John King, the Bristol surgeon and friend of artists and poets.

The Bristol School of Artists developed between 1800 and 1840 and was a collaboration between professional and amateur artists, one of whom was Dr John King. King started his professional life in Bristol as assistant to Thomas Beddoes where one of his colleagues was Humphry Davy and the three of them worked in the Pneumatic Institute, attempting to cure tuberculosis with gases. King subsequently became a popular general practitioner in Clifton and his correspondence with patrons of art, romantic poets and his friends gives much information about the social life in Bristol in the early part of the 19th century.

"The Noblest Roman of them all?" Professional versus Popular Views of America's Country Doctors.

This essay studies the images, perceptions, and values of the professional medical journals, as well as popular sources such as magazine and films, to show that the country doctor was a contested figure in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The country doctor's image embodied competing ideals of a racialized professional and masculine identity that included both place as well as visions of science. Medical professionals pressed an image in their journals and professional advice books that mapped a celebration of science and its predictive value onto urban places that were enshrined in hospitals and laboratory facilities. The public, while embracing this image, also embraced a second one shown in popular media that glorified the self-sacrificing rural solo practitioner. This practitioner's wisdom came from long contact with patients, he was dedicated to seeing patients in their homes, and his identity was based in the larger needs of the entire community.

Dr. Fraser Macintosh Rose, OBE, MB ChB (Edin), FCGP (1897-1972) co-founder of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

Fraser Rose was a general practitioner in Preston, Lancashire, England and a medical politician. He was one of two doctors who in 1951 took the initial steps and subsequently played a major role in the founding of the College of General Practitioners, later to become the Royal College of General Practitioners. This paper examines his life, his career in general practice and medical politics, and his unique contribution to the 'Steering Committee' that set up the College.

Médicos matanceros que se relacionaron con el mayor general Máximo Gómez Báez / Physician from Matanzas who were closed to Mayor General Máximo Gómez Báez

Se abordan aspectos de la vida y obra del Generalísimo Máximo Gómez Báez, sus combates y campañas militares, resaltando valores de su personalidad y su relación con varios médicos matanceros, con el propósito de reconocerlos, honrarlos y emplearlos como ejemplos en el alcance de los objetivos educativos de los estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas y en su formación integral sobre la base de la consolidación de valores. Para ello se analiza la literatura disponible y se sintetizan los elementos fundamentales de la relación entre estos patriotas y el contexto social en que se produce. Se citan los textos empleados en la bibliografía para los interesados en profundizar en el tema o replicar el procedimiento empleado para complementar el conocimiento sobre otros patriotas afines con su especialidad (AU).

Several aspects of Generalissimo Maximo Gomez Baez's live and deeds are dealt with, like the battles and military campaigns he fought, making emphasis in his personality's values and his relations with physicians from Matanzas, with the aim of knowing them, rendering them homage, and using their personalities as examples to reach educative objects in the comprehensive training of the students of Medical Sciences on the bases of consolidating values. The available literature is analyzed, and the main elements of the relations among these patriots and their social context are reviewed. The used literature is cited for the interested people to deepen in the theme, or replicating the used procedures to complement knowledge on other patriots related with their specialties (AU).

Médicos matanceros que se relacionaron con el mayor general Máximo Gómez Báez / Physician from Matanzas who were closed to Mayor General Máximo Gómez Báez

Se abordan aspectos de la vida y obra del Generalísimo Máximo Gómez Báez, sus combates y campañas militares, resaltando valores de su personalidad y su relación con varios médicos matanceros, con el propósito de reconocerlos, honrarlos y emplearlos como ejemplos en el alcance de los objetivos educativos de los estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas y en su formación integral sobre la base de la consolidación de valores. Para ello se analiza la literatura disponible y se sintetizan los elementos fundamentales de la relación entre estos patriotas y el contexto social en que se produce. Se citan los textos empleados en la bibliografía para los interesados en profundizar en el tema o replicar el procedimiento empleado para complementar el conocimiento sobre otros patriotas afines con su especialidad (AU).

Several aspects of Generalissimo Maximo Gomez Baez's live and deeds are dealt with, like the battles and military campaigns he fought, making emphasis in his personality's values and his relations with physicians from Matanzas, with the aim of knowing them, rendering them homage, and using their personalities as examples to reach educative objects in the comprehensive training of the students of Medical Sciences on the bases of consolidating values. The available literature is analyzed, and the main elements of the relations among these patriots and their social context are reviewed. The used literature is cited for the interested people to deepen in the theme, or replicating the used procedures to complement knowledge on other patriots related with their specialties (AU).

