ABSTRACT
China is abundant in organic residues from agricultural and forestry efforts. Bulbus Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (BFC) is a precious wild herb of Liliaceae that grows in the Tibetan area of China and the bulbs are used as a source of medicine. The shortage of germplasm resources restricts the development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, so improved cultivation methods are urgently needed. The objective of this study was to study the effects of different substrates on the growth of F. cirrhosa seedlings. Sawdust and vermi-compost are common organic residues and were selected as nursery materials to supplement efforts to cultivate Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don from ripe seeds and bulbs. The experiments were conducted in a plastic greenhouse in Yaan of Sichuan Province from January to May 2013. Vegetative parameters of leaf length, leaf width, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, and bulb size and fresh weight were measured. Additionally, the emergence ratio and preservation rate were calculated. The following results were obtained: (1) Sowing seeds of F. cirrhosa with 70% vermi-compost and 30% sawdust gave the best emergence rate, leaf length (60 days after seedling emergence, 60 DAS), and bulb dry weight (at harvest, 93 DAS). (2) The leaf nitrogen content (60 DAS) was positively correlated with the nitrogen content of bulbs (at harvest, 93 DAS). From the data, we concluded that forestry residues such as sawdust and vermi-compost can serve as excellent growing substrates of BFC seedlings.
A China é abundante em resíduos orgânicos agrícolas e florestais. Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, família Liliaceae, é uma planta herbácea que cresce na área da China tibetana, cujos bulbos são utilizados na medicina tradicional chinesa. A escassez de mudas limita o uso deste medicamento, portanto são necessários métodos de cultivo mais eficientes para a multiplicação da planta. O objetivo foi estudar os efeitos de substratos à base de serragem e vermicomposto no crescimento e produção de bulbos de F. cirrhosa. Os experimentos foram realizados em estufa plástica na província Yaan - Sichuan, de janeiro a maio de 2013. Foram avaliados parâmetros vegetativos de comprimento e largura de folha, diâmetro longitudinal e transversal de bulbo, massa fresca e seca das plantas e massa fresca e tamanho de bulbos. Além disso, foi calculada a taxa de conservação dos bulbos. O uso de 70% de vermicomposto + 30% de serragem provocou maior comprimento de folha aos 60 dias após a emergência das mudas (DAE) e maior massa seca de bulbos (na colheita aos 93 DAE). O teor de N nas folhas (60 DAE) foi positivamente correlacionado com o teor de N de bulbos (93 DAE). Os resíduos florestais serragem e vermicomposto podem ser usados satisfatoriamente como substratos para F. cirrhosa.
Subject(s)
Fritillaria/growth & development , Garbage , Substrates for Biological Treatment/methods , ChinaABSTRACT
China is abundant in organic residues from agricultural and forestry efforts. Bulbus Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (BFC) is a precious wild herb of Liliaceae that grows in the Tibetan area of China and the bulbs are used as a source of medicine. The shortage of germplasm resources restricts the development of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, so improved cultivation methods are urgently needed. The objective of this study was to study the effects of different substrates on the growth of F. cirrhosa seedlings. Sawdust and vermi-compost are common organic residues and were selected as nursery materials to supplement efforts to cultivate Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don from ripe seeds and bulbs. The experiments were conducted in a plastic greenhouse in Yaan of Sichuan Province from January to May 2013. Vegetative parameters of leaf length, leaf width, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, and bulb size and fresh weight were measured. Additionally, the emergence ratio and preservation rate were calculated. The following results were obtained: (1) Sowing seeds of F. cirrhosa with 70% vermi-compost and 30% sawdust gave the best emergence rate, leaf length (60 days after seedling emergence, 60 DAS), and bulb dry weight (at harvest, 93 DAS). (2) The leaf nitrogen content (60 DAS) was positively correlated with the nitrogen content of bulbs (at harvest, 93 DAS). From the data, we concluded that forestry residues such as sawdust and vermi-compost can serve as excellent growing substrates of BFC seedlings.(AU)
