A case-control study on the association between periodontitis and coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and periodontitis share common characteristics, such as an exaggerated inflammatory response. As periodontal diseases were shown to be associated with respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia, it is quite possible that a relationship may exist between periodontitis and COVID-19. Hence, the aim of the present study was to determine whether periodontitis and poor oral hygiene are associated with COVID-19. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted. Patients who had positive real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were included in the case group (n = 79), and patients with negative results were included in the control group (n = 71). The periodontal examination involved recording the plaque scores, calculus scores, tooth mobility, gingival bleeding, probing depth, recession, and clinical attachment level (CAL). RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis showed significant associations of mean plaque scores ≥ 1 (odds ratio (OR), 7.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.83 to 26.94), gingivitis (OR, 17.65; 95% CI, 5.95 to 52.37), mean CAL ≥ 2 mm (OR, 8.46; 95% CI, 3.47 to 20.63), and severe periodontitis (OR, 11.75; 95% CI, 3.89 to 35.49) with COVID-19; these findings were more prevalent in the case group. CONCLUSION: Based on the above mentioned observations, it can be concluded that there is an association between periodontitis severity and COVID-19. Gingival bleeding and dental plaque accumulation are also more frequent among COVID-19 patients. Hence, it is essential to maintain periodontal health and good oral hygiene as an important measure for COVID-19 prevention and management.

Close Associations of Gum Bleeding with Systemic Diseases in Late Adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Though it is well known that periodontal diseases are associated with various systemic diseases in adults, the associations in late adolescents have not been adequately elucidated. We investigated the association between gum bleeding (a major symptom of periodontal diseases) and common systemic diseases in late adolescents: allergic, respiratory, and otorhinolaryngologic diseases. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of the mandatory medical questionnaires administered as a part of legally required freshman medical checkup between April 2017 and April 2019 at the University of Tokyo. Among the total of 9376 sets of responses, 9098 sets from students aged less than 20 were analyzed. An χ2 test and univariate and multivariate binomial logistic regression analyses were performed using SAS ver. 9.4. A value of p < 0.05 was accepted as significant. RESULTS: According to the questionnaire data, 3321 students (36.5%; 2780 males and 541 females) responded that they experienced gum bleeding whenever they brushed their teeth. These students had significantly higher incidence rates of otitis media/externa and asthma/cough-variant asthma (p = 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). The results of the multivariate analysis showed significant rates of the following complications among these students: (1) otitis media/externa (odds ratio (OR) 1.691; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.193-2.396; p = 0.003), (2) asthma/cough-variant asthma (OR 1.303; 95% CI: 1.091-1.556; p = 0.003), and (3) male gender (OR 1.536; 95% CI: 1.337-1.765; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Gum bleeding was closely associated with otitis media/externa and asthma in late adolescents. Our study reinforces new evidence about the association between periodontal diseases and asthma, and it reveals a novel and close association between gum bleeding and otitis media/externa.

Evaluación propia en mujeres gestantes al respecto de opiniones, hábitos y estado de su salud oral en una población del sur de Galicia / Self-assessment of opinions, habits and oral health status by pregnant women in the south of Galicia, Spain

Se ha constatado en el embarazo la asociación entre problemas de salud oral y complicaciones obstétricas. Por ello, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es evaluar en embarazadas la percepción de salud oral, hábitos y creencias relativas. Se diseñó un cuestionario para obtener información de las embarazadas que acudían a la consulta de Obstetricia del Hospital Comarcal Valdeorras y Odontología de atención primaria del Centro de Salud Valle Inclán (n=96). Se encontró que la percepción propia de muchas gestantes era padecer algún problema en la cavidad oral. Además, se reflejó que las gestantes tenían hábitos relativos a salud oral adecuados; en adición, creían que su embarazo iba a traer implícitamente problemas a su boca. Las gestantes son capaces de comprender la relación entre su salud oral, su salud sistémica y la de su futuro hijo. Se detectaron una serie de hábitos y creencias en las que sería conveniente incidir para reducir problemas sanitarios

