Receptive and expressive vocabulary performance in 2- to 5-year-olds in care: The role of different care types and temperament.

The detrimental role of institutionalization in children's development has prompted the introduction of alternative care types designed to offer more personalized care. The current study aimed to test whether children in alternative care types (care villages, care homes, and foster care) performed better on vocabulary than those in institutions. The role of temperament, specifically perceptual sensitivity and frustration, and the interaction between temperament and care types on vocabulary performance were also explored. The study involved 285 2- to 5-year-old children from different care types, and they were assessed through receptive and expressive vocabulary tests and temperament scales. The results of the linear mixed model revealed that children in alternative care types exhibited significantly higher vocabulary scores compared with those in institutions. Moreover, perceptual sensitivity showed a positive association with receptive and expressive vocabulary skills and seemed to act as a protective factor by mitigating the lower vocabulary scores in institutions. Frustration moderated vocabulary outcomes differently for children in institutions and foster care, aligning with the diathesis-stress model and vantage sensitivity theory, respectively. The findings emphasize the positive role of alternative care types in vocabulary performance and the importance of children's temperamental traits in this process.

A palpable sense of frustration with NHS patient safety culture development.

John Tingle, Lecturer in Law, Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, discusses two recent reports on NHS patient safety.

Factors Influencing Abortion Decision-Making of Adolescents and Young Women: A Narrative Scoping Review.

INTRODUCTION: Globally, about half of all induced abortions have been estimated to be unsafe, which results in 13% of maternal deaths yearly. Of these induced abortions, 41% of unsafe abortions have been reported in young women who are dependent on their parents for their livelihood. They are often left in a vulnerable position and may have difficulty in making a decision regarding abortion. This study aimed to (1) characterize and map factors that influence abortion decision-making of adolescents and young women, and (2) identify the care and support that they need in their decision-making process. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review following the JBI method and PRISMA-ScR checklist. We comprehensively searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and PsycInfo, and hand searched publications in the Google Scholar database between November 2021 and October 2023. The search included all English language qualitative and mixed methods research articles published on the database up to October 2023 that included participants aged 10-24 years. The CASP checklist was used as a guide for the qualitative analysis. NVivo was used to synthesize the findings. RESULTS: There were 18 studies from 14 countries (N = 1543 young women) that met the inclusion criteria. Three domains and eleven categories were included as follows: personal (desire for self-realization and unwanted pregnancy), interpersonal (parental impact, reaction of partner, roles of peers and friends, existence of own child, and lack of support), and social circumstances (sexual crime, financial problem, limitation of choice, and underutilized healthcare services). Decision-making factors regarding abortions were also found across all three domains. CONCLUSION: The abortion decision-making of young women is influenced by various external factors regardless of country. Parents are especially influential and tend to force their daughters to make a decision. Young women experienced suffering, frustration, and lack of autonomy in making decisions based on their preference. This emphasizes the importance of autonomous decision-making. In this regard, healthcare services should be used. However, there are barriers to accessing these services. To improve such access, the following are required: staff training to provide adolescent and youth-friendly health services, counseling based on women's needs, counseling including the parents or guardians that is confidential and ethical, promotion of decision aids, and affordable accessible care.

Frustration can Limit the Adaptation of Promiscuous Enzymes Through Gene Duplication and Specialisation.

