Dominant Nucleolus in the Progenitor Cell Using Human Bone Marrow Erythroid and Granulocytic Cell Lineages as a Model. A Morphological and Cytochemical Note.

Progenitor cells of the human erythroid and granulocytic cell lineages are characterized by the presence of several nucleoli. One of these nucleoli is larger and possesses more fibrillar centres than others. Such nucleolus is apparently dominant in respect of both size and main nucleolar function such as nucleolar-ribosomal RNA transcription. Such nucleolus is also visible in specimens using conventional visualization procedures, in contrast to smaller nucleoli. In the terminal differentiation nucleated stages of the erythroid and granulocytic development, dominant nucleoli apparently disappeared, since these cells mostly contained very small nucleoli of a similar size with one fibrillar centre. Thus, the easily visible dominant nucleoli appear to be useful markers of the progenitor cell state, such as proliferation, and differentiation potential.

Invasion of microglia/macrophages and granulocytes into the Mauthner axon myelin sheath following spinal cord injury of the adult goldfish, Carassius auratus.

Rapid activation of resident glia occurs after spinal cord injury. Somewhat later, innate and adaptive immune responses occur with the invasion of peripheral immune cells into the wound site. The activation of resident and peripheral immune cells has been postulated to play harmful as well as beneficial roles in the regenerative process. Mauthner cells, large identifiable neurons located in the hindbrain of most fish and amphibians, provided the opportunity to study the morphological relationship between reactive cells and Mauthner axons (M-axons) severed by spinal cord crush or by selective axotomy. After crossing in the hindbrain, the M-axons of adult goldfish, Carassius auratus, extend the length of the spinal cord. Following injury, the M-axon undergoes retrograde degeneration within its myelin sheath creating an axon-free zone (proximal dieback zone). Reactive cells invade the wound site, enter the axon-free dieback zone and are observed in the vicinity of the retracted M-axon tip as early as 3 hr postinjury. Transmission electron microscopy allowed the detection of microglia/macrophages and granulocytes, some of which appear to be neutrophil-like, at each of these locations. We believe that this is the first report of the invasion of such cells within the myelin sheath of an identifiable axon in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). We speculate that microglia/macrophages and granulocytes that are attracted within a few hours to the damaged M-axon are part of an inflammatory response that allows phagocytosis of debris and plays a role in the regenerative process. Our results provide the baseline from which to utilize immunohistochemical and genetic approaches to elucidate the role of non-neuronal cells in the regenerative process of a single axon in the vertebrate CNS.

Phenotypic landscape of granulocytes and monocytes by multiparametric flow cytometry: A prospective study of a 1-tube panel strategy for diagnosis and prognosis of patients with MDS.

BACKGROUND: Multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) was recently reported to be a helpful additional tool in the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, numerous aberrancies have been reported that makes their evaluation difficult as part of a routine diagnosis. METHODS: Here, we validated a 1-tube panel for the evaluation of granulocytic and monocytic maturation by MFC and correlated our findings with diagnosis and prognosis of MDS. A total of 251 samples with MDS suspicion were prospectively analyzed and compared to an internal reference database leading to the calculation of the Diff score. RESULTS: The associated specificity and sensitivity values of this scoring system were 92.1% and 60.4% in a first learning cohort and 96.7% and 65.2% in a second independent validation cohort. The combination of the Diff score with the concomitantly calculated Ogata score increased the sensitivity to 74.2% and 78.3% in the learning and validation cohorts, respectively. Finally, a normal Diff score in MDS patients was associated with a significant prolonged progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the present data indicate that our strategy is a sensitive and specific MFC tool for the diagnosis of MDS-related cytopenia(s) which could be also useful for predicting evolution of these diseases.

Systemic Edwardsiella tarda infection in a Western African lungfish (Protopterus annectens) with cytologic observation of heterophil projections.

