ABSTRACT
In 2009, the Usutu virus (USUV) was first reported as a cause of human neuroinvasive disorders. In Switzerland, USUV has been detected in wild birds with a seroprevalence of up to 6.59% in captive specimens sampled from zoo enclosures. This study investigates the clinical prevalence of USUV in human acute neuroinvasive disorders in Switzerland. Two hundred and fifty-eight cerebrospinal fluid samples collected between 2015 and 2017 for routine clinical care in a tertiary level hospital (Geneva) were tested for USUV by rRT-PCR. No samples were found positive, suggesting the absence, or the extremely low circulation of USUV in Western Switzerland.
Subject(s)
Flavivirus Infections/cerebrospinal fluid , Flavivirus/isolation & purification , Nervous System Diseases/virology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Animals , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Encephalitis, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid , Encephalitis, Viral/epidemiology , Flavivirus/genetics , Flavivirus Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Middle Aged , Nervous System Diseases/epidemiology , Pilot Projects , RNA, Viral/genetics , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Switzerland/epidemiology , Tertiary Care Centers , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To monitor the spread and to evaluate the role for public health of Usutu virus (USUV) in an endemic area of Italy. METHODS: The survey was retrospectively conducted by detecting USUV RNA and USUV antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples collected between 2008 and 2011 from 915 patients with or without neurologic impairments in the area of the municipality of Modena, Italy. Organs of birds and pools of mosquitoes were also tested for USUV RNA. Positive samples were partially sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: The presence of USUV RNA (1.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-2.0) was significantly (p <0.05) higher than that of West Nile virus (0%; 95% CI 0-0.33). USUV antibody level was 6.57% (95% CI 4.87-8.82), and it was significantly higher (p <0.05) compared to that of West Nile virus (p 2.96, 95% CI 1.89-4.62). Partial genome sequencing of USUV strains detected in humans, birds and mosquitoes revealed high nucleotide sequence identity within them and with the USUV strains isolated in Central Europe. CONCLUSIONS: USUV infection in humans is not a sporadic event in the studied area, and USUV neuroinvasiveness has been confirmed.
Subject(s)
Flavivirus Infections/virology , Flavivirus/isolation & purification , Adult , Aged , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Birds/virology , Culex/virology , Female , Flavivirus Infections/blood , Flavivirus Infections/cerebrospinal fluid , Flavivirus Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Italy , Male , Middle Aged , Mosquito Vectors/virology , Phylogeny , RNA, Viral/blood , Retrospective Studies , Serologic Tests , Viral Proteins/genetics , Viral Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was evaluated in mice and hamsters infected with West Nile virus (WNV, flavivirus) as compared to those infected with Semliki Forest (alphavirus) and Banzi (flavivirus) viruses. BBB permeability was determined by measurement of fluorescence in brain homogenates or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of sodium fluorescein, by macroscopic examination of brains after i.p. injection of Evans blue, or by measurement of total protein in CSF compared to serum. Lethal infection of BALB/c mice with Semliki Forest virus and Banzi virus caused the brain : serum fluorescence ratios to increase from a baseline of 2-4% to as high as 11 and 15%, respectively. Lethal infection of BALB/c mice with WNV did not increase BBB permeability. When C57BL/6 mice were used, BBB permeability was increased in some, but not all, of the WNV-infected animals. A procedure was developed to measure BBB permeability in live WNV-infected hamsters by comparing the fluorescence in the CSF, aspirated from the cisterna magnum, with the fluorescence in the serum. Despite a time-dependent tendency towards increased BBB permeability in some WNV-infected hamsters, the highest BBB permeability values did not correlate with mortality. These data indicated that a measurable increase in BBB permeability was not a primary determinant for lethality of WNV infection in rodents. The lack of a consistent increase in BBB permeability in WNV-infected rodents has implications for the understanding of viral entry, viral pathogenesis and accessibility of the CNS of rodents to drugs or effector molecules.