Virtually all enzymes catalyse more than one reaction, a phenomenon known as enzyme promiscuity. It is unclear whether promiscuous enzymes are more often generalists that catalyse multiple reactions at similar rates or specialists that catalyse one reaction much more efficiently than other reactions. In addition, the factors that shape whether an enzyme evolves to be a generalist or a specialist are poorly understood. To address these questions, we follow a three-pronged approach. First, we examine the distribution of promiscuity in empirical enzymes reported in the BRENDA database. We find that the promiscuity distribution of empirical enzymes is bimodal. In other words, a large fraction of promiscuous enzymes are either generalists or specialists, with few intermediates. Second, we demonstrate that enzyme biophysics is not sufficient to explain this bimodal distribution. Third, we devise a constraint-based model of promiscuous enzymes undergoing duplication and facing selection pressures favouring subfunctionalization. The model posits the existence of constraints between the catalytic efficiencies of an enzyme for different reactions and is inspired by empirical case studies. The promiscuity distribution predicted by our constraint-based model is consistent with the empirical bimodal distribution. Our results suggest that subfunctionalization is possible and beneficial only in certain enzymes. Furthermore, the model predicts that conflicting constraints and selection pressures can cause promiscuous enzymes to enter a 'frustrated' state, in which competing interactions limit the specialisation of enzymes. We find that frustration can be both a driver and an inhibitor of enzyme evolution by duplication and subfunctionalization. In addition, our model predicts that frustration becomes more likely as enzymes catalyse more reactions, implying that natural selection may prefer catalytically simple enzymes. In sum, our results suggest that frustration may play an important role in enzyme evolution.

Fear of movement and competence frustration mediate the relationship between pain catastrophising and physical function in people living with axSpA: an online cross-sectional survey.

The objective of this study is to examine the contribution of pain catastrophising to Axial Spondyloarthritis (axSpA) patient's physical function and to test the mediating role of fear of movement, and uniquely, the contribution of competence frustration to the fear-avoidance model. Participants (N = 98, 70% female, M age = 45.62, SD 12.16) completed an online survey (December 2020-May 2021) distributed in the United Kingdom via the National Axial Spondyloarthritis Society (n ≈ 3500; NASS, 2019). The PROCESS SPSS macro was used to test three mediation models using percentile bootstrap 95% confidence intervals (PBCI). A significant indirect effect on the relationship between pain and physical function via fear of movement (ß = 0.10, 95% PBCI = 0.030-0.183) was observed (Model 1). Model 2 showed the relationship between pain catastrophising and physical function to be significantly mediated by fear of movement (ß = 0.16, 95% PBCI = 0.005-0.322). Finally, Model 3 showed a significant indirect effect on the relationship between pain catastrophising and physical function via competence frustration (ß = 0.15, 95% PBCI = 0.014-0.309) but not through fear of movement (ß = 0.062, 95% PBCI = - 0.134 to 0.248). To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine and demonstrate the unique contribution of competence need frustration to the Fear-avoidance model in people that live with axSpA. Identifying modifiable factors that contribute to disease outcomes such as physical function can improve the care and quality of life for people living with a disease currently without a cure.

Daily Dynamics of Awareness of Aging and Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration in Middle and Older Adulthood.

OBJECTIVES: This daily diary study examined associations between awareness of age-related change (AARC) and satisfaction/frustration of basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in a sample of midlife and older adults. We expected that greater satisfaction and lower frustration of needs would be associated with higher AARC-gains and lower AARC-losses. We also examined whether within-person associations of need satisfaction/frustration with AARC were moderated by age. METHODS: Participants (N = 152; aged 53+) completed measures of AARC and basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration on their smartphones for 10 consecutive days. Data were analyzed using multilevel models, with time-varying basic need satisfaction/frustration variables disaggregated into between-person and within-person components. RESULTS: On days participants reported higher than usual overall satisfaction of needs, and lower than usual frustration of needs, AARC-gains was higher, and AARC-losses was lower. Analysis of individual needs showed that autonomy and competence were more consistently related to higher AARC-gains and lower AARC-losses than relatedness. Within-person autonomy satisfaction was more strongly (negatively) associated with AARC-losses at older ages. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that daily experiences related to satisfaction and frustration of goals related to autonomy and competence in particular may be proximal antecedents of short-term variation in AARC.

Longitudinal relationship between harsh parenting and adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: The roles of basic psychological needs frustration and self-concept clarity.

