Nuevo código de puntuación de Gimnasia Artística Femenina Federación Internacional de Gimnasia Ciclo Olímpico 2022-2024 / New code of points of Women Artistic Gymnastics International Gymnastics Federation Olympic Cycle 2022-2024

RESUMEN: El Código de Puntuación de la Federación Internacional de Gimnasia en las distintas disciplinas de la Gimnasia, sufre modificaciones y se actualiza después de cada Juego Olímpico; obligando a una constante actualización de los jueces y entrenadores. Estos cambios rigen para los 4 años que dura el ciclo olímpico, y se dan a conocer en los Cursos Internacionales de Jueces que imparte la Federación Internacional de Gimnasia para cada disciplina deportiva. Por la pandemia que ha afectado al mundo, y por consecuencia al deporte, los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio 2020 fueron pospuestos para el año 2021; y con esto, se ha postergado en un año la entrada en vigencia de los reglamentos de la Gimnasia del próximo ciclo olímpico, periodo que se extenderá extraordinariamente desde el año 2022 al 2024.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo, dar a conocer los principales cambios que está proponiendo el Comité Técnico Femenino de la Federación Internacional de Gimnasia, en la primera edición del nuevo Código de Puntuación de la Gimnasia Artística Femenina para el ciclo olímpico 2022-2024.Palabras clave: Gimnasia, gimnasia artística, gimnasia artística femenina, código de puntuación, Federación Internacional de Gimnasia

ABSTRACT: The International Gymnastics Federation's Code of Points, for different disciplines in Gymnastics, undergoes modifications and is updated after each Olympic Game, forcing a constant update of the judges and coaches. These changes apply for the 4 years of the Olympic cycle and are announced in the International Judges Courses, imparted by the International Gymnastics Federation for each sport discipline after the Olympics.Because of how the pandemic has affected the world, and consequently sports, the Olympic Games of Tokyo 2020 were postponed to the year 2021. With this, the validity of Gymnastic regulations for the next Olympic cycle has been postponed by one year, so the cycle will extraordinarily extend from 2022 to 2024.The objective of this article is to announce the main changes that the International Gymnastics Federation's Women's Technical Committee is proposing, in the first edition of the new Code of Points for the Women's Artistic Gymnastics cycle of 2022-2024.

Variables de rendimiento y penalizaciones técnicas del salto zancada / Performance variables and technical penalties of the split leap

Se analizó la relación entre las penalizaciones técnicas obtenidas en la ejecución de un elemento gimnástico aislado con el nivel competitivo de las gimnastas, sus características antropométricas y las variables temporales y angulares más importantes analizadas en dicha habilidad. Fueron seleccionadas 29 gimnastas (17,1 ± 3,1 años) procedentes de distintos niveles competitivos. Tres entrenadores evaluaron la ejecución mediante una adaptación del Código de Puntuación. Se observaron asociaciones significativas directas e indirectas (p < 0,05): bajo índice de adiposidad (rho = 0,643), tiempo total de batida (rho = 0,619), tiempo total de vuelo (rho = - 0,596), máxima amplitud articular de caderas (rho = - 0,902) y máxima extensión de los tobillos (rho = - 0,738). La valoración de las penalizaciones así como el uso del nivel competitivo y del Salto Zancada como test específico han resultado ser herramientas útiles para la valoración del rendimiento

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the following aspects: the technical penalties obtained in the execution of an isolated gymnastics element, the competitive level of the gymnasts, their anthropometric characteristics, and the most important temporal and angular variables analyzed in this skill. Twenty nine gymnasts (aged 17.1 ± 3.1 years) from different competition levels were selected. Three coaches evaluated the execution through an adaptation of the Code of Points. Significant direct and indirect associations were observed (p < 0.05): low adiposity index (rho = 0.643), take-off total time (rho = 0.619), flight total time (rho = - 0.596), maximum range of motion of the hips (rho = - 0.902), and maximum extension of ankles (rho = - 0.738). The assessment of penalties as well as the use of competitive level and Split Leap as specific tests, have demonstrated to be useful tools for evaluating performance

Análisis de los patrones de hidratación de gimnastas de élite. Intervención para mejorar el rendimiento / Analysis of hydration patterns of elite gymnasts. Intervention to improve performance