An association has been found between oral health problems and obstetric complications during pregnancy. The main aim of this study was to assess the perception by pregnant women on their oral health and related habits and beliefs. A questionnaire was designed in order to obtain information from 96 pregnant women attending the Valdeorras Local Hospital and the primary health dental practice in the Valle Inclan Health Center. It was found that many pregnant women perceived they were suffering from some kind of problem affecting their mouth. It was shown that pregnant women had adequate habits regarding oral health, but they believed that their pregnancy would implicitly cause them to have mouth problems. Pregnant women are able to understand the impact of their oral health on their general well-being and the health of their unborn child. It has been detected that a series of habits and beliefs would ideally need to be acted upon in order to reduce health problems

Oral Health and Its Effect on the Academic Performance of Children and Adolescents.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review was to verify whether child and adolescent oral health affected academic performance. METHODS: A literature search conducted in March 2017 on PubMed, Lilacs, Web of Science, and Scopus databases identified 2,009 papers, six of which were included in the final review. Quality appraisal and risk of bias were evaluated using the quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: Two papers were classified as being of good quality, one as fair, and three as poor. In four publications, oral health conditions were measured by taking only dental caries into account, while in two others treatment needs and dental trauma were also considered. Although four papers concluded that children's academic performance and poor oral health were associated, the results were not considered reliable because of the high risk of bias. The two papers classified as being of good quality did not show an association between oral health and academic performance, unless mediated by socioeconomic factors. CONCLUSION: Further well-designed studies are required to demonstrate whether children's oral health can have a negative influence on their academic performance.

Is gingival bleeding a symptom of type 2 and 3 von Willebrand disease?

BACKGROUND: Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common inherent bleeding disorder. Gingival bleeding is a frequently reported symptom of VWD. However, gingival bleeding is also a leading symptom of plaque-induced gingivitis and untreated periodontal disease. In type 1 VWD gingival bleeding was not increased compared to controls. Thus, this study evaluated whether type 2 and 3 VWD determines an increased susceptibility to gingival bleeding in response to the oral biofilm. METHODS: Twenty-four cases and 24 controls matched for age, sex, periodontal diagnosis, number of teeth and smoking were examined hematologically (VWF antigen, VWF activity, factor VIII activity) and periodontally (Gingival Bleeding Index [GBI]), bleeding on probing [BOP], Plaque Control Record [PCR], periodontal inflamed surface area [PISA], vertical probing attachment level). RESULTS: BOP (VWD: 14.5±10.1%; controls: 12.3±5.3%; p = 0.542) and GBI (VWD: 10.5±9.9%; controls: 8.8±4.8%; p = 0.852) were similar for VWD and controls. Multiple regressions identified female sex, HbA1c, PCR and PISA to be associated with BOP. HbA1c and PCR were associated with GBI. Number of remaining teeth was negatively correlated with BOP and GBI. CONCLUSION: Type 2 and 3 VWD are not associated with a more pronounced inflammatory response to the oral biofilm in terms of BOP and GBI.

Juvenile dermatomyositis: is periodontal disease associated with dyslipidemia?

BACKGROUND: Association between periodontal disease and dyslipidemia was recently reported in healthy adults. However, a systematic evaluation of concomitant periodontal diseases and lipid profile was not carried out in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). A cross-section study was performed in 25 JDM patients and 25 healthy controls, assessing demographic data, periodontal evaluation, fasting lipoproteins and anti-lipoprotein lipase antibodies. Disease parameters, laboratorial tests and treatment were also evaluated in JDM patients. RESULTS: The mean current age was similar in patients and controls (11.5 ± 3.75 vs. 11.2 ± 2.58 years,p = 0.703). Regarding lipid profile, the median triglycerides [80(31-340) vs. 61(19-182)mg/dL,p = 0.011] and VLDL[16(6-68) vs. 13(4-36)mg/dL,p = 0.020] were significantly higher in JDM patients versus controls. Gingival vasculopathy pattern was significantly higher in the former group (60% vs. 0%,p = 0.0001), as well as the median of gingival bleeding index (GBI) [24.1(4.2-69.4) vs. 11.1(0-66.6)%,p = 0.001] and probing pocket depth (PPD) [1.7(0.6-2.4) vs.1.4(0-2.12)mm,p = 0.006]. Comparison between JDM patients with and without dyslipidemia revealed that the median of dental plaque index (PI) [100(26.7-100) vs. 59(25-100)%,p = 0.022], PPD[1.9(0.6-2.4) vs. 1.4(1.2-1.8)mm,p = 0.024] and clinical attachment level (CAL) [1.31(0.7-1.7) vs. 0.8(0.6-1.7)mm,p = 0.005] were significantly higher in patients with dyslipidemia. Further analysis between JDM patients with and without gingivitis revealed that the median of current age [12.4 (8.3-18.4) vs. 9.2 (5.5-17.5) years, p = 0.034] and disease duration [7.09 ± 3.07 vs. 3.95 ± 2.1 years, p = 0.008] were significantly higher in the former group. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that gingival inflammation seems to be related to dyslipidemia in JDM patients, suggesting underlying mechanisms for both complications.

