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1.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2018. 130 p. graf, tab, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-998555

ABSTRACT

A microextração por sorbente empacotado (MEPS) é uma técnica de preparo de amostras ainda pouco utilizada no âmbito da toxicologia, em que os mesmos princípios da extração em fase sólida convencional são adaptados para uma escala miniaturizada. As principais vantagens da técnica estão associadas ao pequeno volume de amostra e de solventes utilizados, à possibilidade de realizar múltiplas extrações com um mesmo cartucho e à facilidade de automação. Os benzodiazepínicos possuem grande relevância na toxicologia dada sua ampla utilização e seus efeitos que podem, por exemplo, comprometer a capacidade de dirigir, além do uso abusivo, e como drogas facilitadoras de crimes. Neste trabalho, um método de MEPS foi desenvolvido e otimizado para a determinação de sete benzodiazepínicos e seus produtos de biotransformação (diazepam, clonazepam, flunitrazepam, alprazolam, bromazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam e nordiazepam) utilizando 100 µL de amostra de sangue total post mortem. Após a extração, os eluatos foram analisados por cromatografia líquida em fase reversa acoplada a espectrometria de massas. O método foi validado de acordo com as recomendações do Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology, apresentando linearidade adequada de 5 a 500 ng.mL-1 . Os valores de exatidão (90,4 a 109,5%), precisão intra-dia (2,5 a 10,7 %CV) e inter-dia (1,1 a 8,0 %CV) também foram satisfatórios. MEPS foi realizada mais de 60 vezes com a mesma fase extratora sem evidências de contaminação cruzada. Dez amostras reais fornecidas pelo Instituto Médico Legal de São Paulo foram analisadas. Foram quantificados diazepam, nordiazepam, clonazepam e bromazepam. Os resultados encontrados em cada uma das amostras foram comparados com dados da literatura


Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) is a sample preparation technique still little used in toxicology, where the same principles of conventional solid phase extraction are adapted to a miniaturized scale. The main advantages of the technique are associated with the small volume of sample and solvents required, the possibility of performing multiple extractions with the same cartridge and ease process automation. Benzodiazepine drugs are relevant in toxicology because of their widespread use, and effects (which may, for example, compromise the ability to drive vehicles), abuse and records as crime-facilitating drugs. In this work, a MEPS method was developed and optimized for a determination of seven benzodiazepines and their metabolites (diazepam, nordiazepam, clonazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, alprazolam, and bromazepam) using 100 µL of post mortem whole blood. After extraction, the eluates were analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The method was validated according to the recommendations of the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology, presenting adequate linearity from 5 to 500 ng.mL-1 . The values of accuracy (90.4 to 109.5%), intra-day precision (2.5 to 10.7 %CV) and inter-day (1.1 to 8.0 %CV) also presented satisfactory results. MEPS was performed more than 60 times with the same extractive phase without compromising the results with the evidence of carryover. Institute of Legal Medicine were submitted to analysis by MEPS-LC-MS/MS. In these samples, the following analytes were quantified: diazepam, nordiazepam, clonazepam and bromazepam. The results found in each of the samples were compared with data from the literature


Subject(s)
Benzodiazepines/analysis , Solid Phase Microextraction/instrumentation , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Autopsy , Computer Simulation , Biotransformation , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Drug Samples , Forensic Toxicology/classification
2.
Cuad. med. forense ; 22(1/2): 12-25, ene.-jun. 2016. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-159567

ABSTRACT

En la presente investigación, llevada a cabo por la Unidad de Valoración Integral de Violencia de Género de Sevilla (UVIVG), a lo largo de los años 2013 y 2014, se han incluido aquellos casos en los que se ha explorado la existencia de situaciones de violencia en la pareja, llegando a elaborar 562 informes. Dichos informes dan respuesta a las periciales solicitadas por jueces y magistrados, y en ellos se han valorado diferentes variables (edad, sexo, estudios, situación sociolaboral, raza, etc.) que tienen influencia en los comportamientos y respuestas dados por denunciantes y denunciados. Los resultados más elocuentes del estudio han sido el alto porcentaje de casos valorados como conflictividad de pareja, muy por encima de los casos valorados como violencia de género y maltrato, así como el alto porcentaje de las personas españolas y en trámites de separación, por encima de los extranjeros y parejas que mantienen sus relaciones en el momento de la denuncia. De las patologías emocionales más frecuentes que se observan en las mujeres afectas de las situaciones estudiadas tenemos la sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, y han sido escasos los casos en que se ha valorado la existencia de secuelas psicológicas que impidan la realización de su vida cotidiana. La violencia de género, o cualquier tipo de maltrato en sus formas posibles, no elude a ninguna condición social, económica, cultural, etc. Sí se relacionan ciertas situaciones de trastorno metal y consumos de sustancias con conductas de marcada conflictividad (AU)


This study has been developed by UVIVG Seville, over the years 2013 and 2014. It includes those cases where the professionals of UVIVG have explored the existence of violence situations inside the couple. These professionals have elaborated 562 reports. The reports content the results of the expert investigations asked by the judges. The professionals have dealt different variables in the reports, as age, gender, socio-labour situation, race, etc., which influence over the behavior of the plaintiff and the defendant, and their given answers. The main results of this study have been the highest percentage of cases valuated as couple conflict, comparing with the cases considered as gender violence and maltreatment. Moreover, the study shows that the gender violence occurs more often in Spanish people than in foreigners, and during the process separation than in the stable couple situations. The most frequent emotional pathologies observed in women, who have been affected by the analyzed situations, are the anxiety and depressive symptoms. The existence of psychological aftermath, that impede their normal daily life, were analyzed in few cases. The gender violence or any other possible type of violence took place in every group, without differences between social, economic and social conditions, among others. However, certain mental derangements and narcotic consumption are closely related to conflictual behaviour (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Violence Against Women , Forensic Toxicology/methods , Psychology, Clinical/methods , Psychology, Clinical/standards , Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Personality Disorders/psychology , Forensic Toxicology/classification , Forensic Toxicology/standards , Psychology, Clinical/classification , Spain/ethnology , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Personality Disorders/pathology , Intellectual Disability/complications
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