Introducción: La gimnasia artística masculina es un deporte practicado de forma individual con 6 aparatos diferentes. Es una modalidad de alta intensidad e impacto. Una correcta hidratación es importante para evitar la disminución del rendimiento y reducir el riesgo de lesiones por fatiga. Material y método: Se analizan los patrones de hidratación de deportistas de la selección española de gimnasia artística durante el entrenamiento, se calculan sus requerimientos individuales de líquido, y se pauta hidratación personalizada, con el objetivo de mejorar el rendimiento. En la investigación han participado 9 gimnastas de élite varones. Cada uno completó 2 entrenamientos iguales separados por una semana; el primero con su pauta habitual de hidratación (HAB) y el segundo mediante una hidratación individualizada, según el cálculo de sus necesidades con bebida para el deportista (POW). A todos se les pesó, y midió la densidad y osmolaridad de orina, antes y después del entrenamiento; al final de cada sesión se pasó un cuestionario de percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) y se realizó un test de rendimiento. Resultados: Se observa que: I) POW aumentó significativamente la ingesta de bebida respecto a HAB durante el entrenamiento (HAB: 0,57±0,2 L, POW: 0,90±0,2 L), II) POW aumentó el número de dominadas y el total de repeticiones (HAB: 67,13±4,9 repeticiones, POW: 72,63±5,7 repeticiones), III) HAB redujo la masa corporal de forma significativa después del entrenamiento IV) POW presentó valores inferiores de densidad de orina tras el entrenamiento y el% de pérdida de masa corporal fue insignificante (HAB: 0,44±0,2%, POW: 0,01±0,1%), V) No hubo diferencias en la osmolaridad de orina, la PSE, el número de repeticiones en flexiones de tronco y flexiones verticales entre HAB y POW. Conclusión: La hidratación individualizada para cada deportista con la bebida adecuada mejora el rendimiento durante el entrenamiento

Introduction: Male artistic gymnastics is a sport practiced individually with 6 different apparatus. It is a modality of high intensity and impact. Adequate hydration is important to avoid a decrease in performance and to reduce the risk of fatigue injuries. Material and method: The hydration patterns of the Spanish artistic gymnastics team are analyzed during training, their individual liquid requirements are calculated, and a personalized hydration is prescribed, with the aim of improve performance. In the research, 9 male elite gymnasts participated. Each one completed 2 equal workouts separated by one week; the first with his usual hydration pattern (HAB) and the second one with an individualized hydration, according to the calculation of their needs with sport drink (POW). All were weighed, and measured the specific gravity and osmolality of urine, before and after training; At the end of each session a rated perceived exertion questionnaire (RPE) was passed and a performance test was carried out. Results: It is observed that: I) POW significantly increased the drink intake in comparison to HAB during training (HAB: 0.57 ± 0.2 L, POW: 0.90 ± 0.2 L), II) POW increased the number of pull-ups and total repetitions (HAB: 67.13 ± 4.9 repetitions, POW: 72.63 ± 5.7 repetitions), III) HAB reduced body mass significantly after training IV) POW presented lower values of urine specific gravity after training and the% of body mass lost was negligible (HAB: 0.44 ± 0.2%, POW: 0.01 ± 0.1%), V) There were no differences in the urine osmolality, the PSE, the number of repetitions in hanging pikes and handstand push-ups between HAB and POW. Conclusion: Individualized hydration for each athlete with the appropriate drink improves performance during training

Gaze Behavior of Gymnastics Judges: Where Do Experienced Judges and Gymnasts Look While Judging?

Gymnastics judges and former gymnasts have been shown to be quite accurate in detecting errors and accurately judging performance. PURPOSE: The purpose of the current study was to examine if this superior judging performance is reflected in judges' gaze behavior. METHOD: Thirty-five judges were asked to judge 21 gymnasts who performed a skill on the vault in a video-based test. Classifying 1 sample on 2 different criteria, judging performance and gaze behavior were compared between judges with a higher license level and judges with a lower license level and between judges who were able to perform the skill (specific motor experience [SME]) and those who were not. RESULTS: The results revealed better judging performance among judges with a higher license level compared with judges with a lower license level and more fixations on the gymnast during the whole skill and the landing phase, specifically on the head and arms of the gymnast. Specific motor experience did not result in any differences in judging performance; however, judges with SME showed similar gaze patterns to those of judges with a high license level, with 1 difference in their increased focus on the gymnasts' feet. CONCLUSION: Superior judging performance seems to be reflected in a specific gaze behavior. This gaze behavior appears to partly stem from judges' own sensorimotor experiences for this skill and reflects the gymnasts' perspective onto the skill.