BACKGROUND: Harsh parenting has been shown to be associated with adolescents' non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior. However, less is known about the mechanism underlying the association. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to use a one-year longitudinal design to investigate the mediating role of basic psychological needs frustration and the moderating role of self-concept clarity in the association between harsh parenting and NSSI. METHODS: Three waves of data (called T1, T2 and T3) were collected 6 months apart, between April 2021 and 2022, in a sample of 786 Chinese adolescents (52.0 % girls; Mage at Wave 1 = 13.27 years). Structural equation model was used to test a longitudinal moderated mediation model, with gender, age and baseline NSSI as covariates. RESULTS: The results showed process of mediation in which T1 harsh parenting was longitudinally and positively associated with T3 NSSI through T2 basic psychological needs frustration. Furthermore, moderated mediation analyses revealed that T2 self-concept clarity buffered the adverse impact of T2 needs frustration on T3 NSSI, thereby mitigating the mediation process. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the self-determination theory, and suggest that fostering adolescents' self-concept clarity and satisfying their psychological needs may be useful in programs designed to lower the risk of NSSI.

Prepartum and postpartum mothers' and fathers' feelings of frustration in response to infant crying.

In this cross-sectional study performed in Canada, we evaluated the frustration levels of prepartum and postpartum mother and father couple-pairs. Our goal was to determine if there were differences in frustration levels between mothers and fathers while listening to prolonged infant crying, and further, how frustration levels might differ between prepartum and postpartum samples. Using two discrete groups, prepartum (Sample 1; N = 48) and postpartum (Sample 2; N = 44) mother and father couple-pairs completed 600 s of listening to audio-recorded infant cry sounds. Participants continuously reported their subjective frustration using a computerized Continuous Visual Analog Scale (CVAS). There was no significant difference in frustration responses between mothers and fathers across both prepartum and postpartum samples. Postpartum mothers and fathers experienced greater frustration than their prepartum counterparts, and frustration increased faster in postpartum couples compared to prepartum couples. Informing first-time parents of the universal experiences of frustration to prolonged crying bouts that are characteristic of their infant's early weeks of life may lead to greater understanding towards their infant, and perhaps decreased instances of harmful responses.

En este estudio transeccional, evaluamos los niveles de frustración de las parejas de mamás y papás antes y después del parto. Nuestro propósito fue determinar si hay diferencias entre mamás y papás en cuanto a los niveles de frustración mientras escuchan el prolongado llanto del infante, y cómo los niveles de frustración pudieran diferir entre grupos­muestra antes y después del parto. Usando dos grupos discretos, antes del parto (grupo­muestra 1; N = 48) y después del parto (grupo­muestra 2; N = 44), las parejas de mamás y papás completaron 600 segundos escuchando sonidos grabados en audio de llanto de infante. Los participantes continuamente reportaron su frustración subjetiva usando una escala análoga visual continua computarizada (CVAS). No hubo diferencia significativa en las respuestas de frustración entre mamás y papás a lo largo de los grupos­muestra tanto antes del parto como después del parto. Las mamás y papás en el grupo­muestra después del parto experimentaron mayor frustración que sus homólogos en el grupo­muestra antes del parto, y la frustración aumentó más rápido en las parejas del grupo­muestra después del parto tal como se les comparó con las parejas del grupo­muestra antes del parto. Estos resultados sugieren que las parejas primíparas posterior al parto están más propensas a experimentar considerables cantidades de frustración como respuesta al llanto del infante después que el bebé ha nacido. Informarles a los progenitores primerizos acerca de las experiencias generales de la frustración a los prolongados ataques de llanto que son característicos de las primeras semanas de vida de su infante pudiera llevar a una mayor comprensión hacia su infante y quizás disminuir las instancias de respuestas dañinas.

Dans cette étude transversale nous avons évalué les niveaux de frustration des couples­paires mère et père avant et après la naissance. Notre but était de déterminer s'il existe des différences entres les mères et les pères dans leurs niveaux de frustration en entendant des pleurs de bébé prolongés et de quelle manière les niveaux pourraient différer entre les échantillons avant la naissance et après la naissance. En utilisant deux groupes discrets, avant la naissance (Echantillon 1; N = 48) et après la naissance (Echantillon 2; N = 44) les couples­paires mère et père ont écouté 600 seconds d'enregistrements de pleurs de bébés. Les participants ont fait état de leur frustration subjective en utilisant une échelle analogique visuelle continue informatisée (CVAS). Il s'est avéré n'y avoir aucune différence importante dans les réactions de frustration entre les mères et les pères au travers des échantillons à la fois avant l'accouchement et après l'accouchement. Ces résultats suggèrent que les coupes postpartum primipares sont plus à même de faire l'expérience de niveaux élevés de frustration en réaction aux pleurs du bébé une fois le bébé arrivé. Informer les parents qui sont parents pour la première fois des expériences universelles de frustration aux crises de pleurs prolongées qui caractérisent les premières semaines de la vie des bébés peut mener à une plus grande compréhension de leur bébé et peut­être à une baisse des case d réactions néfastes.

