Los primeros internacionalistas que conocí / The first internationalists

Relato de perfil histórico a manera de crónica que describe como comenzó y alcanzó importante papel la presencia en Cuba de personal profesional de la salud que trabajó como colaboradores internacionalistas en momentos en que se producía lo que llamamos el "éxodo médico", o sea la emigración inducida por los enemigos de la Revolución creando problemas en la cobertura y calidad de los servicios de salud. La fuente principal para identificar nombres, nacionalidad y lugar de trabajo fue un artículo en la revista Tribuna Médica de Cuba, órgano oficial del Colegio Médico Nacional, el conocimiento del autor de no pocos de éstos internacionalistas y consultas realizadas con colegas que conocieron de estas circunstancias. Se distinguen los voluntarios que por decisión personal vinieron a Cuba y los que aceptaron voluntariamente venir en el marco de las relaciones intergubernamentales de sus países con Cuba. Entre los primeros todos los de países de América y de Europa Occidental. Los segundos de Europa Oriental(AU)

Historical profile report as a chronicle that describes how the presence in Cuba of professional health personnel who worked as internationalist collaborators at a time when what we call the "medical exodus", that is, emigration, began and reached an important role. induced by the enemies of the Revolution creating problems in the coverage and quality of health services. The main source to identify names, nationality and place of work was an article in the magazine Tribuna Médica de Cuba, official organ of the National Medical Association, the author's knowledge of not a few of these internationalists and consultations with colleagues who knew about these circumstances . Volunteers who came to Cuba by personal decision and those who voluntarily agreed to come within the framework of the intergovernmental relations of their countries with Cuba are distinguished. Among the first all of countries of America and Western Europe. The seconds of Eastern Europe(AU)

Nurses across borders: displaced Russian and Soviet nurses after World War I and World War II.

Russian and Soviet nurse refugees faced myriad challenges attempting to become registered nurses in North America and elsewhere after the World War II. By drawing primarily on International Council of Nurses refugee files, a picture can be pieced together of the fate that befell many of those women who left Russia and later the Soviet Union because of revolution and war in the years after 1917. The history of first (after World War I) and second (after World War II) wave émigré nurses, integrated into the broader historical narrative, reveals that professional identity was just as important to these women as national identity. This became especially so after World War II, when Russian and Soviet refugee nurses resettled in the West. Individual accounts become interwoven on an international canvas that brings together a wide range of personal experiences from women based in Russia, the Soviet Union, China, Yugoslavia, Canada, the United States, and elsewhere. The commonality of experience among Russian nurses as they attempted to establish their professional identities highlights, through the prism of Russia, the importance of the history of the displaced nurse experience in the wider context of international migration history.

Contributions of doctors from Serbia to the establishment and initial development of the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.

AIM: To analyse and present the milestone activities and actors, with special emphasis on the contribution of doctors from Serbia to the establishment and initial development of the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje, Macedonia, in the period 1947-60 and beyond. METHOD: A retrospective study based on archive materials, encyclopedias and jubilee publications of the Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry in Skopje, other relevant sources of information, and a review of the relevant literature. RESULTS: The Faculty of Medicine in Skopje was founded in 1947 and the first meeting of the Teachers' Council of the Faculty was held on March 17, 1947. The first generation of 153 students was enrolled in the autumn of 1947 and the first lecture was delivered on November 3, 1947. More than 20 doctors from Serbia, half of them faculty staff, had joined the initiative of the Government of Macedonia for establishing the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje in 1947. They played leading roles in creating a number of the faculty departments/chairs, establishing 6 institutes and 6 clinics within the newly established Faculty of Medicine in Skopje in 1947 and in the first 10-15 years of its development. CONCLUSION: The Faculty of Medicine in Skopje, founded in 1947, played a crucial role in the education of medical professionals, in improving the poor health status of the population and the overall further development of the health system and provision of health care to the population of Macedonia. The contribution of the doctors from Serbia to the establishment and initial development of the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje, during the period 1947-1960 and beyond, was remarkable and important.

