Immunoglobulin and CD8⁺ T-cell distribution in histologically distinctive tonsils of individuals with tonsillar focal infection.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the common immunological mechanism, which involves aberration of immunoglobulin and T-cell distribution in histologically distinctive tonsils, may be associated with the pathogenesis of tonsillar focal infection. OBJECTIVES: Tonsillar focal infection comprises a group of relatively common diseases combined with chronic tonsillar infection, is associated with unusual immune responses in tonsils, and may cause lesions in another distant target organ. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of inflammatory T cells and T-cell regulatory elements, such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and Fork head box protein 3 (Foxp3), immunoglobulin production, and histological characteristics in tonsils from patients with tonsillar focal infection. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to compare the expression of CD8(+) T cells, immunoglobulins, and cytokines associated with immunoglobulin production in the tonsils of patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN), palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and chronic tonsillitis. RESULTS: The overexpression of CD8(+) T cells combined with decreased expression of Foxp3 and PD-1 and the aberration of immunoglobulin production, which may be due to the elevated expression of activation-induced deaminase (AID), B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF), supporting isotype switching, and B-cell survival in the histologically distinctive tonsils.

Imaging of a localized bacterial infection with endogenous thymidine kinase using radioisotope-labeled nucleosides.

The importance of noninvasive imaging methods to bacterial infections is widely recognized. To obtain bacterial infection imaging with radioisotope-labeled nucleosides, bacterial thymidine kinase (tk) activities of Salmonella typhimurium with [(125)I]5-iodo-1-(2'-fluoro-2'-deoxy-ß-d-arabinofuranosyl)uracil ([(125)I]FIAU) or 3'-deoxy-3'-[(18)F]fluorothymidine ([(18)F]FLT) were measured. The infection model in BALB/c mice was imaged with [(125)I]FIAU or [(18)F]FLT using small-animal Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) or Positron Emission Tomography (PET), respectively. The accumulated radioactivity of [(125)I]FIAU or [(18)F]FLT in the two strains showed a linearly increased pattern with increasing incubation time or bacterial numbers. The image clearly demonstrated a high uptake of [(125)I]FIAU and [(18)F]FLT in the bacterial infection site. [(18)F]FLT uptake in the infection site of was 7.286±2.405, whereas that in the uninfected site was 0.519±0.561. The relative activity ratio of the infected region in relation to the uninfected region was 2.98 at 4h after an injection with [(125)I]FIAU determined by biodistribution data. In conclusion, the bacterial tk activity was confirmed by the cellular uptake and imaging with [(125)I]FIAU or [(18)F]FLT. Therefore, a localized bacterial infection in living mice can be monitored using radioisotope-labeled nucleosides with a nuclear medicine imaging modality.

Preclinical studies of indium-111-labeled IgM: a human monoclonal antibody for infection imaging.

UNLABELLED: Indium-111-labeled plasma proteins, such as albumin, transferrin and IgG, have been proven useful to image infection. We reported previously that 111In-labeled human monoclonal antibody, IgM 16.88 (In-IgM) also would localize at the site of infection. However, the kinetics of blood clearance, distribution and infection uptake have not been investigated. We compared the kinetics of distribution and infection uptake of In-IgM 16.88 with that of in-polyclonal IgG in rats with focal infection. METHODS: Both IgM 16.88 and polyclonal IgG were labeled with 111In using a bifunctional chelating agent, LiLo. The labeling efficiency was > 95%. Focal infection was induced in rats by an intramuscular injection of E. Coli in the right thigh. In-IgM (30-40 microCi) was injected into five groups of rats (five rats/group). The rats were killed at 4, 8, 16, 24 and 36 hr. The percent injected dose (%ID) in blood, infection muscle, control muscle, liver, spleen and kidney were determined. Similar studies were performed with In-IgG. RESULTS: The In-IgM activity in blood at 4 hr postinjection was 27% which decreased to 2% by 36 hr. In contrast, the In-IgG blood activity was 40% at 4 hr and 20% at 36 hr. The infection/ muscle (I/M) ratios are higher with In-IgM at all time points postinjection compared to that of In-IgG. At 24 hr, the I/M ratio was 22 compared to 9 with In-IgG. At the same time point, the infection/ blood (I/B) ratio with In-IgM was 2.7 compared to only 0.8 with that of In-IgG. In-IgM was taken up mostly by the liver compared to diffuse abdominal uptake of IgG. CONCLUSION: These result indicate that In-IgM produces higher lesion to background ratio when compared to In-IgG and, therefore, is potentially useful to image infection in patients.

[The chemoluminescence of the primary focus of a suppurative infection and of isolated neutrophils exposed to dimephosphon]. / Khemiliuminestsentsiia pervichnogo ochaga gnoinoi infektsii i izolirovannykh neitrofilov pri vozdeistvii dimefosfona.

The influence of dimephosphone at concentrations of 0.001 M-0.75 M on the chemiluminescence of tissues at the focus of purulent infection in the ear of a guinea pig, on the survival rate of the experimental animals injected with the lethal dose of Staphylococcus aureus, as well as on the spontaneous and stimulated chemiluminescence of blood neutrophils in patients with wound infection, was studied. The study showed that different concentrations of dimephosphone oppositely influenced the intensity of the chemiluminescence of neutrophil suspensions and tissues at the focus of infection: low concentrations were found to produce stimulating action and high concentrations, suppressive action. At the highest concentration used in this study (0.75 M) dimephosphone prevented the death of the animals receiving lethal doses of S. aureus.

Participation of autonomic nerve in tonsillar focal infection.

Participation of the autonomic nerve in tonsillar focal infection was investigated by measuring neurotransmitters, receptors and microvibration. In focal infection patients, the volume of norepinephrine in the tonsil increased significantly and the number of a-adrenergic receptors decreased. These findings suggest that the focally infected tonsil exhibits a high degree of sympathetic nerve activity. The ratio of N-type in microvibration decreased systematically, which indicates some imbalance or immaturity of the autonomic nervous system in focal infection patients. Based on this data, the production mechanism of tonsillar focal infection was speculated from the point of view of the autonomic nerve.

[Clinical characteristics of sepsis today]. / Klinicheskaia kharakteristika sepsisa nashego vremeni.

Two sources of septic toxemia--microbial and metabolic--were found in a detailed analysis of 37 patients with pronounced symptoms of sepsis. The proposed three-degrees classification of septic toxemia based upon the degree of clinical signs and humoral reactions, gives sufficient information, partically useful for a more objective estimation of the patients' state, to choose a purposeful therapy of sepsis and real ideas of the prognosis. In addition to the active antimicrobial therapy with using powerful antiseptics (sulfamilon, chlorophilipt, gentamycin, ceporin etc.) the authors insist on hemotransfusions (direct hemotransfusions included) in order to liquidate progressing anemia and to perform nonspecific detoxication by means of forced diuresis or peritoneal dialysis according to the techniques developed by the authors.