A China é abundante em resíduos orgânicos agrícolas e florestais. Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, família Liliaceae, é uma planta herbácea que cresce na área da China tibetana, cujos bulbos são utilizados na medicina tradicional chinesa. A escassez de mudas limita o uso deste medicamento, portanto são necessários métodos de cultivo mais eficientes para a multiplicação da planta. O objetivo foi estudar os efeitos de substratos à base de serragem e vermicomposto no crescimento e produção de bulbos de F. cirrhosa. Os experimentos foram realizados em estufa plástica na província Yaan - Sichuan, de janeiro a maio de 2013. Foram avaliados parâmetros vegetativos de comprimento e largura de folha, diâmetro longitudinal e transversal de bulbo, massa fresca e seca das plantas e massa fresca e tamanho de bulbos. Além disso, foi calculada a taxa de conservação dos bulbos. O uso de 70% de vermicomposto + 30% de serragem provocou maior comprimento de folha aos 60 dias após a emergência das mudas (DAE) e maior massa seca de bulbos (na colheita aos 93 DAE). O teor de N nas folhas (60 DAE) foi positivamente correlacionado com o teor de N de bulbos (93 DAE). Os resíduos florestais serragem e vermicomposto podem ser usados satisfatoriamente como substratos para F. cirrhosa.(AU)
Subject(s)
Fritillaria/growth & development , Garbage , Substrates for Biological Treatment/methods , ChinaABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR; EC1.1.1.34) catalyzes the first committed step of isoprenoids biosynthesis in Mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Here we report for the first time the cloning and characterization of a full-length cDNA encoding HMGR from Fritillaria cirrhosa (FcHMGR), a bulbous medicinal plant. The full-length cDNA of FcHMGR was 2072 base pair (bp), containing a 1680-bp open reading frame. Bioinformatical analyses revealed that FcHMGR had HMG CoA-binding domains and two NADPH binding domains, which are required for HMGR activity. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that FcHMGR expressed high in mature bulbs. A truncated version of FcHMGR protein lacking the N-terminal 249-bp GC rich area was expressed in Escherichia coli. The crude cell lysate containing the recombinant protein showed a better HMGR activity than the control and the relative enzyme activity was calculated to be 1.62 U/mg. The cloning, characterization and functional analysis of FcHMGR gene allowed us to further understand the role of FcHMGR involved in steroidal alkaloid biosynthetic pathway in F. cirrhosa at the molecular level.
Subject(s)
Cloning, Molecular , Fritillaria , Meglutol , Computational BiologyABSTRACT
Studies about the relationship of the species of appendicularians with spatial gradients and water masses are rare, especially in the South Atlantic. The present study aims to fill the knowledge gap about the abundance of the community of appendicularians and on their bioindicator function in different regions (continental shelf and slope), with influence of different water masses in the South Atlantic. Sampling was conducted in the rainy season (February-April 2009) and the dry season (August-September 2009) in the subsurface layer. The water masses found on the continental shelf of the study area were the Tropical Water (AT), which was prevalent during the rainy season, and the Coastal Water (AC), which was prevalent in the dry season. In both sampling periods has not registered the presence of SACW on the surface over continental shelf. The appendicularians were more abundant in the region of the continental shelf influenced by the CW. A total of 18 species of appendicularian was registered. Oikopleura longicauda Vogt, 1854 and O. fusiformis Fol, 1872 were the most abundant appendicularian. Oikopleura dioica Fol, 1872 was found exclusively in the continental shelf on the CW. In despite of the SACW water had not registered on the surface, the presence of, high values of density of appendicularians in front of Cabo Frio region suggest the influence of an upwelling event in a anterior period in the region. In relation to the appendicularians abundance, high values were also observed in front of the Paraíba do Sul river with the CW influence. This fact suggests a high nutritional contribution of this river in the coastal marine area adjacent. The spatial variation and different water masses influenced the abundance and the composition of appendicularians. Among the species identified, only O. longicauda was considered as a bioindicator of the CW.