Periodontal status and its association with self-reported hypertension in non-medical staff in a university teaching hospital in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence suggests a relationship between periodontal disease and non-communicable systemic diseases with rising prevalence in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive. OBJECTIVES: To determine the periodontal status and its association with self-reported hypertension among non-medical staff in a university teaching hospital in Nigeria. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among non-medical staff using self-administered questionnaires and periodontal clinical examination between July and August 2013. Multivariate analysis was explored to determine the independent variables associated with self-reported hypertension. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 276 subjects were enrolled into the study. Shallow pockets (CPI code 3) constituted the predominant periodontal disease (46.7%), calculus (CPI code 2) 46%, bleeding gingiva (CPI code 1) in 3.3% and deep pockets ≥ 6mm (CPI code 4) in 2.2%. Self-reported hypertension was the most prevalent self-reported medical condition (18.1%) and found to be associated with periodontitis, increasing age, lower education, and a positive family history of hypertension. CONCLUSION: Periodontal disease was highly prevalent in this study. Self-reported hypertension was associated with periodontitis, older age, lower education and a positive family history. Periodic periodontal examination and regular blood pressure assessment for non-medical staff is recommended.

Analysis of the relationships between edentulism, periodontal health, body composition, and bone mineral density in elderly women.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and tooth loss in conjunction with periodontal disease is not clear. The suggested effects include alteration in bone remodeling rates as well as the multifaceted etiology of edentulism. There is also a question if other body-related variables besides BMD, such as body composition, may be associated with tooth number and general periodontal health. The aim of this study was to evaluate if tooth number and marginal periodontal status are associated with body composition and BMD in a sample of elderly women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 91 postmenopausal women. Data included basic anthropometric characteristics, body composition via bioelectrical impedance analysis, and BMD analysis at the distal end of the radial bone of the nondominant arm via peripheral dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. A dental examination was performed to assess tooth number, periodontal pocket depth (PD), and gingival bleeding. RESULTS: In nonosteoporotic women, a significant positive correlation was found between BMD and lean body mass, total body water, and muscle mass. The indicators of bone metabolism correlated negatively with PD. Such relationships did not appear in osteoporotic women. In both groups, basic anthropometric characteristics and body composition were significantly and positively correlated with PD and bleeding on probing. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that body composition and BMD are not significantly correlated with tooth number and gingival bleeding.

Self-Reported Periodontitis and Incident Type 2 Diabetes among Male Workers from a 5-Year Follow-Up to MY Health Up Study.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to examine whether periodontitis is associated with incident type 2 diabetes in a Japanese male worker cohort. METHODS: The study participants were Japanese men, aged 36-55 years, without diabetes. Data were extracted from the MY Health Up study, consisting of self-administered questionnaire surveys at baseline and following annual health examinations for an insurance company in Japan. The oral health status of the participants was classified by two self-reported indicators: (1) gingival hemorrhage and (2) tooth loosening. Type 2 diabetes incidence was determined by self-reporting or blood test data. Modified Poisson regression approach was used to estimate the relative risks and the 95% confidence intervals of incident diabetes with periodontitis. Covariates included age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, hypertension, current smoking habits, alcohol use, dyslipidemia, and exercise habits. RESULTS: Of the 2895 candidates identified at baseline in 2004, 2469 men were eligible for follow-up analysis, 133 of whom were diagnosed with diabetes during the 5-year follow-up period. Tooth loosening was associated with incident diabetes [adjusted relative risk = 1.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.14-2.64] after adjusting for other confounding factors. Gingival hemorrhage displayed a similar trend but was not significantly associated with incident diabetes [adjusted relative risk = 1.32, 95% confidence interval = 0.95-1.85]. CONCLUSIONS: Tooth loosening is an independent predictor of incident type 2 diabetes in Japanese men.