An Ego-Involving Motivational Climate Can Trigger Inflammation, a Threat Appraisal, and Basic Psychological Need Frustration in an Achievement Context.

In this experimental investigation, male college students (N = 56; Mage = 19.95 years) who did not yet know how to juggle were randomly assigned to a 30-min instructional juggling session with either a caring, task-involving climate or an ego-involving climate. An inflammatory response to psychosocial stress was assessed via salivary interleukin-6 prior to (t = 0) and following (t = +30, +45, +60 min) the session. Surveys were utilized to examine positive and negative affect prior to the session and affect, psychological needs, challenge and threat appraisals, and perceived ability to juggle following the session. This is the first investigation to show that ego-involving climates can trigger inflammation, along with maladaptive psychological responses. Participants in the caring, task-involving climate responded with greater psychological need satisfaction, resource evaluations, positive affect, and perceived juggling ability. This research suggests there may be important physiological consequences to ego-involving climates, in addition to concerning cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses.

Femcel Discussions of Sex, Frustration, Power, and Revenge.

Although male incels have received a great deal of scholarly attention in recent years, there has been almost no research on femcels (involuntarily celibate women). After collecting data from more than 24,000 femcel posts, we drew from a recently developed sexual frustration theory and conducted qualitative analyses of approximately 1200. Overall, our findings suggest that (1) femcels struggled with multiple types of sexual frustration; (2) they frequently discussed the gender dynamics of both sex and power; (3) they were more interested in their own frustrations than men's frustrations; and (4) despite some notable exceptions, they exhibited less support for aggression, violence, and crime than what has been reported about male incels. Although some femcels referenced their anger, hatred, or desires for revenge, this antipathy may have been rooted in their concerns about how to find a suitable intimate partner while avoiding the threat women often face from violent men. Despite this challenge, most femcels who wanted to enhance their situation or increase their power sought to do so through legal means (e.g., self-improvement, group mobilization, or challenging the patriarchy) and did not express violent intent. Further research on femcels, and the evidence-based strategies that could help them, would be a significant contribution to society.

Novel Assessment of the Impact of Irritability on Physiological and Psychological Frustration Responses in Adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Irritability, typically defined as a proneness to anger, particularly in response to frustration, falls at the intersection of emotion and disruptive behavior. Despite well-defined translational models, there are few convergent findings regarding the pathophysiology of irritability. Most studies utilize computer-based tasks to examine neural responses to frustration, with little work examining stress-related responding to frustration in social contexts. The present study is the first to utilize the novel Frustration Social Stressor for Adolescents (FSS-A) to examine associations between adolescent irritability and psychological and physiological responses to frustration. METHOD: The FSS-A was completed by a predominantly male, racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse sample of 64 12- to 17-year-olds, who were originally recruited as children with varying levels of irritability. Current irritability was assessed using the Multidimensional Assessment Profiles-Temper Loss scale (MAP-TL-Youth). Adolescents rated state anger and anxiety before and after the FSS-A, and usable salivary cortisol data were collected from 43 participants. RESULTS: Higher MAP-TL-Youth scores were associated with greater increases in anger during the FSS-A, but not increases in anxiety, or alterations in cortisol. Pre-task state anger negatively predicted the slope of the rise in cortisol observed in anticipation of the FSS-A. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide support for unique associations between adolescent irritability and anger during, and in anticipation of, frustrating social interactions. Such findings lay a foundation for future work aimed at informing physiological models and intervention targets.

