ABSTRACT
Goldfish comprise around 300 different strains with drastically altered and aesthetical morphologies making them suitable models for evolutionary developmental biology. The dragon-eye strain is characterized by protruding eyes (analogous to those of Chinese dragons). Although the strain has been selected for about 400 years, the mechanism of its eye development remains unclear. In this study, a stable dragon-eye goldfish strain with a clear genetic background was rapidly established and studied. We found that upregulation of the PPAR signaling pathway accompanied by an increase in lipid accumulation might trigger the morphological and structural transformation of the eye in dragon-eye goldfish. At the developmental stage of proptosis (eye protrusion), downregulation of the phototransduction pathway was consistent with the structural defects and myopia of the dragon-eye strain. With the impairment of retinal development, cytokine-induced inflammation was activated, especially after proptosis, similar to the pathologic symptoms of many human ocular diseases. In addition, differentially expressed transcription factors were significantly enriched in the PAX and homeobox families, two well-known transcription factor families involved in eye development. Therefore, our findings reveal the dynamic changes in key pathways during eye development in dragon-eye goldfish, and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying drastically altered eyes in goldfish and human ocular disease.
Subject(s)
Exophthalmos/genetics , Eye Abnormalities/genetics , Goldfish/abnormalities , Lipid Metabolism/genetics , Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/metabolism , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Animals , Gene Expression Regulation , Goldfish/genetics , Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/genetics , Retina/abnormalities , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcriptional Activation , Up-RegulationABSTRACT
O presente estudo teve por objetivo relatar um caso sobre as alterações morfológicas em leucócitos de kinguio comsepticemia hemorrágica bacteriana. Um exemplar foi atendido no Laboratório de Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos doCAUNESP, Unesp de Jaboticabal, apresentando apatia, natação errática, anorexia e discreta perda de equilíbrio, buscandoconstantemente a superfície da água. Através de análise visual da superfície corpórea, foram observadas áreas de hemorragiapetequial na base das nadadeiras peitoral, pélvica e caudal, além da órbita bucal, periocular e anal e efusão celomática. Naextensão sanguínea foram observadas a presença de monócitos ativados, hiperativados, e fagócitos mononuclearesrealizando eritrofagocitose e leucofagocitose, neutrófilos com basofilia citoplasmática e com vacuolização citoplasmática,além de imunócitos e leucócitos imaturos com anisocitose e anisocariose. As alterações morfológicas descritas no presenteestudo revelaram parte da patogenia e resposta orgânica de kinguio com septicemia hemorrágica bacteriana. Dessa forma,as análises qualitativas das células sanguíneas devem ser também utilizadas como ferramenta complementar aos estudosdo estado geral da saúde de peixes em cultivo.
The morphological changes in leukocytes of goldfish with bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia were reported. One sample was served at the Laboratory of Pathology of Aquatic Organisms of CAUNESP, Unesp in Jaboticabal. The fish showed lethargy, erratic swimming and without force, slight loss of balance, trying constantly to the water surface. In the body inspection, areas of petechial hemorrhage at the base of the pectoral fins, pelvic fins and caudal fin were observed, beyond the periocular and oral orbitand anal. Blood smears presented hiperactivated monocytes, performing erythrophagocytosis and leukophagocytosis, the cytoplasm of neutrophils presented basophilia and vacuolization, beyond immunocytes, immature leukocytes with anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The morphological changes described in this study revealed part of the pathogenesis and organic response of Kinguio with bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia. Then, the qualitative analysis of blood cells should also be used as a complementary tool to study the general health status of fish farmed