The Association of Gum Bleeding with Respiratory Health in a Population Based Study from Northern Europe.

BACKGROUND: There is little knowledge about how oral and respiratory health is interrelated even though the mucosa of the oral cavity and airways constitutes a continuum and the exposures to these are partly similar. AIMS: To investigate whether gum bleeding is related to asthma, respiratory symptoms and self-reported COPD. METHODS: A postal questionnaire including questions about respiratory and oral health was sent to general population samples in seven Northern European centres. In 13,409 responders, gum bleeding when brushing teeth was reported always/often by 4% and sometimes by 20%. Logistic regressions accounted for age, smoking, educational level, centre and gender. Effects of BMI, cardio-metabolic diseases, early life factors, gastro-oesophageal reflux, dental hygiene, nasal congestion, and asthma medication were addressed. RESULTS: Gum bleeding always/often was significantly associated with ≥ 3 asthma symptoms (OR 2.58, 95% CI 2.10-3.18), asthma (1.62 [1.23-2.14]) and self-reported COPD (2.02 [1.28-3.18]). There was a dose-response relationship between respiratory outcomes and gum bleeding frequency (≥ 3 symptoms: gum bleeding sometimes 1.42 [1.25-1.60], often/always 2.58 [2.10-3.18]), and there was no heterogeneity between centres (p(heterogeneity) = 0.49). None of the investigated risk factors explained the associations. The observed associations were significantly stronger among current smokers (p(interaction) = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: A consistent link between gum bleeding and obstructive airways disease was observed, not explained by common risk factors or metabolic factors. We speculate that oral pathogens might have unfavourable impact on the airways, and that the direct continuity of the mucosa of the oral cavity and the airways reflects a pathway that might provide novel opportunities for interventions.

Oral Infections and Pregnancy: Knowledge of Gynecologists/Obstetricians, Midwives and Dentists.

PURPOSE: To establish an inventory of knowledge, attitudes and daily pratice of dental and medical practitioners in France regarding oral health care and its relationship to pregnancy, particularly to preterm delivery and low birth-weight infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to health-care professionals (n= 460), consisting of 100 prenatal care practitioners (obstetricians, midwives) and 360 dentists, about their knowledge of oral alterations during pregnancy, the possible association between periodontal disorders and preterm/low birth weight, and their conduct toward their patients. RESULTS: Bleeding gums and pregnancy gingivitis were the oral manifestations most often cited by all the practitioners. In contrast, prenatal care practitioners were unaware of epulis and a greater percentage of them than dentists believed caries risk to increase during pregnancy. The most adverse pregnancy outcomes cited were risk of premature delivery and chorioamniotis. Only dentists had received initial training on pregnancy complications. Finally, all health professionals point out the lack of continuing education on this topic. CONCLUSION: The present results underline the need for a better initial professional education and continuing education regarding pregnancy and oral health conditions and emphasise the need to update the guidelines in health care practices for pregnant women for a more effective prevention of risk-related adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as pre-term birth or pre-eclampsia.

Toothbrushing: A Link Between Noncommunicable and Communicable Diseases?

PURPOSE: To assess the correlation between toothbrushing (TB) and the common biological (HDL) and quality-of-life-related risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and communicable diseases among patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study is part of a prospective intervention study among DM2 patients (n=200), randomly selected from the outpatient clinics, Istanbul, Turkey. The assessed variables were: TB, self-reported gingival bleeding (SRGB), HDL, BMI, body-fat proportion, modified quality of life scale (WHOQOL-BrefPhPs). Descriptive statistics, frequency distributions, Spearman rank correlation, the chi-square test and factor analysis were applied. RESULTS: A minority of the patients brushed their teeth twice a day or more (27%) and reported no gingival bleeding (37%). Favourable HDL and high WHOQOL-BrefPhPs were 77% and 57%, respectively. A majority of patients had unhealthy BMI (83%) and body-fat proportions (63%). SRGB was negatively correlated with WHOQOL-BrefPhPs (rs=-0.24, p<0.05) and TB (rs=-0.25, p<0.01). The patients who reported less than daily TB were more likely to have unfavourable HDL and low WHOQOL-BrefPhPs (32% vs 54%) than those brushing their teeth daily (17% vs 35%, p<0.05). Principal component analysis revealed two clusters: 'healthy weight' (WHOQOL-BrefPhPs, TB, BMI) and 'oral health' (SRGB, HDL). CONCLUSION: The present results demonstrate a correlation between TB and biological and quality-of-life-related risk markers of NCDs and communicable diseases. There seems to be a need to increase the awareness of the significance TB's potential intermediatory role between NCDs and communicable diseases.