Irritability as a Transdiagnostic Risk Factor for Functional Impairment in Autistic and Non-autistic Toddlers and Preschoolers.

Trait irritability in toddlerhood is a powerful risk factor for later internalizing and externalizing challenges in non-autistic children, but the predictive clinical utility of irritability is unknown in autism. Irritability is a trait-level emotional response (i.e., frustration) to a blocked goal and is one source of disruptive behavior. Irritability has two facets: Frustration is the degree to which emotion is elevated after a blocked goal, while soothability is the rate of recovery from peak distress. We aimed to: (1) compare and describe the two facets of irritability in non-autistic and young autistic children, and (2) assess whether children's reward sensitivity and executive function moderate the relation between irritability and clinical symptoms. Participants were 90 autistic (n=43) and non-autistic (n = 47) 2- and 4-year-olds. Autistic children did not have different levels of frustration but were more difficult to soothe compared to non-autistic children, according to parents. Further, frustration and soothability were less strongly correlated for autistic compared to non-autistic children. For all children, executive function (specifically, inhibition) moderated, or ameliorated the strength of, the relation between irritability (both soothability and frustration) and externalizing challenges. This study provides evidence for irritability as a transdiagnostic risk factor for clinically significant emotion regulation challenges. Further, the effect of trait irritability may be ameliorated by children's executive function in a transdiagnostic manner. Future work should examine the unique aspects of soothability to how irritability presents within autism, as well as evaluate and modify emotion regulation interventions for autistic toddlers and preschoolers.

Dimensionality, Invariance, and Nomological Network of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS): An Extensive Psychometric Investigation in a Swedish Work Cohort.

The present study evaluated the dimensionality, measurement invariance, and nomological network of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS) in a sample of Swedish workers. Using confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, and bifactor modeling, 30 different measurement models were evaluated cross-sectionally (n = 2123) and longitudinally (n = 1506). Measurement invariance was tested across gender and time. The nomological network of the NSFS was examined through its relations with life satisfaction and cognitive weariness. The findings supported a first-order six-factor ESEM model and measurement invariance of the Swedish version of the NSFS. Need satisfaction was positively related to life satisfaction and unrelated to cognitive weariness. Need frustration was negatively related to life satisfaction and positively related to cognitive weariness. The present study supported a six-factor structure of the Swedish NSFS, which appears suitable for assessing changes over time and gender differences in ratings.

The Boomerang Effect of Suppression of Emotional Expression: Relationship Power, Affectivity and Adolescent and Youth Male-To-Female Dating Violence.

Scarce research has been performed on the role of power, affectivity, and suppression of emotional expression in the use of dating violence by adolescents and young men. This study aims to analyze a model of the associations between perceived power (control and dominance), affectivity (positive and negative affect), suppression of emotional expression and the frequency of use of male-to female dating violence. Participants in this cross-sectional and correlational study were 786 Spanish students aged between 13 and 25 years (M = 18.80; SD = 2.93) divided in two groups: 13-18 (316 adolescents, M = 15.58; SD = 1.02) and 18-25 (462 young men, M = 20.79; SD = 1.98) with 8 participants not stating their age. Different sequential mediation models confirmed that, only in young men, affectivity (negative and positive affect) and suppression of emotional expression mediate the relationship between power and the use of dating violence. Fostering equal relationships, associating them with positive emotional states, avoiding the frustration derived from low power perception, and providing young men with strategies for appropriately expressing their emotions may help decrease the use of dating violence.

"Thank You for Your Good Work": the Impact of Received Gratitude on Employees' Work Motivation.