La enfermería británica y postbritánica en el hospital de Riotinto (1873-1983) / O britânicas enfermeiras e postbritánica no hospital de Riotinto (1873-1983) / The british nurses and postbritánica in the hospital de Riotinto (1873-1983)

Desde que la Rio Tinto Company Limited adquirió las minas de Riotinto en 1873, esta región se convirtió factualmente en una colonia inglesa hasta 1954. La creación de un hospital para atender a la población inglesa fue un ejemplo de su organización, si bien pasando el tiempo su plantilla pasaría a ser española. Algunos de los principales objetivos de este estudio son identificar a las enfermeras inglesas y a las españolas que trabajaron en el hospital, así como conocer el tipo de enfermería practicada y su influencia en los profesionales españoles que trabajaban allí. Hasta ahora hemos identificado a 36 enfermeras inglesas (1873-1954), 13 practicantes y 11 enfermeras españolas (1954-1983). Aparentemente, la enfermería española no tuvo contacto con la inglesa que la precedió en el hospital, mucho más avanzada en cuanto a organización y competencia, pero no por ello su prestigio profesional fue menor (AU)

Since the purchase of the Riotinto mines by the Rio Tinto Rio Company Limited in 1873, the region actually became a British colony until 1954. The creation of a hospital to attend the English people was an example of its organization, although as time went by its staff would be Spanish. Some of the main targets of this study are to identify the British and the Spanish nurses who worked at the hospital, as well as to find out the kind of nursery craft and its influence on the Spanish professionals who worked there. By the moment we have identified not less than 36 British nurses (1873-1954), 13 male nurses and 11 Spanish female nurses (1954-1983). It seems that the Spanish nursery was not really in contact with its British precedent in the hospital, mucho more advanced as for organization and competence, but not for that its professional prestige was lower (AU)

Após a compra das minas de Riotinto pela Rio Tinto Rio Limited Companhia em 1873, a região torna-se de facto uma colônia britânica até 1954. A criação de um hospital para atender o povo da Inglaterra foi um exemplo da sua organização, mas depois o pessoal desta institui-ção passou ser espanhol. Alguns dos principais objetivos deste estudo são identificar as enfermeiras britânicas e as espanholas que trabalharon no hospital, assim como determinar o tipo de enfermeria praticada e a sua influença nos professionais espanhóis que trabalharon li. Até agora temos identificado não menos de 36 enfermeiras britânicas (1873-1954), 13 enfermeiros e 11 enfermeiras espanholas (1954-1983). Parece que a enfermeria espanhola não teve contacto com a precedente britânica no hospital, muito mais avançada a respeito de organização e capacidade, mais não por isto o seu prestígio professional foi menor (AU)

Nurses without borders: the history of nursing as U.S. international history.

During World War I and its aftermath, thousands of U.S. nurses put their domestic careers on hold to work overseas. Many volunteered in the wake of war and disaster. Others worked as instructors in nursing schools and as the staff of fledgling public health agencies. This article charts the international travels of four especially mobile nurses, whose globetrotting careers took them to Europe, Asia, and the Caribbean. These women aspired to tackle world health issues, motivated by the conviction that the spread of U.S. professional nursing ideas stood to modernize the world. This article tells these nurses' stories and analyzes their ideologies of development and progress. In so doing, it demonstrates that professional women, working outside state channels, played a principal role in expanding U.S. influence in the world. Moreover, it makes the case for the centrality of nursing history to the history of U.S. foreign relations.

The potent lever of toil: nursing development and exportation in the postcolonial Philippines.

Although the colonial relationship between the Philippines and the United States precipitated nurse education and migration patterns that exist today, little is known about the factors that sustained them. During the first half of the twentieth century, for example, the Philippines trained its nurse workforce primarily for domestic use. After the country's independence in 1946, however, that practice reversed. Nurse education in the Philippines was driven largely by US market demand in tandem with local messages linking work and nationalism and explicit policies to send nurses abroad. As these ideologies and practices became firmly entrenched, nurse production not only exceeded the country's numerical requirements but focused largely on preparing practitioners for the health care needs of developed nations rather than the public health needs of the indigenous population. This historical trend has important present-day ramifications for the Philippines, whose continued exodus of nurses threatens its public health.

Nurses across borders: foregrounding international migration in nursing history.

Although the international migration of nurses has played a formative role in increasing the racial and ethnic diversity of the health care labor force, nursing historians have paid very little attention to the theme of international migration and the experiences of foreign-trained nurses, A focus on international migration complements two new approaches in nursing history: the agenda to internationalize its frameworks, and the call to move away from "great women, great events" and toward the experiences of "ordinary" nurses. This article undertakes a close reading of the life and work of Filipino American nurse Ines Cayaban to reconceptualize nursing biography in an international framework that is attentive to issues of migration, race, gender, and colonialism. It was a Hannah keynote lecture delivered by the author on June 5, 2008, as part of the CAHN/ACHN (Canadian Association for the History of Nursing/Association Canadienne pour l'Histoire du Nursing) International Nursing History Conference.

