[Systematic review of antimicrobial resistance among Gram positive cocci in hospitals in Colombia]. / Revisión sistemática de la resistencia antimicrobiana en cocos Gram positivos intrahospitalarios en Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial resistance is a public health problem worldwide whose proper management requires knowledge of its presence and its behavior in each region and country. OBJECTIVES: A survey of the medical literature was conducted to identify levels of resistance to antibiotic markers in Gram positive bacterial isolates from Colombian hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature included articles indexed in MEDLINE and LILACS. A manual search was made of Colombian scientific journals and other infectious disease literature not available electronically. RESULTS: A total of 34 observational studies were located, including a series of consecutive reports initiated in 2001. Most of the reports came from the city of Bogota. The rate of methicillin resistance for Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci in non intensive care unit isolates ranged between 35%-50% and 72%-76%, respectively. Resistance in intensive care unit isolates had a range between 35%-71% and 74%-83%, respectively. The rate of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium averaged less than 20% over the years but with large annual variation . CONCLUSIONS: Resistance markers appeared in high frequency among Gram positive isolates identified in hospitals in major Colombian cities.

Implantation of bacteria from human pulpal necrosis and translocation from root canals in gnotobiotic mice.

The aim of this study was to determine whether microorganisms recovered from infected human root canals were able to survive and translocate to a local lymph node when experimentally inoculated into the root canal system of germ-free mice. The microorganisms isolated from two patients with pulpal necrosis were inoculated in two groups of experimental animals; group I (Gemella morbillorum) and group II (Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Clostridium butyricum). G. morbillorum showed the highest frequency of colonization and translocation to the draining lymph node. In group II only F. nucleatum and C. butyricum colonized and translocated when inoculated in tri-association. When the bacteria from group II were inoculated in monoinfection all three species colonized the root canal of germ-free mice and translocated to the draining lymph node, but with different frequencies. We conclude that selective mechanisms occur in which some bacterial species are fit to survive, multiply, and translocate in the germ-free mouse model.

Evolución de la sensibilidad in vitro al cefepime entre 1996 y 1997 / Evolution of the sensibility in vitro cefepime in 1996 and 1997

El cefepime es una cefalosporina de cuarta generación, eficaz frente a cocos Gram positivos y un gran número de bacilos Gram negativos. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la sensibilidad in vitro a cefepime en cultivos obtenidos en el Hospital Universitario Dr. Manuel Nuñez Tovar, entre 1996 y 1997. En general, se observó que la sensibilidad microbiana a cefepime fue elevada. De los microorganismos identificados, sólo el estafilococo coagulasa negativo mostró incremento en la resistencia al fármaco durante el período de estudio