Construct validity and inter-rater reliability of the Gymnastic Functional Measurement Tool in the classification of female competitive gymnasts in Canada.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the construct validity and the inter-rater reliability of the Gymnastic Functional Measurement Tool (GFMT) within the parameters of the Canadian classification of female competitive gymnasts. DESIGN: Validity and Reliability study. SETTING: The GFMT was administered by evaluators who had no previous knowledge of the competing level of the gymnasts. To determine the construct validity, a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out between the GFMT scores and the gymnasts' competition level to obtain the coefficient of determination. To estimate the inter-rater reliability, gymnasts were simultaneously evaluated by two evaluators. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis was carried out for the individual score of each item as well as for the total score of the GFMT. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety (90) female gymnasts aged between the ages of 8 and 18 years old. MAIN OUTCOME: GFMT total score and individual score of each item. RESULTS: The study demonstrated an excellent relationship between the total GFMT scores and the gymnasts' competition level (r2 = 0.97). The inter-rater reliability analysis of the GFMT total score was excellent with an ICC of 0.98. CONCLUSION: Construct validity and inter-rater reliability of the GFMT in the classification of female competitive gymnasts in Canada has been demonstrated.

Batería Funcional ARISTO en Gimnasia Rítmica: protocolo de test específicos para la evaluación de jóvenes gimnastas en un ámbito de entrenamiento saludable / Bateria Funcional em Ginastica Rítmica ARISTO: protocolo de testes específicos para avaliação de jovens ginastas em um ambiente de treino saudável / ARISTO Functional Battery in Rhythmic Gymnastics: Protocol of specific tests for the evaluation of young gymnasts in a field of healthy training

Objetivo. Presentar una batería de test para evaluar de manera específica las diferentes capacidades implícitas en el rendimiento de gimnasia rítmica. Método. La propuesta de los test se ha basado en un estudio del perfil motor de la gimnasia rítmica, así como en una revisión teórica de test existentes en este deporte y en especialidades gimnásticas similares con el fin de cubrir todas las capacidades relevantes inherentes en esta modalidad. Se realizó un estudio piloto con el objetivo de diagnosticar la viabilidad de la batería de test y se consensuó con los 11 socios del proyecto europeo en el que está enmarcado el trabajo («Asociaciones europeas en el ámbito del deporte»). Por último se configuró el soporte audiovisual del protocolo. Resultados. Se obtuvo una batería de 10 pruebas de fácil aplicación y que no reclaman un tiempo excesivo de los entrenamientos para su desarrollo. Igualmente supone un mínimo gasto económico, ya que el material utilizado es el que se encuentran en la propia sala de entrenamiento. Su aplicación permitirá medir: equilibrio, flexibilidad activa, flexibilidad pasiva, agilidad, fuerza-resistencia, coordinación y fuerza explosiva. Conclusión. El protocolo ARISTO de gimnasia rítmica se podría considerar una herramienta útil para facilitar una valoración de calidad de los entrenamientos en jóvenes practicantes de este deporte a nivel europeo (AU)

Objetivos. Apresentar uma bateria de testes para avaliar especificamente as diferentes habilidades implícitas no desempenho da ginástica rítmica. Método. A proposta dos testes foi baseada em um estudo do perfil motor das ginastas rítmicas, assim como em uma revisão teórica dos testes existentes nesse esporte e em especialidades de ginasticas semelhantes, a fim de abranger todas as capacidades relevantes inerentes a esta modalidade. Foi realizado um estudo piloto com objetivo de diagnosticar a viabilidade da bateria de testes e foi acordado a 11 parceiros do projeto europeu em que está enquadrado esta investigação (“Associação Européia no Domínio do Desporto”). Finalmente foi configurada o suporte audiovisual do protocolo foi configurado. Resultados. Foi obtida uma bateria de 10 testes, cada um de fácil aplicação e que não requerem um tempo excessivo de treino para o seu desenvolvimento. Igualmente pressupõe uma despesa económica mínima, uma vez que o material utilizado é o que se encontra na própria sala de treino. Sua aplicação permitirá medir: equilíbrio, flexibilidade ativa, flexibilidade passiva, agilidade, força-resistência, coordenação e força explosiva. Conclusão. O protocolo ARISTO de ginástica rítmica pode ser considerado uma ferramenta útil para facilitar a avaliação da qualidade do treinamento em jovens praticantes deste esporte a nível europeu (AU)