Type II diabetes and oral health: perceptions among adults with diabetes and oral/health care providers in Ghana.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to examine oral health beliefs and attitudes, and utilisation of oral health care services among individuals with diabetes and health professionals who serve them in Ghana. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: A qualitative study using grounded theory was conducted. CLINICAL SETTING: University of Ghana Dental School at Korle Bu, University of Ghana School of Public Health, National Diabetes Research and Management Centre at Korle Bu, and New York University College of Dentistry. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 59 patients comprised 7 focus groups conducted in either Twi or English. Seven key informant interviews with healthcare professionals and one spiritual leader were completed. RESULTS: Data from the focus groups and interviews reveal: 1, half of the participants with diabetes have oral manifestations (e.g., bleeding gums) and participants are generally unaware of interrelationship between diabetes and oral health; 2, dental treatment utilisation is minimal and associated almost exclusively with reparative and emergency care; and 3, medical health providers do not acknowledge the interrelationship between oral health and diabetes nor do they incorporate oral health issues into diabetes screening/treatment. CONCLUSION: Oral health knowledge and practices are limited among patients with diabetes in Accra, Ghana. Collaborative efforts for in-service education and training for oral health and medical professionals may be beneficial in serving the oral and general health care needs as well as improving the oral health-related quality of life of Ghanaians with diabetes.

Halitosis as a product of hepatic disease.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated halitosis in patients suffering from hepatic disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients (12 males and 13 females) aged between 16 and 73 years who had undergone treatment for liver disease were included in this study. Three halimeter recordings were performed to measure methyl mercarptan and hydrogen sulphite. Mean values were calculated and compared with normal values (75-120 ppb). The level of significance was set at P < .05. Results: Thirteen of the 25 subjects (52%) had normal Volatile Sulphur Compound (VSC) values (75-120 ppb). Twelve subjects (48%) recorded values ranging from 132 to 1112 ppb. There was no correlation between hepatic pathology and halitosis. Fifty-two percent of all subjects had poor oral hygiene, strongly correlated with high VSC values (P<0.05) whereas the remaining 48% with good hygiene had normal levels of VSC. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, high values of VSC were not associated with the presence of hepatic disease.

Factors associated with gingival inflammation among adults with systemic sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with increased gingival inflammation in adults with systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, forty-eight adults with SSc received assessment of gingival inflammation using Löe and Silness gingival index (LSGI), measurement of oral aperture and evaluation of manual dexterity to perform oral hygiene using the Toothbrushing Ability Test, as well as completion of an oral health-related questionnaire. RESULTS: Three explanatory variables in the final multiple predictor models for the LSGI outcome were statistically significant--manual dexterity to perform oral hygiene, flossing in the evening and SSc subtype, with higher (i.e., worse) LSGI score among those with impaired manual dexterity, not flossing in the evening and diffuse form of SSc. In addition, posterior teeth had higher LSGI scores compared with that of the anterior teeth after adjusting for other variables. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that dental health professionals take manual dexterity into consideration when educating patients with SSc to improve their oral hygiene and educate them on paying more attention on cleaning their posterior teeth and the importance of flossing in the evening--especially those who only floss once a day or less often.

