ABSTRACT
Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) is used as a biological delousing agent for sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis K.) infestations in Norwegian aquaculture. Here, we present a study on the antibody response and vaccine side effects after intramuscular and intraperitoneal injection of lumpfish with two vaccines. Both vaccines contained bacterial antigens from atypical Aeromonas salmonicida A-layer types V and VI, Vibrio anguillarum serotype O1 and Moritella viscosa sp., but one vaccine contained a vegetable oil-based adjuvant, while the other contained a mineral oil-based adjuvant. Intramuscular injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine caused a high acute mortality of fish within 48 hr after immunization. Intraperitoneal injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine resulted in a lower severity of intra-abdominal side effects than the vegetable oil-based vaccine. Intramuscular injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine resulted in a significantly higher antibody response against A. salmonicida when compared to controls and the vegetable oil-based vaccine group. The antibody response was poor against V. anguillarum and M. viscosa for all groups. Our results indicate that intramuscular injection of oil-based vaccines might be feasible for providing immunological protection for Atlantic lumpfish against bacterial diseases, especially atypical A. salmonicida, but more work is required to identity optimal adjuvants.
Subject(s)
Antibody Formation/drug effects , Fish Diseases/prevention & control , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/veterinary , Perciformes , Vaccination/veterinary , Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage , Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects , Animals , Aquaculture/methods , Bacterial Vaccines/immunology , Fish Diseases/immunology , Fish Diseases/microbiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods/immunology , Injections, Intramuscular/adverse effects , Injections, Intramuscular/veterinary , Injections, Intraperitoneal/adverse effects , Injections, Intraperitoneal/veterinary , Mineral Oil/pharmacology , Plant Oils/pharmacokinetics , Vaccination/adverse effectsABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review summarizes exciting new findings and reports recent advances in the understanding of the role of toll-like receptors in health and disease. It intends to provide a rough survey on topics discussed by researchers in the field and to stimulate discussion on new aspects of the complex processes involved in innate host defence. RECENT FINDINGS: Novel findings have been reported on the many aspects of toll-like receptors biology, namely the receptor structure and the molecular process of ligand recognition, receptor assembly, cellular localization and trafficking, downstream signaling and the regulatory factors involved, genetic polymorphisms within receptor genes and their linkage to human diseases, and the functional role of toll-like receptors in immune defence and host-microbe homeostasis. SUMMARY: Recent advances have allowed a more detailed picture not only of the processes involved in microbial recognition and host defence but also revealed unexpected insights into the cause of inflammatory processes and the close interrelationship between the vertebrate host and the microbially colonized environment.
Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases/immunology , Toll-Like Receptors/physiology , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology , Communicable Diseases/physiopathology , Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci/immunology , Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods/immunology , Humans , Immunity, Innate , Neoplasms/etiologyABSTRACT
Recent advances in scientific research and clinical trials have shown promise for vaccine development against enteric pathogens. Identification of new virulence factors, such as the two distinct shigella enterotoxins, has allowed the development of new immunogen or new attenuated strains. Improved knowledge facilitated the development of safer attenuated live microorganism and construction of multivalent vaccines. Finally, an important advantage is the use of nonreplicating plasmid DNA vectors to express protective antigens in the host.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Vaccines , Gastroenteritis/prevention & control , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control , Viral Vaccines , Clinical Trials as Topic , Gastroenteritis/microbiology , Gastroenteritis/virology , Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods/immunology , Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods/pathogenicity , Humans , Rotavirus/immunology , Rotavirus/pathogenicity , Vaccination , Vaccines, DNA , VirulenceABSTRACT
The bacteria Proteus, Serratia, Escherichia and Pseudomonas possess sequences resembling the rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility sequence EQRRAA, but antibodies were elevated only to Proteus in 66 RA patients (P<0.001) when compared to 61 active ankylosing spondylitis patients and 60 controls.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Arthritis, Rheumatoid , Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods/immunology , Adult , Aged , Amino Acid Sequence , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/microbiology , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology , Disease Susceptibility , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Escherichia coli/immunology , Female , Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods/genetics , HLA-DR Antigens , Humans , Immunoglobulins/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Molecular Sequence Data , Proteus/immunology , Proteus mirabilis/immunology , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid , Serratia marcescens/immunologyABSTRACT
Periodontal diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of infections that are difficult to distinguish on a clinical basis alone. The purpose of the present investigation was to group periodontitis subjects according to their elevated serum antibody levels to specific subgingival species. A total of 119 subjects (19-70 years) with evidence of prior periodontal destruction were monitored at 2-month intervals (maximum 8 visits), prior to therapy, using clinical parameters measured at 6 sites per tooth. The probing attachment level was measured twice at each visit, and an increase of > 2.5mm at a site was used to define subjects with progressing disease. Serum samples were obtained from each subject at each visit and the level of antibody determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to 12 subgingival species. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the mesial aspect of all teeth in each subject at each visit, and the levels of 14 different subgingival species were determined using a colony-lift method and DNA probes. Subjects were grouped by cluster analysis of their elevated antibody levels using a simple matching coefficient. Ninety-two subjects fell into 9 clusters with 100% similarity; 29 subjects in one cluster group exhibited elevated antibody to none of the test species. Seven subjects in a second cluster group showed elevated antibody to Bacteroides forsythus. Subjects in the other 7 clusters showed elevated antibody to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotype a only or in combination with B. forsythus, A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b, Prevotella intermedia or Porphyromonas gingivalis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)