Objective. To present a battery of tests to evaluate specifically the different abilities implicit in the performance of the rhythmic gymnastic. Methods. The test proposal has been based on a study of the motor profile of rhythmic gymnasts, as well as a theoretical review of existing tests in this sport and similar gymnastic specialties in order to cover all relevant abilities inherent in this modality. A pilot study was carried out in order to diagnose the viability of the test battery and it was agreed with the 11 partners of the European project in which this research is framed (“European Actions in the field of Sport”). Finally the audiovisual support of the protocol was configured. Results. A battery of 10 tests was obtained, each one of easy application and that do not require an excessive time of training for its development. Equally it supposes a minimum economic expense, since the material used is the one that is in the own training room. Its application will be enable to measure: balance, active flexibility, passive flexibility, agility, strength-resistance, coordination and explosive force. Conclusion. The ARISTO rhythmic gymnastics protocol might be considered as a useful tool to facilitate the assessment of the quality of the training in young practitioners of this sport at European level (AU)

Programa de entrenamiento de hidrogimnasia sobre las capacidades físicas de adultas mayores / Hydrogymnastics training program on physical fitness in elderly women

Se evaluó un programa de entrenamiento de hidrogimnasia sobre las capacidades físicas en 26 adultas mayores (grupo experimental n=16, grupo control n=10), determinadas mediante el protocolo senior fitness test, la hidrogimnasia fue 5 veces por semana por 12 semanas, con ejercicios aeróbicos del 50%-60% de la FCmáx. Se utilizó ANOVA 2x2, indicando interacción significativa (p=0.052) entre grupos y mediciones en la prueba de resistencia a la fuerza en extremidades inferiores, la prueba de agilidad de 2.4 metros tuvo interacción significativa (p≤0.01) entre grupos y mediciones, las pruebas de capacidad aeróbica step test de 2 minutos (p=0.02) y caminar 6 minutos indicaron interacción significativa entre grupos y mediciones (p=0.50); Se infiere que la hidrogimnasia en las adultas mayores participantes es eficaz en la mejora de las capacidades físicas principalmente aeróbicas, de resistencia a la fuerza y agilidad de miembros inferiores (AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a hydrogymnastics training program on physical fitness in 26 elderly women (experimental group n=16, control group n=10). The physical fitness was determined by the senior fitness test protocol, the hydrogymnastics consisted in aerobic exercise at 50%-60% of maximum heart rate, 5 times a week in a period of 12 weeks. ANOVA 2x2 as statistical test was used, indicating statistically significant interaction (p=0.052) between groups and measurements on test strength endurance in the legs by squatting on chair in 30 s, agility test 2.4 meters was significant interaction (p≤0.01) between groups and measures, testing aerobic capacity test step 2 minutes (p=0.02) and six minutes walk indicated significant interaction between groups and measurements (p=0.50), the results shown that hydrogymnastics in the elderly women participants was effective improving endurance, strength and agility mainly in legs (AU)

Gym Brasil - festival nacional de ginástica para todos / Gym Brasil - a national festival of gymnastics for all / GYM BRASIL - FESTIVAL NACIONAL DE GIMNASIA PARA TODOS

Os festivais ginásticos representam eventos consolidados em muitos países, sobretudo na Europa, promovendo o congraçamento da sociedade por meio de apresentações coreográficas de ginástica. No Brasil, há indícios da oficialização do festival nacional Gym Brasil na década de 1980 embora outros festivais regionais remontem o inicio do século XX. Neste artigo, discutimos as características gerais do evento por meio de uma análise documental, bem como das tendências coreográficas por meio de uma análise dos vídeos da última edição do evento. Observamos que a maior parte dos participantes é do sexo feminino, adolescentes e jovens advindos da região sudeste. As coreografias utilizaram de materiais construídos e/ou adaptados (não oficiais) de pequeno porte com influência da música popular, principalmente samba e axé, com significativa ênfase nos fundamentos técnicos das modalidades gímnicas de competição. Entre os desafios que enfrenta o festival destacam-se: a necessidade de mudanças nas estratégicas de difusão adotadas pela Confederação Brasileira de Ginástica; de oferecer formação continuada durante o evento; de ampliar o número de participantes, especialmente de grupos de outras regiões do país. Todas elas visando maior representação geográfica e diversidade cultural.

Gymnastics festivals are events consolidated in many countries, especially in Europe, promoting the reconciliation of society through gymnastics performances. In Brazil, there is evidence of a national festival entitled Gym Brazil in the 1980s however other regional festivals date back to the early twentieth century. In this article, we discuss the general characteristics of the event through a document analysis, as well as the performances trends through video analysis of the last edition. As results, we observed that most of the participants are women, adolescents and young people coming from the Southeast region. The performances used constructed and / or adapted (unofficial) equipment, influenced by popular music, especially samba and axé, with significant emphasis on technical fundamentals of competitive gymnastics. The challenges facing the festival are: changes in diffusion strategies adopted by the Brazilian Gymnastics Federation; to offer continuing education during the event; to increase the number of participants, especially groups from other regions of the country. All of them seeking greater geographical and cultural diversity.

