ABSTRACT
Oxidative stress suppresses host immunity by generating oxidized lipid agonists of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R). Because many classical chemotherapeutic drugs induce reactive oxygen species (ROS), we investigated whether these drugs might subvert host immunity by activating PAF-R. Here, we show that PAF-R agonists are produced in melanoma cells by chemotherapy that is administered in vitro, in vivo, or in human subjects. Structural characterization of the PAF-R agonists induced revealed multiple oxidized glycerophosphocholines that are generated nonenzymatically. In a murine model of melanoma, chemotherapeutic administration could augment tumor growth by a PAF-R-dependent process that could be blocked by treatment with antioxidants or COX-2 inhibitors or by depletion of regulatory T cells. Our findings reveal how PAF-R agonists induced by chemotherapy treatment can promote treatment failure. Furthermore, they offer new insights into how to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy by blocking its heretofore unknown impact on PAF-R activation.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/immunology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy , Melanoma, Experimental/immunology , Platelet Activating Factor/agonists , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/immunology , Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology , Female , Glycerylphosphorylcholine/immunology , Glycerylphosphorylcholine/metabolism , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/immunology , Platelet Activating Factor/immunology , Platelet Activating Factor/metabolism , Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology , Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/immunology , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/immunology , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Signal Transduction/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunologyABSTRACT
Previous studies have established that pro-oxidative stressors suppress host immunity because of their ability to generate oxidized lipids with platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R) agonist activity. Although exposure to the pro-oxidative stressor cigarette smoke (CS) is known to exert immunomodulatory effects, little is known regarding the role of PAF in these events. The current studies sought to determine the role of PAF-R signaling in CS-mediated immunomodulatory effects. We demonstrate that CS exposure induces the generation of a transient PAF-R agonistic activity in the blood of mice. CS exposure inhibits contact hypersensitivity in a PAF-R-dependent manner as PAF-R-deficient mice were resistant to these effects. Blocking PAF-R agonist production either by systemic antioxidants or treatment with serum PAF-acetyl hydrolase enzyme blocked both the CS-mediated generation of PAF-R agonists and PAF-R-dependent inhibition of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions, indicating a role for oxidized glycerophosphocholines with PAF-R agonistic activity in this process. In addition, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition did not block PAF-R agonist production but prevented CS-induced inhibition of CHS. This suggests that cyclooxygenase-2 acts downstream of the PAF-R in mediating CS-induced systemic immunosuppression. Moreover, CS exposure induced a significant increase in the expression of the regulatory T cell reporter gene in Foxp3(EGFP) mice but not in Foxp3(EGFP) mice on a PAF-R-deficient background. Finally, regulatory T cell depletion via anti-CD25 Abs blocked CS-mediated inhibition of CHS, indicating the potential involvement of regulatory T cells in CS-mediated systemic immunosuppression. These studies provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that the pro-oxidative stressor CS can modulate cutaneous immunity via the generation of PAF-R agonists produced through lipid oxidation.