Time: devotion turns fly to flight.

The following is a personal reminiscence to commemorate Professor Martin Heisenberg's retirement from university duties as Professor Emeritus.

Starting out cold.

Arriving from St Vincent to start her nurse training in 1958 was a culture shock for Shirla Philogene. But the shock was short lived.

A brief history of the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools: shaping policy through collaboration.

In the late 1960s many foreign nurses arriving in New York City were unable to pass the New York State Board licensing examination. In this article, the author explains how a group of leaders and organizations proceeded systematically to address this problem through effective policy development. The process is presented from the establishment of a local program to meet the needs of this group of nurses to the creation of a national commission to oversee issues encountered by professionals seeking employment in the United States. Today, the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools is recognized worldwide as an authority on the education, registration, and licensure of nurses and other healthcare professionals.

Can lessons be learned from history? The origins of the British imperial nurse labour market: a discussion paper.

The British government's involvement in overseas nurse recruitment originated in its imperial past when the Colonial Nursing Service was established in 1940 by the Colonial Office to unify the administration of British nurse appointments across the Empire. The Colonial Office unified recruitment arrangements for colonial nursing posts, effectively creating an imperial market in nursing labour, which arguably set the historical precedent for the greater flow of international nurse recruitment from and to the United Kingdom (UK). The recent implementation of the Nursing and Midwifery Council's Overseas Nurses Programme to regulate the registration route for international nurse recruits to the UK is symptomatic of growing international nurse migration. In a globalising marketplace, overseas nurse recruitment remains a significant supply factor in meeting the staffing needs of the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK. The continuities between the historical case of the Colonial Nursing Service and the current prevalence of transnational nurse migration highlight a pervading tension between the professional agenda of nursing and recruiters' and governments' responses to market pressures.

Historical, cultural, and contemporary influences on the status of women in nursing in Saudi Arabia.

Global nursing shortages have necessitated closer scrutiny of recruitment and retention initiatives of nurses both locally and internationally. For many decades the nursing workforce of Saudi Arabia has relied on international expatriates to be the backbone of the industry. In recent years however, Saudi women have been recruited into nursing preparation courses conducted at degree level. The many twists and turns of providing a local Saudi Arabian nursing workforce has paralleled Saudi's own history and this paper follows that journey. Our research has enabled us to provide some insights into nursing pre and post the enlightenment that accompanied the Prophet Mohammed's influence. We emphasize the influences of women leaders who emerged in Mohammed's time and bring lasting authority to the development of nursing in Saudi Arabia. The cultural issues that bind women in this society are explicated and related to recruitment and retention issues in nursing. Education matters, both past and present, are highlighted emphasizing the gains that nursing as a distinct occupation has made. Finally the paper concludes with a summation of contemporary achievements in Saudi Arabia moving nursing towards the much needed professional status and parity with other careers in health care.

Heroines of lonely outposts or tools of the empire? British nurses in Britain's model colony: Ceylon, 1878-1948.

In 1878 two 'Nightingale' nurses arrived in the British colony of Ceylon to initiate a training programme for indigenous women in the skills and values of what was then termed 'scientific nursing'. These two women were the first of a succession of British women who went to the colony to nurse in its hospitals and to train Ceylonese women for the profession. Using the official records of the colonial government held in the National Archives, Kew and the records of the Overseas Nursing Association in the Rhodes House Collection, Oxford, this paper explores both the professional and social experiences of these women. This paper also analyses the role that these representatives of the colonial state played in the development of an indigenous nursing profession and concludes that their presence in the colony ultimately left an ambiguous legacy. In their role as trainers of indigenous women, they furthered the development and spread of a Western nursing profession in the colony's hospitals. At the same time, however, their continuing dominance of training and the positions of responsibility was an inhibiting factor in the ability of indigenous nurses to organise and professionalise. Whereas the doctors, trained in the colony's Medical College, achieved registration as early as 1905, the nurses had to wait until 1949, a year after independence, before their qualification was recognised and protected. Nursing remained throughout the colonial period therefore, even more so than at the metropolitan centre, the 'Cinderella' of the medical professions.