Los festivales gimnásticos representan eventos consolidados en diferentes países, sobretodo en Europa, promocionando el encuentro de la sociedad por medio de composiciones coreográficas de gimnasia. En el caso de Brasil, los registros apuntan hacia la década de 1980 para el inicio del festival nacional Gym Brasil aunque otros festivales regionales hayan sido realizados desde el inicio del siglo XX. En el presente artículo, discutimos las características generales de dicho evento a través del análisis documental, así como de sus tendencias coreográficas por medio del análisis de los vídeos de la edición de 2014. Observamos que la mayor parte de los participantes es femenina, adolescentes y jóvenes de la región sudeste. Las coreografías utilizaran de materiales adaptados (no oficiales) de tamaño pequeño, con influencia de la música popular, principalmente samba y axé, con significativa énfasis en los fundamentos técnicos de las modalidades gímnicas de competición. Los desafíos que afronta el festival son: la necesidad de mudanzas en las estrategias de difusión adoptadas por la Federación Brasileña de Gimnasia; aprovechar la oportunidad para ofrecer formación continuada; además de aumentar el número de participantes, particularmente de grupos de otras regiones del país. Todo ello buscando mayor representatividad geográfica y diversidad cultural.

Ginástica no Brasil: ausência na escola x ascensão na academia / Gymnastics in Brazil: absence at school x rise at gym / Gimnasia en Brasil: la ausencia en la escuela x aumento en el gimnasio

A ginástica, enquanto manifestação da cultura corporal e conteúdo fundamental da Educação Física vêm, ao longo dos anos, perdendo espaço nas aulas de Educação Física escolar no Brasil, e ascendendo nas academias de ginástica. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo gerar reflexões em relação à ginástica no ambiente escolar e nas academias de ginástica, buscando explicações para estes rumos indesejados seguidos em nosso país. É preocupante o fato da Educação Física escolar brasileira restringir seu conteúdo ao esporte, deixando de lado a ginástica e outros temas da cultura corporal. É também incômodo o vínculo da ginástica de academia com o consumo característico da sociedade atual. Percebe-se a urgência em se ampliar a aborgagem dos conteúdos da ginástica nos cursos de formação inicial em Educação Física, possibilitando a incorporação dos conhecimentos necessários para desenvolver com qualidade e segurança o trabalho de ginástica, independentemente do contexto em que é desenvolvido.

As a manifestation of physical culture and essential content of physical education courses, Gymnastics has been extinguished from lessons of Physical Education in Brazil, and has been ascending in the gyms. This study aims to reflect about Gymnastics in schools and gyms, seeking explanations for these unwanted directions taken Brazil. It is worrying the fact that Physical Education in Brazilian schools have its lessons based mainly in sports, leaving aside other issues of body culture. It is also uncomfortable the bond of fitness center with the characteristic of the current consumption society. We realize the urgency of expanding the content of gymnastics in Physical Education undergraduate courses, enabling the incorporation of knowledge necessary to develop gymnastics content, regardless its place where it is developed.

La gimnasia, como manifestación de la cultura corporal y contenido fundamental de la Educación Física, viene perdiendo espacio en las clases de Educación Física escolar en el Brasil y creciendo en los gimnasios. Por lo tanto, la presente investigación tiene por objetivo generar reflexiones con relación a la gimnasia en el ambiente escolar y los gimnasios, buscando explicaciones para estos rumbos indeseados tomados en Brasil. Es preocupante el hecho que la Educación Física escolar brasilera restrinja su contenido al deporte, dejando de lado la gimnasia y otros temas como la cultura corporal. Es también incómodo el vínculo de la gimnasia practicada en los gimnasios con el consumo que caracteriza a la sociedad actual. Se percibe la urgencia de ampliar el abordaje de los contenidos de gimnasia en los cursos de formación inicial de Educación Física, posibilitando incorporar los conocimientos necesarios para desarrollar con claridad y seguridad el trabajo de la gimnasia, independientemente del contexto.