Periodontal pathogens and respiratory diseases- evaluating their potential association: a clinical and microbiological study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether any potential association exists between respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and periodontal health status clinically and or microbiologically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients of COPD (test group) and 50 Patients without COPD (control group) were recruited for the study with more than 20 years of age with at least six natural teeth. All the patients were nonsmokers. Periodontal health was assessed by measuring clinical attachment loss (CAL) and gingival bleeding by using William's graduated periodontal probe. Microbiological evaluation was done by collecting sputum samples of the subjects with respiratory diseases to find out any periodontal pathogen in the lung fluid. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The results showed that the subjects with COPD had significantly more bleeding sites (i.e. >20%) and had more of the clinical mean attachment loss (2.84 ± 0.66) than those without COPD. On the basis of the observed results of the study, we can hypothesize that the risk for COPD appeared to be significantly elevated when attachment loss was found to be severe. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is conceivable that oral interventions that improve oral health status may prove to lower the severity of lung infection in susceptible populations.

Risk assessment of feline tooth resorption: a Portuguese clinical case control study.

Tooth resorption (TR) is one of the most common dental diseases in cats. Determination of risk factors has not yet been fully assessed and, to the best knowledge of the authors, this disease has never been studied in Portuguese cats. The objective of this case-control study was to determine type and distribution of TR lesions, evaluate risk factors, and establish relationships between variables in this disease. The study included data from 71 cats admitted for general anesthesia for various reasons. The cats were randomly selected. The inclusion criteria were availability of clinical history and owner permission. Cats with known oral disease were not excluded from the study. All cats received ultrasonic scaling and polishing of the teeth, a thorough oral examination, and full-mouth radiographs. A strong statistical relation was found between age and TR. The age group of 10 to 15-years showed an increased risk of 6.56 times for TR occurrence compared with the group 0 to 4-years of age. Presence of gingivitis in all index levels was related to an increased risk for TR. No relation was found between age or gingivitis index and lesion type. Mandibular third premolar and molar teeth were most commonly affected by TR, especially for type 1 lesions. Canine teeth were statistically more likely to have type 2 lesions. The trend for the canine teeth to be more affected with type 2 lesions needs further verification.

Metabolic syndrome and gingival inflammation in Caucasian children with a family history of obesity.

AIM: To investigate whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components are associated with gingival inflammation in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis from the baseline visit of the QUebec Adipose and Lifestyle InvesTigation in Youth cohort, an ongoing longitudinal study investigating the natural history of obesity in children of Quebec, Canada. The analytic sample includes 448 children aged 8-10 years, 39% of whom were overweight or obese. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation recommendations. Gingival inflammation was defined by the level of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the extent of gingival bleeding. Sex-specific linear regression analyses estimated the associations between MetS and gingival inflammation, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Twenty-five children had MetS. Boys with MetS compared to those without, had a 49.5% (p-value = 0.001) higher GCF TNF-α level and 13.7% (p-value = 0.033) more sites with gingival bleeding. Moreover, for three of the five components of MetS - waist circumference, fasting plasma triglycerides, systolic blood pressure - an increase was associated with increased GCF TNF-α level in boys. No such findings were seen in girls. CONCLUSION: An association between MetS and gingival inflammation was observed as early as in childhood, and may differ by sex.

[Digestive pathology and oral condition in the rural populations of the Ferlo in Senegal]. / Pathologie digestive et état bucco-dentaire chez les populations rurales du Ferlo au Sénégal.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this work was to study the association between dental and periodontal status and digestive pathology in the Ferlo populations in Senegal. METHOD: This was a cross sectional study involving 300 people living in the area of the Ferlo in the Centre East of Senegal. Selected individuals must be over the age of 15 years and resided in the area. Cluster sampling helped recruit individuals. Collected information related to digestive pathology (yes or no), periodontal status (plate index, inflammation, bleeding, loss of attachment, the depth of pocket and the CPITN.) Dental status was evaluated by the DMFT. The data analyzed with software R and the Student's t test used to compare the averages of the indices in both groups at the threshold of 5%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to isolate the final model with a threshold of 5%. RESULTS: Averages of dental and periodontal index were broadly equal in both groups (sick and not sick). The DMF and missing teeth were significantly associated with the digestive pathology after adjustment on gender, age, BMI, marital status, the number of cigarettes smoked and the depth of pocket. CONCLUSION: This study revealed a significant association between dental status and digestive pathology. The comprehensive care of patients therefore raises the interest of collaboration between surgeons, dentists and gastroenterologists for effective and adequate treatment.