Estudos sobre a variação espacial das espécies de apendiculárias e sua relação com as massas de água são raros, principalmente no Atlântico Sul. O atual estudo pretende preencher a lacuna de conhecimento sobre a abundância, composição específica e a função de bioindicadora das apendiculárias, em diferentes regiões (plataforma continental e talude) e massas de água, no Atlântico Sul Ocidental. As coletas foram realizadas no período chuvoso (de fevereiro a abril de 2009) e no período seco (de agosto a setembro de 2009) na camada subsuperficial. As massas de água encontradas na superfície na plataforma continental da área de estudo foram a Água Tropical (AT), que predominou no período chuvoso, e a Água Costeira (AC), que predominou no período seco. Em ambos os períodos de coleta não foram registradas a presença da Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS) na superfície na plataforma continental. As apendiculárias foram mais abundantes na região de plataforma continental influenciada pela AC. Foi identificado um total de 12 espécies da Classe Appendicularia. Oikopleura longicauda Vogt, 1854 e O. fusiformis Fol, 1872 foram as espécies mais abundantes. Oikopleura dioica Fol, 1872 foi encontrada exclusivamente na plataforma continental na AC. Apesar não ser observado a presença de ACAS na superfície, altos valores da densidade de apendiculária em frente a Cabo Frio sugerem a influência de uma pós-ressurgência no local. Também foram observados valores elevados na abundância das apendiculárias em frente ao rio Paraíba do Sul, com influência da AC. Este fato sugere a alta capacidade de incremento de nutrientes desse aporte fluvial. A variação espacial e as diferentes massas de água influenciaram a abundância e a composição das apendiculárias. Dentre as espécies identificadas, somente O. longicauda foi considerada como bioindicadora da AC.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Fritillaria , ZooplanktonABSTRACT
Studies about the relationship of the species of appendicularians with spatial gradients and water masses are rare, especially in the South Atlantic. The present study aims to fill the knowledge gap about the abundance of the community of appendicularians and on their bioindicator function in different regions (continental shelf and slope), with influence of different water masses in the South Atlantic. Sampling was conducted in the rainy season (February-April 2009) and the dry season (August-September 2009) in the subsurface layer. The water masses found on the continental shelf of the study area were the Tropical Water (AT), which was prevalent during the rainy season, and the Coastal Water (AC), which was prevalent in the dry season. In both sampling periods has not registered the presence of SACW on the surface over continental shelf. The appendicularians were more abundant in the region of the continental shelf influenced by the CW. A total of 18 species of appendicularian was registered. Oikopleura longicauda Vogt, 1854 and O. fusiformis Fol, 1872 were the most abundant appendicularian. Oikopleura dioica Fol, 1872 was found exclusively in the continental shelf on the CW. In despite of the SACW water had not registered on the surface, the presence of, high values of density of appendicularians in front of Cabo Frio region suggest the influence of an upwelling event in a anterior period in the region. In relation to the appendicularians abundance, high values were also observed in front of the Paraíba do Sul river with the CW influence. This fact suggests a high nutritional contribution of this river in the coastal marine area adjacent. The spatial variation and different water masses influenced the abundance and the composition of appendicularians. Among the species identified, only O. longicauda was considered as a bioindicator of the CW.(AU)
Estudos sobre a variação espacial das espécies de apendiculárias e sua relação com as massas de água são raros, principalmente no Atlântico Sul. O atual estudo pretende preencher a lacuna de conhecimento sobre a abundância, composição específica e a função de bioindicadora das apendiculárias, em diferentes regiões (plataforma continental e talude) e massas de água, no Atlântico Sul Ocidental. As coletas foram realizadas no período chuvoso (de fevereiro a abril de 2009) e no período seco (de agosto a setembro de 2009) na camada subsuperficial. As massas de água encontradas na superfície na plataforma continental da área de estudo foram a Água Tropical (AT), que predominou no período chuvoso, e a Água Costeira (AC), que predominou no período seco. Em ambos os períodos de coleta não foram registradas a presença da Água Central do Atlântico Sul (ACAS) na superfície na plataforma continental. As apendiculárias foram mais abundantes na região de plataforma continental influenciada pela AC. Foi identificado um total de 12 espécies da Classe Appendicularia. Oikopleura longicauda Vogt, 1854 e O. fusiformis Fol, 1872 foram as espécies mais abundantes. Oikopleura dioica Fol, 1872 foi encontrada exclusivamente na plataforma continental na AC. Apesar não ser observado a presença de ACAS na superfície, altos valores da densidade de apendiculária em frente a Cabo Frio sugerem a influência de uma pós-ressurgência no local. Também foram observados valores elevados na abundância das apendiculárias em frente ao rio Paraíba do Sul, com influência da AC. Este fato sugere a alta capacidade de incremento de nutrientes desse aporte fluvial. A variação espacial e as diferentes massas de água influenciaram a abundância e a composição das apendiculárias. Dentre as espécies identificadas, somente O. longicauda foi considerada como bioindicadora da AC.(AU)