The appreciation of artistic aspects of the Code of Points in rhythmic gymnastics: an analysis of the last three decades / A valorização dos aspectos artísticos do Código de Pontuação na ginástica rítmica: uma análise das últimas três décadas

Abstract In pursuit of promoting the artistic aspects, the current Rhythmic Gymnastics Code of Points (RGCP) has been submeted significant changes that motivated this research, documentary and historical in character, which aimed to analyze the last eight Olympic cycles of RGCP. The research method used in this study is documentary and characterized by the information found in documents (RGCP) that had not received any scientific treatment. From the analysis of different RGCP cycles, we found artistic aspects, and their connection with RG technical requirements. We observed that the RG has distinct stages (technical aspects, flexibility etc). While retaining its artistic roots (from Dance and Rhythm), in pursuit of sportivization and systematization of the sport, the first stage was characterized by a search for the sportivization and standardization of the modality based on the inclusion of new body elements in the RGCP . The second stage confirms our previous hypothesis, that in the last RGCP the artistic component had undergone few changes. We noticed, in an overview, that at the present time the current RGCP brings back the relationship between RG and its origins, influenced by Aesthetic Gymnastics (Swedish), Rhythmic and Dance. Condition observed once the current Code of Points (2013-2016) marks the story of sports, by two aspects: the permissiveness of routines with singing wich has not allowed since since the creation the RGCP and significant changes to the appreciation of the routines’ artistic aspects.

Resumo Em busca de melhor promover os aspectos artísticos, tendo-se em vista os últimos ciclos olímpicos, o atual Código de Pontuação de Ginástica Rítmica (CPGR) foi submetido a significativas mudanças. É a partir desse contexto que essa pesquisa, de caráter documental e histórico, se desenvolve, tendo como objetivo, analisar as mudanças nos últimos oito ciclos Olímpicos de CPGR (1985-2016), com foco nos aspectos artísticos da modalidade. A partir da análise de diferentes ciclos do CPGR, conclui-se que há conexões de interdependência entre os aspectos artísticos e os técnicos, sendo nítido que quando há uma supervalorização do aspecto técnico há uma desvalorização do artístico. Foi possível identificar fases do CPGR, e portanto, da modalidade. Apesar de manter as suas raízes artísticas (de Dança e Ritmo), a busca pela esportivização e sistematização da modalidade, trouxe uma primeira fase caracterizada pela busca do caráter esportivo e pela padronização dos gestos da GR, baseada na inclusão de novos elementos do corpo no CPGR. A segunda fase se caracteriza por uma retomada do aspecto artístico, confirmando nossa hipótese sobre a grande mudança do último CPGR. Constatamos de maneira geral, que o CPGR atual retoma a relação entre a GR e suas origens, influenciado pela Ginástica Estética (sueca), Rítmica e Dança. Tal condição é observada, uma vez que o atual Código de Pontuação (2013-2016) marca a história da modalidade por dois aspectos: a permissão de rotinas com canto, que não eram permitidas desde a criação do CPGR; e mudanças significativas para a valorização de aspectos artísticos dos rotinas.

[Sauveur-Henri-Victor Bouvier (1799-1877): orthopaedist, surgeon and promoter of physical education]. / Sauveur-Henri-Victor Bouvier (1799-1877): orthopédiste, chirurgien et promoteur de l'education physique.

This article establishes the biography of a little known physician of the 19th century., whose commitment with orthopaedics and formulation of medical gymnastics was important: the surgeon-orthopaedist Sauveur-Henri-Victor Bouvier. Several constitutive processes of the medical field of the 19th century are analysed: specialization (around orthopaedics), professionalization and development of various therapeutic and hygienic methods (among them medical gymnastics). Bouvier's biography is particularly instructive and sheds new light on these different processes, as well as on the institutionalization of orthopaedics from the 1820's up to the 1870's, at the intersection between medical and educative fields, between hospital, medical faculty and teaching of gymnastics.

[Transformations of the relationships between medicine and physical activities from the beginning of the 19th C. to the beginning of the 20th C. in France]. / Transformations des relations entre médecine et activités physiques du début du XIXe siècle au début du XXe siècle en France.

In order to understand the modes of cooperation that are practically working between two groups with uneven social status, physicians and physical educators, since the beginning of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century, we consider the results of researches that have been realized since three decennials. The evolution of those relationships accomplishes itself while the definition of respective roles (physician hygienist, physical educator with sanitary conception) and the reciprocal adjustment of specialities are becoming more precise. The process is tight, and the adaptations of the respective tasks are continuously retranslated in terms of statuary dimensions and protection of respective jurisdictions of both groups in the process of professionalization.

Trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) en gimnasia: resultados preliminares / Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in gymnastics: preliminary findings

Antecedentes: En el deporte amateur es esencial alcanzar el rendimiento deportivo sin el beneficio de sustancias que lo mejoren. Sin embargo, la prohibición de determinados fármacos discrimina a los competidores que padecen ciertas enfermedades. Para evitar estas desigualdades, la Agencia Mundial Antidopaje (AMA) aprobó las normas internacionales para la autorización de uso terapéutico (AUT). El tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) supone un desafío único en el deporte. Los estimulantes, que son considerados un tratamiento de primera línea para el TDAH, están prohibidos a menos que se hayan probado previamente fármacos alternativos y se hayan declarado ineficaces. La prevalencia mundial del TDAH es del 5,3%, aunque no existen estudios de afectación de esta enfermedad en los deportistas. Este artículo aborda el TDAH en un equipo masculino de gimnasia, las repercusiones en investigaciones futuras, utilizando una propuesta de encuesta-cuestionario para medir la prevalencia de este trastorno, y sus efectos sobre el comportamiento en los gimnastas y sus consideraciones éticas.Método: La prevalencia preliminar del TDAH en el equipo masculino de gimnasia se presenta con la revisión de la bibliografía complementaria y una propuesta de encuesta-cuestionario para estimar la afectación real de TDAH entre los gimnastas con trastornos de comportamiento(AU)

Resultados: Los padres de los componentes de un equipo de gimnasia masculino informaron de que 5 de los 7 chicos (71,4%) habían recibido un diagnóstico de TDAH o habían sido tratados con fármacos, estimulantes o no estimulantes, en el pasado por falta de atención y comportamientos hiperactivos e impulsivos. Los padres describieron la gimnasia como una “terapia para el comportamiento” eficaz en el control y la mejora de los síntomas del TDAH; este efecto también se obtuvo en otros ámbitos (hogar/aula). Sólo uno de los padres conocía la prohibición del consumo de estimulantes por parte de la AMA.Conclusiones: Se detectó una prevalencia sorprendentemente alta de TDAH en el equipo de gimnasia masculino. Es necesaria una investigación más extensa para verificar esta alta prevalencia del TDAH y los efectos sobre el comportamiento de los gimnastas. Se presenta una propuesta de encuesta-cuestionario para medir la prevalencia de trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en la gimnasia(AU)

Background: Athletic performance without benefit from performance enhancing substances is essential in amateur sports; yet, prohibiting specific medications creates discrimination against competitors with a medical illness. To avoid such inequalities, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) adopted international standards for therapeutic use exemptions (TUE). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment within the athletic population is a unique challenge. Stimulants, first-line treatment for ADHD, are prohibited unless alternative, non-prohibited medications have first been tried and found ineffective. The world prevalence of ADHD is 5.3%; however, there are no ADHD prevalence studies in sports. This paper addresses ADHD in a boys’ gymnastics team, implications for further research with a proposed survey-questionnaire to measure prevalence of ADHD with behavioral effects of gymnastics, and ethical considerations.Method: Preliminary ADHD prevalence in a boys’ gymnastics team is presented with complementary literature review and a proposed survey-questionnaire to estimate current ADHD prevalence in gymnastics populations with behavioral effects.Results: The parents of boys in a gymnastic team reported that 5 of out 7 (71.4%) of the boys were either diagnosed with ADHD in the past or had been treated with stimulant or non-stimulant medications for inattentive/hyperactive/impulsive behaviours. Parents described gymnastics as effective “behavioral therapy” in controlling/improving ADHD symptoms, with this effect extending into other environments (home/classroom). Only one parent was aware of WADA stimulant prohibition.Conclusions: A surprisingly large ADHD prevalence is reported in one boys’ gymnastic team. Further research is required to verify this high ADHD prevalence and behavioral effects in gymnastics. A proposed survey-questionnaire to measure both ADHD prevalence and behavioral effects in gymnastics is presented(AU)

The validity of sessionrating of perceived exertion method for quantifying training load in teamgym.

