Sclerosis/complicationsSubject(s)
Fingolimod Hydrochloride/adverse effects , Hypothyroidism/chemically induced , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/drug therapy , Adult , Female , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/administration & dosage , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Fingolimod is a once-daily oral treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis, the proprietary production processes of which are tightly controlled, owing to its susceptibility to contamination by impurities, including genotoxic impurities. Many markets produce nonproprietary medicines; assessing their efficacy and safety is difficult as regulators may approve nonproprietary drugs without bioequivalence data, genotoxic evaluation, or risk management plans (RMPs). This assessment is especially important for fingolimod given its solubility/bioavailability profile, genotoxicity risk, and low-dose final product (0.5 mg). This paper presents an evaluation of the quality of proprietary and nonproprietary fingolimod variants. METHODS: Proprietary fingolimod was used as a reference substance against which eleven nonproprietary fingolimod copies were assessed. The microparticle size distribution of each compound was assessed by laser light diffraction, and inorganic impurity content by sulfated ash testing. Heavy metals content was quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and levels of unspecified impurities by high-performance liquid chromatography. Solubility was assessed in a range of solvents at different pH values. Key information from the fingolimod RMP is also presented. RESULTS: Nonproprietary fingolimod variants exhibited properties out of proprietary or internationally accepted specifications, including differences in particle size distribution and levels of impurities such as heavy metals. For microparticle size and heavy metals, all tested fingolimod copies were out-of-specification by several-fold magnitudes. Proprietary fingolimod has a well-defined RMP, highlighting known and potential mid- to long-term safety risks, and risk-minimization and pharmacovigilance procedures. CONCLUSION: Nonproprietary fingolimod copies produced by processes less well controlled than or altered from proprietary production processes may reduce product reproducibility and quality, potentially presenting risks to patients. Safety data and risk-minimization strategies for proprietary fingolimod may not apply to the nonproprietary fingolimod copies evaluated here. Market authorization of nonproprietary fingolimod copies should require an appropriate RMP to minimize risks to patients.
Subject(s)
Fingolimod Hydrochloride/therapeutic use , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/drug therapy , Administration, Oral , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/administration & dosage , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosageABSTRACT
CONTEXTO: A Esclerose Múltipla (EM) é uma doença autoimune, desmielinizante, crônica do sistema nervoso central, comum em adultos jovens, predominante entre mulheres, com evolução progressiva e imprevisível. A incidência mundial é de 2,5 casos novos a cada 100.000 pessoas por ano e no Brasil sua taxa de prevalência média é de aproximadamente 15 casos/100.000 habitantes, variando entre as regiões e sendo mais prevalente nas regiões sul e sudeste. Atualmente, segundo PCDT vigente (Portaria SAS/MS nº 493, de 23 de setembro de 2010), acetato de glatirâmer e betainterferona (1A ou 1B) são os fármacos de primeira escolha para o tratamento de Esclerose Múltipla Remitente Recorrente (EMRR). O uso de natalizumabe ocorre em casos refratários, tanto às betainterferonas quanto a glatirâmer. Atualmente, existem 11.650 pacientes recebendo betainterferonas, acetato de glatirâmer e natalizumabe para o tratamento de EM (DATASUS). TRATAMENTO: O tratamento é preconizado apenas para as formas EM-RR e EM-SP, pois não há evidência de benefício para as demais. O Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Esclerose Múltipla do Ministério da Saúde publicado em novembro de 2013 preconiza as betainterferonas e glatirâmer como primeira escolha e recomenda que o natalizumabe seja iniciado somente em casos refratários tanto a betainterferonas quanto a glatirâmer. A CONITEC já avaliou outras demandas por incorporação do fingolimode ao tratamento de esclerose múltipla no SUS, tendo emitido o relatório número 04, de julho de 2012, no qual não recomendou a incorporação desta tecnologia para a primeira linha de tratamento da esclerose múltipla. O relatório, à época, trouxe como um dos motivos para a não incorporação do medicamento os dados de segurança, que demandava a realização de estudos clínicos de fase IV ou de pós-comercialização a fim de avaliar a segurança do medicamento, especialmente os efeitos adversos cardiovasculares, para que então se reavaliasse a relação risco e benefício da tecnologia. A TECNOLOGIA: Fingolimode é indicado como terapia modificadora de doença para tratamento de pacientes adultos com esclerose múltipla remitente recorrente para reduzir a freqüência de reincidências e retardar a progressão da incapacidade7 (CID G35.0, ou seja, esclerose múltipla). EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: os demandantes apresentaram em seus pareceres técnico-científicos as buscas realizadas por evidências científicas. Nos três casos, a pergunta de pesquisa foi adequada, considerando os comparadores disponíveis no SUS. Nas três propostas encaminhadas, os demandantes selecionaram o estudo que comparou o fingolimode ao betainterferona-1a (TRANSFORMS) e mais dois artigos que derivaram deste estudo principal, um de extensão do estudo e outro de análise de subgrupo. Os três estudos são de nível de evidência 1B, segundo maior nível de evidência. Os resultados apontam para eficácia superior do fingolimode em relação ao betainterferona-1a, porém ainda há incertezas sobre os resultados de segurança, especialmente para o uso em primeira linha. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Com discussão posterior à Consulta Pública, tendo como base a ausência de dados novos que superassem a incerteza quanto ao balanço de riscos e benefícios do uso do fingolimode em primeira e segunda linha, devido, sobretudo, aos potenciais eventos cardiovasculares relacionados à primeira dose do fingolimode, os membros do plenário, na reunião realizada nos dias 7 e 8/5/2014, deliberaram, por unanimidade, por não recomendar a incorporação do fingolimode para a primeira e segunda linha do tratamento da esclerose múltipla. DECISÕES: PORTARIA Nº 24, de 27 de junho de 2014 - Torna pública a decisão de incorporar o fingolimode no Sistema Único de Saúde nos casos de: pacientes com esclerose múltipla remitente-recorrente; com surtos incapacitantes após falha ao uso de betainterferona e de glatirâmer; com impossibilidade de uso de natalizumabe e sem contraindicação ao uso de fingolimode conforme Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Interferon-beta/adverse effects , Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/drug therapy , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/administration & dosage , Glatiramer Acetate/adverse effects , Natalizumab , Unified Health System , Brazil , Cost-Benefit Analysis/economics , Treatment FailureABSTRACT
En Colombia se han aprobado cinco medicamentos para el uso en EM: interferón 1a y 1b, acetato de glatiramer, natalizumab y fingolimod. Todos ellos han demostrado que reducen el número de recaídas y el número de lesiones nuevas en la resonancia magnética cerebral [4]. La importancia del tratamiento a largo plazo de la esclerosis múltiple con medicamentos modificadores del curso de la enfermedad (interferones y acetato de glatiramer) ha sido previamente demostrada [5]. Esta importancia se debe a que varios ensayos clínicos han presentado, en análisis exploratorios, que la terapia con estos fármacos a largo plazo retrasan el tiempo de aparición de una progresión significativa de la enfermedad [5]. El uso a largo plazo de natalizumab y fingolimod no ha sido evaluado ya que son medicamentos recientes. En general, los expertos recomiendan el uso de interferones y de acetato de glatiramer como agentes de primera línea y natalizumab y fingolimod como de segunda [4, 8]. Efectividad: el interferón ß1a, a una dosis de 30 mcgs, no tuvo diferencias estadísticamente significativas frente a placebo, mientras que el interferón ß1a, a una dosis de 44 mcgs, disminuye los pacientes con recaídas a los 12 meses (OR 0.59 IC 95% 0.43-0.81), a los 24 meses (OR 0.45 IC 95% 0.28-0.71) y con progresión de la enfermedad a 24 meses (OR 0.65 IC 95% 0.45-0.93). El interferón ß1b disminuye los pacientes con recaídas a los 24 meses (OR 0.55 IC 95% 0.31-0.99). El acetato de glatiramer reduce el número de pacientes con recaídas a los doce meses con un OR de 0.59 95% IC (0.37-0.93). A los 12 y a los 24 meses, el natalizumab disminuye de manera importante los pacientes con recaídas a los con un OR de 0.38 95% IC (0.28-0.51) y 0.32 95% IC (0.24-0.43). Asimismo, disminuye los pacientes que tienen progresión de la enfermedad a los 24 meses, OR 0.56 95% IC (0.42-0.74). Fingolimod aumenta los pacientes que están libres de recaídas con un OR de 2.85 95% IC (2.15-3.78) y aumenta también los pacientes sin progresión de la enfermedad OR 1.49 95% IC (1.06-2.08). La calidad de la evidencia fue alta para tres de los cuatro estudios incluidos, y baja, para el estudio faltante. Seguridad: en general, los interferones, acetato de glatiramer y natalizumab tienen un perfil de seguridad parecido al placebo ya que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Sin embargo, los pacientes bajo tratamiento con estos medicamentos tuvieron más riesgo de descontinuar el tratamiento. Los pacientes con natalizumab tienen más riesgo de reacciones de hipersensibilidad RR 25.42 IC 95 (1.55-416) y de reacciones de infusión RR 1.34 IC 95% (1.01-7.12), que son infrecuentes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/drug therapy , Fingolimod Hydrochloride/administration & dosage , Glatiramer Acetate/administration & dosage , Interferon beta-1a/administration & dosage , Interferon beta-1b/administration & dosage , Natalizumab/administration & dosage , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Colombia , Biomedical TechnologyABSTRACT
La esclerosis múltiple (EM), es una enfermedad autoinmune, crónica, inflamatoria, desmielinizante del sistema nervioso central (SNC) que se presenta en individuos genéticamente susceptibles y que involucra a factores inmunológicos como anticuerpos, complementos, mediadores de la respuesta innata. Es considerada dentro de las enfermedades desmielinizantes inflamatorias idiopáticas, y constituye una de las causas más frecuentes de discapacidad neurológica en adultos jóvenes. Como resultado de la utilización de fingolimod en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple se observó mejoras la tasa anual de recaídas. Se recomienda cubrir.(AU)