Silver nanoparticle-embedded graphene oxide-methotrexate for targeted cancer treatment.

Combination therapies are widely investigated cancer treatment modalities. Carbon based systems such as graphene oxide (GO), plasmonic nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and the folate analog, methotrexate (MTX), have been separately studied for their potential anticancer effects. In this study, we combined these systems to develop AgNPs-embedded GO with conjugated MTX (MTX-GO/AgNPs) and studied their folate receptor-targeted anticancer effects. Results revealed successful formation of AgNPs on GO along with MTX conjugation as suggested by UV/visible, TEM, AFM, FTIR, and XRD analysis. Folate receptor-positive MCF-7 cells were more prone to cytotoxic effects of MTX-GO/AgNPs compared to folate receptor-negative HepG2 cells. Folic acid analog MTX interacts with folate receptors expressed in MCF-7 cells, improving cellular uptake and subsequent anticancer effects of the system. Importantly, AgNPs enhanced the total ROS production within the treated cells leading to improve cellular apoptosis, as evidenced by western blot. Moreover, near infrared (NIR)-induced photothermal effects of GO improved the anticancer activity of the system. Therefore, the combinational therapy system MTX-GO/AgNPs can be potentially applied for effective folate receptor-targeted treatment of cancers.

Multi-Functional Nanogels for Tumor Targeting and Redox-Sensitive Drug and siRNA Delivery.

(1) Background: A new family of nanosystems able to discern between normal and tumor cells and to release a therapeutic agent in controlled way were synthetized by e-beam irradiation. This technique permits to obtain biocompatible, sterile, carboxyl-functionalized polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-co-acrylic acid) nanogels (NGs); (2) Methods: Here, we performed a targeting strategy based on the recognition of over-expressed proteins on tumor cells, like the folate receptor. The selective targeting was demonstrated by co-culture studies and flow cytometry analysis, using folate conjugated NGs. Moreover, nanoparticles were conjugated to a chemotherapeutic drug or to a pro-apoptotic siRNA through a glutathione sensitive spacer, in order to obtain a controlled release mechanism, specific for cancer cells. The drug efficiency was tested on tumor and healthy cells by flow cytometric analysis, confocal and epifluorescence microscopy and cytotoxicity assay; the siRNA effect was investigated by RNAi experiment; (3) Results: The data obtained showed that the use of NGs permits a faster cargo release in cancer cells, in response to high cytosolic glutathione level, also improving their efficacy; (4) Conclusion: The possibility of releasing biological molecules in a controlled way and to recognize a specific tumor target allows overcoming the typical limits of the classic cancer therapy.

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-F68 hybrid vesicles for folate receptor targeted anti-cancer drug delivery.

Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS)-F68 hybrid vesicles with an average diameter of 700 nm are produced using a stable solution of heterofunctional POSS having 3-aminopropyl and vinyl groups and pluronic F68 in ethanol-water mixture. Thermogram and zeta potential values evidence the spontaneous self-assembly of POSS into bilayers through H-bonding interaction between the aminopropyl groups, and the effective stabilization of the POSS-bilayers by amphiphilic F68 during solvent-evaporation to form the vesicles. The vesicles are noncytotoxic and dispersible in aqueous solvents through steric stabilization provided by the hydrophilic F68. A highly facile coinclusion method has been used for making doxorubicin and folic acid loaded vesicles. Doxorubicin loaded in the vesicles exhibits a controlled release profile in phosphate buffered saline. Confocal microscopic and flow cytometric studies on the endocytosis of the vesicles by HeLa and HOS cells prove that a noncovalent entrapment of excess folic acid in the vesicles through H-bonding is sufficient to enhance the uptake significantly. POSS-F68 vesicles in combination with folic acid and a chemotherapeutic can have potential for targeted intracellular anti-cancer drug delivery.

The molecular basis of folate salvage in Plasmodium falciparum: characterization of two folate transporters.

Tetrahydrofolates are essential cofactors for DNA synthesis and methionine metabolism. Malaria parasites are capable both of synthesizing tetrahydrofolates and precursors de novo and of salvaging them from the environment. The biosynthetic route has been studied in some detail over decades, whereas the molecular mechanisms that underpin the salvage pathway lag behind. Here we identify two functional folate transporters (named PfFT1 and PfFT2) and delineate unexpected substrate preferences of the folate salvage pathway in Plasmodium falciparum. Both proteins are localized in the plasma membrane and internal membranes of the parasite intra-erythrocytic stages. Transport substrates include folic acid, folinic acid, the folate precursor p-amino benzoic acid (pABA), and the human folate catabolite pABAG(n). Intriguingly, the major circulating plasma folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, was a poor substrate for transport via PfFT2 and was not transported by PfFT1. Transport of all folates studied was inhibited by probenecid and methotrexate. Growth rescue in Escherichia coli and antifolate antagonism experiments in P. falciparum indicate that functional salvage of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate is detectable but trivial. In fact pABA was the only effective salvage substrate at normal physiological levels. Because pABA is neither synthesized nor required by the human host, pABA metabolism may offer opportunities for chemotherapeutic intervention.