Teamgym is a new and emerging closed-skill sport, which includes tumbling, trampette, and floor programs performed by teams ranging from 6 to 12 athletes. The purpose of this study was to verify the concurrent validity of the session-rating of perceived exertion ([RPE] session-RPE) to quantifying the internal training load (ITL) of tumbling, trampette, and floor training sessions using Edwards' summated heart rate (HR)-zone method as a criterion measure. Session-RPE was obtained with 2 different instruments (i.e., CR-10 Borg's scale and visual analog scale) multiplied by the training duration (minutes). Ten female teamgym athletes (age = 21.7 ± 1.2 years; height = 164.9 ± 6.6 cm; and body mass = 54.6 ± 5.4 kg) participated in this study. High and significant correlations (r range: 0.77-0.85; R range: 0.59-0.85; p < 0.01) were found between Edwards' HR and the session-RPE methods and between the 2 session-RPE instruments (r range: 0.92-0.97; R2 range: 0.85-0.94; p < 0.01). The significant (p < 0.05) differences emerged between training sessions indicate that session-RPE discriminates ITL in relation to various technical skills. Hence, session-RPE can be a useful and inexpensive tool to quantify ITL in teamgym, and coaches could use this instrument to monitor their periodization plan as experienced by the athletes.

The "coherent majority average" for juries' evaluation processes.

I propose a method to synthesize the performance scores for artistic sports such as rhythmic gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming, and diving by taking into account inter-judge variability, while maintaining all the reliable scores. This procedure is based on the assumption that the majority of the scores in each event are reliable and they relate well to those scores that are closest to them. The method consists of putting scores in order and considering clusters of m consecutive scores, where m is the number of judges making up the simple majority. For each cluster, the difference between the highest and the lowest score is calculated. In cases where the minimum difference is positive, the arithmetic mean of those scores that belong to clusters where the difference is minimal is computed. In cases where the minimum difference is zero (i.e. if the majority of judges unanimously assign the same score), then the set of the scores to consider within the mean is extended to those scores that are very near to those of the majority of the judges. A comparison between the actual evaluation procedures and the proposed model is provided.

Open feedback in gymnastic judging causes conformity bias based on informational influencing.

The aims of this study were twofold: (1) to determine whether open feedback (i.e. the ability to hear or see the scores of colleague judges after each performance) would lead judges in gymnastics to conform with their colleagues, and (2) to identify the underlying process on which this conformity is based. Twenty-three certified Flemish judges in women's gymnastics were randomly divided into panels of a maximum of five judges. These panels had to rate the same 30 videotaped individual vaults: 15 in phase 1 and 15 in phase 2. Two independent variables were orthogonally manipulated: feedback (or no feedback) during phase 1 and feedback (or no feedback) during phase 2. The results of phase 1 revealed that the variation between the judges' scores was less within panels that had received feedback than within panels that had not received feedback. We therefore conclude that the availability of feedback elicits conformity among gymnastic judges. The results of phase 2 indicated that this conformity continued even when feedback was no longer provided, suggesting that the observed conformity was based on informational influencing (i.e. because of uncertainty about the correct responses) and not on normative influencing (i.e. out of fear of standing out in the group).

Análisis y criterios para las colchonetas de gimnasia deportiva: biomecánica de la recepción y su epidemiología / Requirements of gymnastic's mats. Biomechanical landing and epidemiologic study

El presente artículo muestra un análisis detallado sobre las actuales propiedades, métodos y, criterios establecidos por la Normativa Europea (EN) y Federación Internacional de Gimnasia (ELG) para la fábricación de colchonetas de gimnasia deportiva, fundamentalmente aquellas que están dirigidas a la recepción tras la salida de aparatos. La carga de una recepción (cuya duración aproximada es de 150-200ms, despreciando la fase de equilibrio posterior tras el impacto) puede ocasionar lesiones importantes, fundamentalmente esguinces y distensiones. Así, el 54.1-70.2 por ciento de las lesiones se producen en la extremidad inferior (rodilla/tobillo), el 18.1-25 por ciento en la extremidad superior y el 0-16.75 por ciento en el tronco-columna (discos intervertebrales).Los estudios biomecánicos realizados han generado criterios respecto a; tamaño de colchonetas, rebote, fuerza máxima, deformación, comportamiento areaelástico homogéneo, pico de aceleración, deformación, capacidad de recuperación, y coeficientes de fricción, aspectos que permiten una mejor definición de la normativa. Por tanto, cabe destacar la importancia del análisis biornecánico del gesto de la recepción en la generación de criterios de diseño para las colchonetas, de tal manera que se atenúe la incidencia y gravedad de las lesiones de los gimnastas (AU)

Expertise in women's gymnastic judging: an observational approach.

Observation was used to study expertise in gymnastic judging. 10 expert and 10 novice gymnastic judges were videotaped while judging at actual competitions. Analyses showed that novice judges, as compared to expert judges, spent less time looking at the gymnast perform, spent more time looking at the scoring paper, and were less able to engage in the dual-task demands required in gymnastic judging.