Previous literature suggests that receiving gratitude in the workplace might have beneficial outcomes for the employees; however, the research linking received gratitude to employees' motivation is scant. In this study, we aimed to examine the relations between employees' received gratitude and their controlled and autonomous motivation, as well as amotivation at work. Drawing on the self-determination theory, we also explored whether the frustration and satisfaction of employees' basic psychological needs would mediate the relations between received gratitude expressions and work motivation. A sample consisting of 643 Romanian employees participated in the study. They filled out questionnaires assessing the gratitude they received in their jobs, the frustration and satisfaction of the basic psychological needs (i.e., for autonomy, competence, and relatedness), as well as the motivation to put in effort in their work. Results indicated that received gratitude was negatively related to amotivation and positively related to controlled motivation and autonomous motivation. Moreover, received gratitude was negatively related to the frustration of the three basic psychological needs, while the association between received gratitude and satisfaction of the basic psychological needs was positive. Results further supported the mediational role of the frustration and satisfaction of the basic psychological needs in the relations between received gratitude and employees' motivation. These findings suggest that expressions of thankfulness are an important stimulus for motivation in the workplace, as they remind employees about the importance of their efforts for other people, while also making them feel capable and autonomous in their jobs.

Delay frustration in children who do and do not stutter: A preliminary study.

PURPOSE: Frustration is an emotion often clinically reported by persons who stutter. So far, mainly questionnaire-based studies have reported findings related to increased frustration or decreased frustration tolerance. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine possible group differences between children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS) using a behavioral experimental task, as well as to evaluate possible associations with the frequency, duration, and physical concomitants of stuttering disfluencies. METHOD: Participants were 13 CWS (mean age = 6;05 years) and 13 CWNS (mean age = 6;06 years), matched on age (±4 months) and gender. Frustration tolerance was assessed by the Delay Frustration task. This task includes normal delay, short delay, and long delay trials. Responses during long delay trials provide an indication of frustration tolerance and were recorded across time intervals during the response window. RESULTS: CWS, compared to CWNS, responded more frequently during the long delay trials, which is indicative of higher delay frustration. The variation in responding across time within intervals was similar for both groups. Decreased frustration tolerance was associated with increased duration of stuttered disfluencies and of physical concomitants. CONCLUSIONS: In general, the current findings seem to provide support for earlier theoretical conceptualizations about the role of emotional reactivity in the development of stuttering.

Effects of polygenes, parent-child relationship and frustration on junior high school students' aggressive behaviors.

The effects of the interaction between polygenes and the parent-child relationship on junior high school students' aggressive behaviors were explored through the frameworks of gene-endophenotype-behavior and neurophysiological basis. A total of 892 junior high school students participated in this study. They were asked to complete self-reported questionnaires, and saliva samples were collected. Results showed that 5-HTTLPR, MAOA-uVNTR, COMT (rs4680), and Taq1 (rs1800497) of the DRD2 gene affected students' aggressive behaviors in an accumulative way. The polygenic risk score explained 3.4% of boys' aggression and 1.1% of girls' aggression. The interactions between polygenic risk score and parent-child conflict significantly affected the aggressive behaviors of male students, but did not show any significant effect on those of female students. The interactional effect of polygenic risk score and parent-child conflict on junior high school students' aggressive behaviors was completely mediated by frustration. However, the interaction effect of polygenic risk score and parent-child affinity on aggression was not affected by frustration. This study helps us better understand junior high school students' aggressive behaviors and promotes the prevention and correction of adolescents' problem behaviors.

Bar press durations as a reliable and robust measure of frustration-related operant behavior: Sensitivity to incentive downshift and dose-response paradigms.

In humans, frustrating experiences are known to trigger relapse events and individuals with higher frustration intolerance show increased risk of developing substance use disorders (SUDs). Despite this clear relationship, frustration-related behavior is seldom studied concurrently with self-administration behavior in rodent models. A major obstacle has been the lack of robust, quantitative assays of frustration-related operant behavior thus far. In previous work, we identified increased bar press (BP) durations in response to frustrating conditions in rats self-administering natural or drug rewards. Here, to propose BP durations as a measure of frustration-related behavior, we conducted an operant successive negative contrast (oSNC) study and found that increases in BP durations are observed in the absence of increased effort, providing evidence that this is a psychological phenomenon. Moreover, we assess the viability of widespread use of BP duration measurements as a behavioral tool by quantifying performance as it pertains to sensitivity, robustness, replicability, and sex differences. We conclude that increases in BP durations are a highly sensitive psychological response to frustrating conditions and that this measure is robust, replicable, and applicable to both sexes.