This report describes a case of systemic bacterial infection caused by Edwardsiella tarda in a Western African lungfish (Protopterus annectens) exposed to poor environmental and husbandry conditions. The fish presented with a large, external ulcerative lesion and died 2 weeks after developing anorexia. Histological evaluation revealed multifocal areas of necrosis and heterophilic and histiocytic inflammation throughout multiple tissues. Gram stain identified small numbers of intra- and extracellular monomorphic Gram-negative 1 to 2 µm rod-shaped bacilli. Cytology of lung granuloma, kidney and testes imprints identified heterophilic inflammation with phagocytosis of small monomorphic bacilli and some heterophils exhibiting cytoplasmic projections indicative of heterophil extracellular traps (HETs). Initial phenotypic analysis of isolates from coelomic fluid cultures identified E. tarda. Subsequent molecular analysis of spleen, liver and intestine DNA using an E. tarda-specific endpoint PCR assay targeting the bacterial fimbrial subunit yielded a 115 bp band. Sequencing and BLASTN search revealed the sequence was identical (76/76) to E. tarda strain FL95-01 (GenBank acc. CP011359) and displayed 93% sequence identity (66/71) to Edwardsiella hoshinae strain ATCC 35051 (GenBank acc. CP011359). This is the first report of systemic edwardsiellosis in a lungfish with concurrent cytologically identified structures suggestive of HETs.

Macrothrombocytopenia With Congenital Bilateral Cataracts: A Phenotype of MYH9 Disorder With Exon 24 Indel Mutations.

MYH9 disorder is characterized by large platelets and granulocyte inclusion bodies, and can be complicated with young-adult onsets of nephropathy, sensorineural hearing loss, and cataracts. Congenital cataracts in patients with MYH9 disorder is rare, and their etiology has not been elucidated. We report a 3-year-old patient with MYH9 disorder who had a p.E1066_A1072del mutation and developed cataracts congenitally. A review of the literature reveals that patients with an MYH9 exon 24 indel mutation, including p.E1066_A1072del, are susceptible to developing congenital cataracts and should be followed closely for other nonhematological complications.

In vitro and in vivo generation of heterophil extracellular traps after Salmonella exposure.

The release of extracellular traps (ETs) by granulocytes is a unique strategy to stop the dissemination of microbial pathogens. This study was undertaken to elucidate the potential of avian granulocytes (heterophils) to form ETs that can arrest and kill Salmonella organisms. After in vitro exposure of isolated heterophils and in vivo infection of day-old chicks with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Infantis (SI) or Enteritidis (SE), the generation of ETs as well as the trapping and survivability of Salmonella organisms in the ET meshwork were determined by means of microscopy and spectrophotometry. In vitro, heterophils were able to form ETs within 15min after SE and SI inoculation. At 120min and with a multiplicity of infection of 1 and 5, SI induced significantly more ETs and DNA release than SE. Both SE and SI were found to be associated with the ET structures. Live-dead staining showed most of the microorganisms within the extracellular scaffold alive. In vivo, heterophils were detected in cecal lumen of SE-, but not SI-infected chicks. In cecum of the SE-exposed chicks, ET formations were scarcely detected whereas intact heterophils with phagocytosed bacteria were frequently found. The results evidence the capability of heterophils to generate ETs after SE and SI exposure in vitro. However, an infection of chicks with Salmonella did not significantly induce the formation of ET structures in cecum. Thus, the process to form ETs (ETosis) seems not to be of special relevance for Salmonella defense within the cecal lumen of young chicks.

Microscopic observations show invasion of inflammatory cells in the limb blastema and epidermis in pre-metamorphic frog tadpoles which destroy the Apical Epidermal CAP and impede regeneration.

Some limb regeneration in tadpoles of Rana dalmatina occurs at stages 44-48 when small hind-limbs are present while scarring occurs at stages 51-52 when forelimbs have developed and metamorphosis is approaching. Ultrastructural analysis of cells forming the regenerating blastema detects mesenchymal cells and an Apical Epidermal Cap (AEC) in regenerating limb blastema 5-6 days post-amputation at stages 46-48. In contrast, granulocytes and numerous macrophages and lymphocytes prevail over mesenchymal cells in limb blastema at stages 51-52, which are destined to form scars. An increase in inflammatory cells in limb blastema prior to metamorphosis suggests a negative influence of immune cells on limb regeneration. Inflammatory cells invade the apical wound epidermis where stem keratinocytes are likely destroyed, impeding the formation of an AEC, the microregion which leads to limb regeneration. The invasion of immune cells, however, may also represent a physiological consequence of the death of cell populations in the tadpoles occurring with approaching metamorphosis. The passage from an aquatic to a terrestrial life in this frog elicits the typical amniote scarring reaction after wounding, and the limb cannot regenerate. The present observations sustain the hypothesis that the evolution of the adaptive immunity in tetrapods while efficiently preserving adult self-condition, determined the loss of tissue regeneration since the embryonic antigens evocated in blastema cells are removed by immune cells of the adult.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of PMN/T-cell interactions by InFlow and super-resolution microscopy.