[Patients' rights]. / I diritti del malato.

Forty years have passed since the publication of the "Patients' Rights Charter" (included in a separate section at the end of the work: "Patients' rights: a critical guide to understanding and usage of civil hospital facilities"), but it still remains remarkably topical. We here provide an analysis of the original Charter (1975) taking into consideration the changes that have occurred in sensitivity to gender, cultural as well as socioeconomic differences, the right to body privacy and to continuity of care, the key role of general practitioners, the reciprocal relations in the information and decision-making processes with shared diagnostic and therapeutic pathways and active patient participation, which mandates that adequate education in communication and care strategies be provided to all caregivers.

[Hope-Simpson and shingles]. / Hope-Simpson en gordelroos.

Dr Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson (1908-2003) was a British general practitioner, who has laid the foundation for unravelling the pathogenesis of shingles. At the beginning of the 20th century, both conditions were known to be related, but the precise relationship was unclear. It was assumed that chickenpox could originate after infection by both a person with shingles or someone with chickenpox, but that both diseases were caused by different viruses. Through rigorous observations in his GP practice and during his field work on the island of Yell, Hope-Simpson developed his hypothesis about the - now scientifically accepted - pathogenesis of shingles. Hope-Simpson's work shows how accurate observations can lead to unexpected new insights and hypotheses.

[Venereal diseases in a "general practice" in the 17th and early 18th centuries]. / Venerische Erkrankungen in einer "Allgemeinarztpraxis" im 17. und frühen 18. Jahrhundert.

The diary of the town physician Johannes Franc (1649-1725), handwritten in Latin, gives-among other diseases-an overview of sexually transmitted infections affecting citizens in Ulm such as syphilis and gonorrhea. Franc reported on his own experiences in the diary and also included many theoretical details on the causes of the diseases and the corresponding therapies, including ethical considerations. Even in ancient times, there are indications of venereal diseases. However, at the latest with the outbreak of syphilis around the year 1495, the treatment and control of the spread of venereal diseases became an important task of medicine. Before gonococci were detected by Neisser in 1879, sexually transmitted diseases were generally seen as a single disease. However, at the beginning of the 18th century, there were several doctors who treated syphilis and gonorrhea as separate entities. Franc was one of them. Examining the milestones in the history of syphilis and gonorrhea, the present article reviews the existing theories that tried to explain the origins of these diseases. Franc's treatment patterns are illustrated. Franc's case reports indicate a fundamental change in the perception of STIs at the end of the 17th/beginning of the 18th century.

Thomas James Walker (1835-1916): Surgeon and general practitioner.

Thomas James Walker was a surgeon and general practitioner who worked in the city of Peterborough at a time when there were changes and innovations in the practice of medicine. After training in medicine and surgery at Edinburgh University, he qualified in London in 1857. He was a pioneer of laryngoscopy. He played an important role in introducing antiseptic surgery to the Peterborough Infirmary and was instrumental in the development of the operating theatre which opened in 1894. He was a philanthropist and collector of Roman and Saxon artefacts. In 1915, he was recognized as an outstanding member of the Peterborough community when he was offered the Freedom of the City.

William Cooke MD MRCS (1785-1873) - General Practitioner, Founder of the Hunterian Society and Deacon of the Congregational Church.

Farmer's son William Cooke completed his medical training at Barts before embarking on a 60-year career as a general practitioner in and around London. In 1819, he was a co-founder, and for 20 years secretary, of the Hunterian Society which continues to provide education to its members. He was the author of several books where his views on the importance of post-mortem examinations and the interrelationships of body and mind in disease were discussed. He was a prominent non-conformist and became a deacon in the Congregational Church. He died in 1873, aged 87.

The development and impact of primary health care in China from 1949 to 2015: A focused review.

High-quality primary health care (PHC) services are associated with better health outcomes and positive health equity. Providing PHC services to all inhabitants is one of the Chinese government's health care objectives. However, an imbalance between people's increasing health needs and effective health service utilization exists in China. The objective of this review is to identify evidence for PHC development in China and to summarize the challenges as a reference for the future improvement of China's PHC system. Literature searches related to China's PHC were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wan-fang databases. Related data were collected from the China Statistical Yearbook on Health and Family Planning 2003-2016, the China National Health Accounts Report 2015, and An Analysis Report of National Health Services Survey in China, 2013. The PHC network and the population's health have improved in China in recent years, with general practitioners as "gatekeepers" who have gradually taken the initiative to offer health services to residents. The limitation of input and shortages of resources and skilled health care providers may restrict the sustainable development of China's PHC system. Therefore, policy support from the government is necessary.