ABSTRACT
Garcinia madruno is a neotropical tree characterized by its exotic fruit and its functional compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and variability of the chemical markers of G. madruno according to the part of the plant used, the origin and the ripeness stage by applying chemometric tools. A total of 167 samples were evaluated, and 27 compounds were quantified per sample. The expression of amentoflavone, morelloflavone-type biflavonoids and polyisoprenylated benzophenones (PIBs) promoted intergroup differentiation, whereas the expression of GB-2a-type biflavonoids promoted intragroup cluster generation. Epicarp was the main source of biflavonoids and the secondary source of PIBs, with values up to 25% in some individuals. The origin of the fruit significantly impacted the expression of metabolites, whereas the ripeness stage did not. The results indicate that epicarp is a good source of functional compounds and, with appropriately agronomic development, could be improved even more.
Subject(s)
Garcinia/classification , Benzophenones/analysis , Biflavonoids/analysis , Fruit/chemistry , Garcinia/chemistry , Humans , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Tropical ClimateABSTRACT
Thirty-four reference compounds from G. buchananii were analyzed by means of UPLC-ESI-IMS-TOF-MS to build a database consisting of retention time, accurate m/ z of precursors and fragment ions, and rotationally averaged collision cross-sectional area (CCS). The CCS value of six selected compounds analyzed in bark extract in different concentrations and solvent systems showed excellent intra- and interday precision (RSD ≤ 0.9%). The established database was applied on different organs of G. buchananii as well as G. kola, G. mangostana, and G. cambogia enabling a fast and reliable identification of these natural bioactives. For several compounds, more than one drift time species could be highlighted, which we propose to be hydrogen bond stabilized rotational isomers transferred from solution to gas phase. We used all CCS values of one compound, and we propose to add also the intensity ratio of the conformers as a new and additional characteristic compound parameter in compound identification/screening/database applications to reduce dereplication and false positives and to strengthen the identification.
Subject(s)
Databases, Chemical , Garcinia/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Polyphenols/chemistry , Garcinia/classification , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationABSTRACT
The genus Garcinia shows a considerable variation in its morphological characters such as leaf, flower and fruit with taxonomic ambiguity. It is a potential under-exploited multipurpose crop that gained considerable attention for the presence of (-) hydroxycitric acid, an anti-obesity compound, in its fruit rind and leaves. Here, we evaluated the genetic relationship through molecular markers among the selected 9 species commonly available in the Western Ghats and the Northeastern Himalayan foot hills of India. The nucleotide sequence data obtained from two prominent monomorphic bands generated in ISSR profiling of the species was utilized for the study. The selected bands were found to be of ITS region (700 bp) and partial region of KNOX-1 gene (600 bp). The evolutionary cluster was formed using MEGA5 software. The study indicated 2 major clusters, influenced by floral morphology of the species and availability of (-) hydroxycitric acid in their fruit rinds. In the subclusters, one species from the Western Ghats were paired with another from Northeastern Himalayas with relatively similar morphological traits.
Subject(s)
DNA, Plant/genetics , Garcinia/genetics , Genetic Markers/genetics , Citrates/analysis , DNA, Intergenic/genetics , Fruit/chemistry , Garcinia/classification , Genetic Variation/genetics , Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , India , Plant Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
Garcinia plants are one of the rich sources of natural xanthones and benzophenones which have attracted a great deal of attention from the scientists in the fields of chemistry and pharmacology. Recently, many structurally unique constituents with various bioactivities, especially anti-tumor activity, have been isolated from Garcinia plants. This concise review focused on the anti-cancer activity natural products isolated from Chinese Garcinia plants, and the research finding by authors and collaborators over the past several years were cited.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic , Benzophenones , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Garcinia/chemistry , Xanthones , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Benzophenones/chemistry , Benzophenones/isolation & purification , Benzophenones/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Garcinia/classification , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Molecular Structure , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Structure-Activity Relationship , Terpenes/chemistry , Terpenes/isolation & purification , Terpenes/pharmacology , Xanthones/chemistry , Xanthones/isolation & purification , Xanthones/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Garcinia indica is a tree species of the family Clusiaceae. This species is endemically distributed only in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurga district of Maharashtra. Plants collected in particularly Dive Agar and Sawantwadi show morphological variations. Mitotic chromosomes from three different population from the Konkan region were studied using propionic orcein stain. Chromosome numbers 2n = 54 is reported for all the populations. Three populations differed from each other in some aspects. Karyotype analysis showed that Deorukh population from Ratnagiri region showed one pair of satellite and one pair of secondary constrictions while Otawane population from Sawantwadi showed one satellite chromosome but differ in pattern of secondary constriction. Third, Diveagar population from Raigad district showed three pairs of satellite chromosomes and one pair of secondary constriction. So, it can be concluded that, plants from Bapat Garden of Dive Agar and Otawane region can be considered as cytotypes.