Neutrophils or polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) eliminate bacteria via phagocytosis and/or NETosis. Apart from these conventional roles, PMN also have immune-regulatory functions. They can transdifferentiate and upregulate MHCII as well as ligands for costimulatory receptors which enables them to behave as antigen presenting cells (APC). The initial step for activating T-cells is the formation of an immune synapse between T-cells and antigen-presenting cells. However, the immune synapse that develops at the PMN/T-cell contact zone is as yet hardly investigated due to the non-availability of methods for analysis of large number of PMN interactions. In order to overcome these obstacles, we introduce here a workflow to analyse the immune synapse of primary human PMN and T-cells using multispectral imaging flow cytometry (InFlow microscopy) and super-resolution microscopy. For that purpose, we used CD3 and CD66b as the lineage markers for T-cells and PMN, respectively. Thereafter, we applied and critically discussed various "masks" for identification of T-cell PMN interactions. Using this approach, we found that a small fraction of transdifferentiated PMN (CD66b+CD86high) formed stable PMN/T-cell conjugates. Interestingly, while both CD3 and CD66b accumulation in the immune synapse was dependent on the maturation state of the PMN, only CD3 accumulation was greatly enhanced by the presence of superantigen. The actin cytoskeleton was weakly rearranged at the PMN side on the immune synapse upon contact with a T-cell in the presence of superantigen. A more detailed analysis using super-resolution microscopy (structured-illumination microscopy, SIM) confirmed this finding. Together, we present an InFlow microscopy based approach for the large scale analysis of PMN/T-cell interactions and - combined with SIM - a possibility for an in-depth analysis of protein translocation at the site of interactions.

Morphology and staining behavior of neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are frequently used as translational animal models for human diseases. However, a comparative study of cytological and histochemical detection methods as well as morphometric and ultrastructural characterization of neutrophils and eosinophils in this species is lacking. Blood samples of house dust mite sensitized and allergen challenged as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged marmosets were analyzed with different cytological and histological staining methods. Furthermore, cell size and number of nuclear segments were compared between neutrophils and eosinophils. Electron microscopy was performed to characterize the ultrastructure of granulocytes. Of all applied cytological stains, three allowed differentiation of eosinophils and neutrophils and, thus, reliable quantification in blood smears: May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain, Congo Red and Naphthol AS-D Chloroacetate-Esterase. For histology, Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) could not demonstrate clear differences, whereas Sirius Red, Congo Red, and Naphthol AS-D Chloroacetate Esterase showed capable results for identification of eosinophils or neutrophils in lung tissue. Morphometry revealed that marmoset neutrophils have more nuclear segments and are slightly larger than eosinophils. Ultrastructurally, eosinophils presented with large homogeneous electron-dense granules without crystalloid cores, while neutrophils were characterized by heterogeneous granules of different size and density. Additionally, sombrero-like vesicles were detected in tissue eosinophils of atopic marmosets, indicative for hypersensitivity-related piecemeal degranulation. In conclusion, we provide a detailed overview of marmoset eosinophils and neutrophils, important for phenotypic characterization of marmoset models for human airway diseases.

Histological and Ultrastructural Studies on the Conjunctiva of the Barred Owl (Strix varia).

This report is the first characterization of the histology and ultrastructure of the barred owl conjunctiva. The inferior eyelid was dominated by a large disk-shaped plate covered by a non-keratinized stratified squamous or cuboidal epithelium of variable thickness. The apical surface of the plate epithelium varied from flat to long microvilli or even short cytoplasmic extensions similar to those seen in the third eyelid. All specimens had a few goblet cells filled with mucous secretory granules in the plate region. The underlying connective tissue was a dense fibroelastic stroma. Eosinophils were surprisingly common in the epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue in the plate and more distal orbital mucosal region. The orbital mucosa contained goblet cells with heterogeneous glycosylation patterns. The leading edge and marginal plait of the third eyelid are designed to collect fluid and particulate matter as they sweep across the surface of the eye. The palpebral conjunctival surface of the third eyelid was covered by an approximately five-cell-deep stratified squamous epithelium without goblet cells. The bulbar surface of the third eyelid was a bilayer of epithelial cells whose superficial cells have elaborate cytoplasmic tapering extensions reaching out 25 µm. Narrow cytofilia radiated outwards up to an additional 15-20 µm from the cytoplasmic extensions. Lectin labeling demonstrated heterogeneous glycosylation of the apical membrane specializations but only small amounts of glycoprotein-filled secretory granules in the third eyelid.

[STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL STATUS OF THE LYMPH TISSUE OF MICE LYMPHATIC NODES FOLLOWING THE 30-DAY FLIGHT ONBOARD SPACECRAFT BION-M1].

The article reports the results of studying the lymph tissue of mesenteric and cervical lymphatic nodes in C57BL/6N mice after the 30-day orbital flight onboard biosatellite Bion-M1. Histological and morphometric investigations revealed changes in the ratio of the nodes structural-functional zones and microstructure. Reductions in reticular cells, plasmocytes, macrophages and blasts in the nodes point to degradation of both humoral and cellular immunity.

[REARRANGEMENT OF THE LYMPH TISSUE IN THE MICE SPLEEN AND JEJUNUM WALL DURING THE GROUND-BASED REPRODUCTION OF THE CONDITIONS OF ANIMAL MAINTENANCE IN THE BIOSATTELITE BION-M1 MISSION].

Purpose of the investigation was microscopic examination of changes in cyto architectonics of the spleen and jejunum lymph (immune) tissue in 19-20-week C57BL/6N male mice exposed to some conditions their counterparts had lived in during the 30-d Bion-M1 mission (ground experiment). Local deviations in reactions of the morphofunctional zones of these organs were found. In the spleen, reaction in the centers of lymph nodules generation or the B-lymphocytes maturation zone grows strong. Changes in the cell composition of periarterial lymph sheaths that constitute the morphological site of T-lymphocytes accumulation suggest inhibition of its functional activity. Cell composition of the jejunum wall structure implies a decline of the jejunal immune activity. Our investigation of the organs taken from the ground control mice maintained in the flight BIOS-MLZh module evidences that unceasing noise, hypokinesia, isolation, and paste-like feed weaken general immunity of laboratory animals.

Quantitative and ultrastructural changes in the haemocytes of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) treated individually or in combination with Spodoptera littoralis multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliMNPV) and azadirachtin.

The total haemocyte count (THC) and the possible ultrastructural alterations induced in the haemocytes of the fourth larval instars of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 96 h post-feeding on a semi-synthetic diet, treated with the LC50 of Spodoptera littoralis multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliMNPV) and the LC50 of azadirachtin alone, and the LC25 of SpliMNPV combined with the LC25 of azadirachtin were studied and compared to the control. Single treatment with the virus and azadirachtin or combined treatment significantly decreased the THC compared to the control. There are five types of haemocytes in S. littoralis: prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes and oenocytoids. The most common symptoms in granulocytes and plasmatocytes, the main affected cell types, due to viral infection were the presence of virogenic stroma, peripheral dispersion of the chromatin and disappearance of the nucleoli. However, the most common symptoms in these two types of haemocytes due to treatment with azadirachtin were the presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum filled with fibrous materials, due to probably apoptosis, in their cisternae and disorganization of mitochondria (looped, vacuolated and swollen). In addition, the cytoplasm of granulocytes was vacuolated with the appearance of autophagic lysosomes, while plasmatocytes showed ruptured cell membrane and folded nuclear envelope. Combined treatment with the NPV and azadirachtin induced the same pathological changes which were recorded from individual treatment with the virus or azadirachtin to the same haemocytes. It can be concluded that the change in the THC and ultrastructure of granulocytes and plasmatocytes may affect the cellular-mediated immune response in S. littoralis. Moreover, it seems likely that mitochondria were the target site of azadirachtin, as they were affected in both granulocytes and plasmatocytes treated with azadirachtin alone or in combination with SpliMNPV.

Classification and phagocytosis of circulating haemocytes in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) and the effect of extrinsic stimulation on circulating haemocytes in vivo.

