ABSTRACT
Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.) is a multi-functional tree with widespread application in toiletries, biomedicine, biomass energy, and landscaping. The pericarp of soapberry can be used as a medicine or detergent. However, there is currently no systematic study on the chemical constituents of soapberry pericarp during fruit development and ripening, and the dynamic changes in these constituents still unclear. In this study, a non-targeted metabolomics approach using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) was used to comprehensively profile the variations in metabolites in the soapberry pericarp at eight fruit growth stages. The metabolome coverage of UHPLC-HRMS on a HILIC column was higher than that of a C18 column. A total of 111 metabolites were putatively annotated. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis of pericarp metabolic composition revealed clear metabolic shifts from early (S1-S2) to late (S3-S5) development stages to fruit ripening stages (S6-S8). Furthermore, pairwise comparison identified 57 differential metabolites that were involved in 18 KEGG pathways. Early fruit development stages (S1-S2) were characterized by high levels of key fatty acids, nucleotides, organic acids, and phosphorylated intermediates, whereas fruit ripening stages (S6-S8) were characterized by high contents of bioactive and valuable metabolites, such as troxipide, vorinostat, furamizole, alpha-tocopherol quinone, luteolin, and sucrose. S8 (fully developed and mature stage) was the most suitable stage for fruit harvesting to utilize the pericarp. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first metabolomics study of the soapberry pericarp during whole fruit growth. The results could offer valuable information for harvesting, processing, and application of soapberry pericarp, as well as highlight the metabolites that could mediate the biological activity or properties of this medicinal plant.
Subject(s)
Fruit/chemistry , Metabolic Networks and Pathways/physiology , Metabolome , Metabolomics/methods , Sapindus/chemistry , Carboxylic Acids/classification , Carboxylic Acids/isolation & purification , Carboxylic Acids/metabolism , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Fatty Acids/classification , Fatty Acids/isolation & purification , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Flavones/classification , Flavones/isolation & purification , Flavones/metabolism , Fruit/metabolism , Nucleotides/classification , Nucleotides/isolation & purification , Nucleotides/metabolism , Principal Component Analysis , Quinones/classification , Quinones/isolation & purification , Quinones/metabolism , Sapindus/metabolism , Saponins/classification , Saponins/isolation & purification , Saponins/metabolismABSTRACT
MAIN CONCLUSION: As a result of this work, we were able to characterize seven indigenous to Greece Salvia officinalis populations using genetic and metabolomic tools. These tools can be used to select the most promising genotypes, capable to design future breeding programs for high valuable varieties. An initial investigation was carried out to compare the genetic and metabolic diversity in S. officinalis grown in Greece and to discern the relationship between the two sets of data. Analysis of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) revealed significant genetic differences among seven sage populations, which were grouped into three main clusters according to an UPGMA ISSR data-based dendrogram and Principle Coordinate Analysis. 80 loci were scored of which up to 90% were polymorphic at species level. According to the composition of their essential oil, the populations were classified into two chemotypes: 1.8 cineole/α-thujone and α-thujone/1.8 cineole. Additionally, a targeted ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS) method was used to qualify and quantify phenolic compounds in methanolic extracts of the seven sage genotypes according to which they were districted in six clusters among the sage populations. The main compounds characterizing the seven genotypes were rosmarinic acid and carnosol, followed by apigenin-7-O-glucoside (Ap7glc), and luteolin-7-O-glucoside (Lu7glc). The correlation between matrices obtained from ISSR data and metabolic profiles was non-significant. However, based on the differences in metabolic fingerprint, we aimed to define populations using as main selection criteria the high polyphenol content and desired essential oil composition, using state to the art analytical tools for the identification of parent lines for breeding programs.
Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , Metabolome , Oils, Volatile/classification , Polyphenols/metabolism , Salvia officinalis/genetics , Bicyclic Monoterpenes , Breeding , Cyclohexanols/classification , Cyclohexanols/metabolism , Eucalyptol , Flavones/classification , Flavones/metabolism , Genetics, Population , Genotype , Glucosides/classification , Glucosides/metabolism , Monoterpenes/classification , Monoterpenes/metabolism , Oils, Volatile/metabolism , Phylogeny , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Salvia officinalis/metabolismABSTRACT
The genus Tephrosia, belonging to the Leguminosae family, is a large pantropical genus of more than 350 species, many of which have important traditional uses in agriculture. This review not only outlines the source, chemistry and biological evaluations of natural products from the genus Tephrosia worldwide that have appeared in literature from 1910 to December 2013, but also covers work related to proposed biosynthetic pathways and synthesis of some natural products from the genus Tephrosia, with 105 citations and 168 new compounds.
Subject(s)
Biological Products , Chalcones/chemistry , Flavones/chemistry , Tephrosia/chemistry , Agriculture , Chalcones/classification , Flavones/classification , Metabolic Networks and Pathways , Molecular Structure , Tephrosia/metabolism , Triterpenes/chemistryABSTRACT
Six flavone derivatives were studied. Previously reported NMR data of three of these derivatives were corrected and the NMR data for the other three derivatives not studied previously were completely assigned on the basis of the basic 1D and 2D NMR experiments and molecular modeling.