Eriocheir sinensis (Henri Milne Edwards 1854) is one of the most important aquaculture species in China. In this investigation, we characterised the different types of haemocytes of E. sinensis using light and electron microscopy combined with cytochemical analysis and determined the in vivo phagocytic ability of different haemocyte types by injecting polystyrene beads. The haemocytes of E. sinensis were divided into three types: hyalinocytes, semigranulocytes and granulocytes. The hyalinocytes had no or few cytoplasmic granules; the semigranulocytes contained abundant small granules and a few large refractile cytoplasmic granules; and the granulocytes contained numerous large refractile cytoplasmic granules. The hyalinocytes were demonstrated to be the most abundant circulating haemocytes and the most avid phagocytic haemocytes, accounting for approximately 88.7% of the total phagocytes. The haemocyte-containing granules displayed limited phagocytic ability, with approximately 5.0% of granulocytes and 6.3% of semigranulocytes displaying positive phagocytic ability against the invading polystyrene beads in vivo. After injection with Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis and different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide for 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h, all three types of haemocytes experienced dramatic decline and then rapid recovery to their initial levels. A high concentration of lipopolysaccharide and A. hydrophila were extremely toxic to the crabs, as they induced a more serious loss of haemocytes compared with a low concentration of lipopolysaccharide and B. subtilis. Overall, the results obtained in this study indicate that a small proportion of the haemocytes of E. sinensis contributed to the phagocytic process, and the migration of haemocytes and haemocyte lysis were most likely a prominent pathway for pathogen elimination.

Granulocytes of the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus can endocytose beads, E. coli and WSSV, but in different ways.

The hemocytes of the red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus are classified by morphologic observation into the following types: hyalinocytes (H), semi-granulocytes (SG) and granulocytes (G). Density gradient centrifugation with Percoll was developed to separate these three subpopulations of hemocytes. Beads, Escherichia coli, and FITC labeling WSSV were used to investigate the characteristics of granulocytes by using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and laser scan confocal microscope. Results showed that granulocytes could phagocytose beads and E. coli by endocytic pathways. WSSV could rely on caveolae-mediated endocytosis to mainly enter into granulocytes. These results could elucidate the mechanism of the innate immunity function of granulocytes, and it also showed the mechanism by which WSSV invaded granulocytes in the red claw crayfish.

A continuous cell line, SYSU-OfHe-C, from hemocytes of Ostrinia furnacalis possesses immune ability depending on the presence of larval plasma.

A continuous cell line, SYSU-OfHe-C, from larval hemocytes of corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis was established. With increasing passages, the cells grew increasingly faster, and approximately 45% of the cells were in division at passage 55. The culture was mainly composed of two types of cells, granulocytes and plasmatocytes, which showed different division and proliferation behaviors, but possessed similar phagocytic ability. Its spreading ability was significantly weaker than that of hemocytes from naïve larva; however, it could be promoted by larval plasma. Furthermore, its encapsulation ability was also promoted by larval plasma to form multilayer capsules on Sephadex A-25 beads. Finally, the expression of several immune-related genes was verified after provocation by microbes or Sephadex beads. These results indicated that the cell line possessed immune ability depending on the presence of plasma of naïve larvae and are beneficial to studies of insect cellular systems.

Application of monoclonal antibody against granulocytes of scallop Chlamys farreri on granulocytes occurrence at different developmental stages and antigenic cross-reactivity of granulocytes in five other bivalve species.

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) 6H7 raised specifically against granulocytes of scallop (Chlamys farreri) was employed to observe granulocyte occurrence successively in blastulae, gastrulae, trochophore larvae, D-shape larvae, umbo-veliger larvae and creeping larvae of C. farreri by immunohistochemistry assay contrasted with H&E stain using semi-thin sections. Moreover, the reactivity of the MAb with granulocytes of C. farreri, Bay scallop Argopecten irradians, Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis, Blue mussel Mytilus edulis, Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum, was detected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with differential interference contrast and fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometric immunofluorescence assay (FCIFA). The results showed that positive signals were first observed at D-shape larval stage, about 28 h post fertilization, after that, umbo-veliger larvae exhibited the positive cells with a diameter of 3-5 µm distributed in velum, digestive gland and esophagus. Then in creeping larvae, the number of positive cells increased with average diameter of 5-7 µm, and widely distributed in foot, digestive gland, gills and adductor muscles. No positive signal was found in blastulae, gastrulae and trochophore larvae. The results of IFA and FCIFA showed MAb 6H7 reacted to granulocytes of C. farreri, A. irradians, P. yessoensis and C. gigas, and the positive percentage reactivity were 53 ± 2.5%, 15 ± 2.5%, 12 ± 2.1% and 19 ± 2.1%, respectively, however, no cross-reaction was detected in hemocytes of R. philippinarum and M. edulis.