Sport and social media: analysis of the Brazilian Gymnastics Federation's Instagram / Esporte e mídia social: análise do Instagram da Confederação Brasileira de Ginástica

ABSTRACT Among the possible languages of contemporary social media, the ubiquity of images has heightened the sense of on-line communication, and has been used to shape both personal identities and institutions'recognition. Such visual content is not only an artefact of social media isolated and individual, but surrounds itself with debates and discussions that involve political, legal, economic, technological and sociocultural ideologies. Based on Instagram Image and use of Cohen's kappa for reliability and validity of data, this study analyzed 2679 photos that were posted on Instagram of the Brazilian Gymnastics Federation (CBG). As a result, we noticed the prevalence of artistic gymnastics (54,1%), followed by rhythmic gymnastics (31%), both within elite level focus (97%) specially on international events (59,6%) with greater appearance of athletes (66%). These findings reflect the need to review the use of social media in order to contemplate the broad actions of CBG, such as the diffusion of all gymnastics disciplines, as well as their different events at various levels of practice, giving visibility to all sports persons.

RESUMO Dentre as possíveis linguagens das mídias sociais contemporânea, a onipresença das imagens elevou o sentido da comunicação on-line, e tem sido utilizada para moldar tanto identidades pessoais como de diversas instituições. Tais conteúdos visuais não são apenas artefatos de mídias sociais isolados e individuais, mas se cercam de debates e discussões que envolvem ideologias políticas, legais, dimensões econômicas, tecnológicas e socioculturais. Baseados na Análise de Imagem do Instagram e utilização do Cohen's kappa para confiabilidade e validade dos dados, esta pesquisa analisou 2679 fotos postadas no Instagram da Confederação Brasileira de Ginástica (CBG). Como resultados, notamos a prevalência de postagens sobre ginástica artística (54,1%), seguida pela ginástica rítmica (31%), com foco na prática do alto rendimento (97%), divulgação de campeonatos internacionais (59,6%) e, cujo atleta (66%) foi protagonista. Esses achados apontam a necessidade de revisar o uso das mídias sociais no intuito de contemplar as amplas ações da instituição, como a difusão de todas as modalidades ginásticas e seus diferentes eventos; nos diversos níveis de prática, sejam de alto rendimento ou de formação, assim como dando visibilidade a todos os atores do esporte.

Exercise Types and the Risk of Developing Cognitive Decline in Older Women: A Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Participation in exercise may be useful for dementia prevention; however, the specific exercise types which may best to reduce the risk of developing cognitive decline have remained unidentified in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships of specific exercise types with the risk of developing cognitive decline in older women. METHODS: This 1- to 2-year population-based cohort study included 687 community-dwelling older Japanese women without disability, neurological disease, dementia, or cognitive impairment assessed as <24 points on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at the baseline survey. Developing cognitive decline was defined as a decrease of ≥3 points in the participant's MMSE score during the follow-up. We classified individuals into participation (≥3 months) and non-participation (<3 months) groups for 17 different exercise types. Log-binominal regression analyses were applied to compare risk ratios and confidence intervals of developing cognitive decline between the two groups. RESULTS: Thirty-nine participants (5.7%) developed cognitive decline during the follow-up period. After adjusting for confounders (age, MMSE score, depressive symptoms, body mass index, heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, low educational level, and the follow-up period in the baseline survey), those who participated in calisthenics demonstrated a significantly lower risk of developing cognitive decline than those who did not participate in calisthenics. No significant relationships between other exercise types and the risk of developing cognitive decline were found. CONCLUSION: Participation in calisthenics significantly reduced the risk of cognitive decline in community-dwelling older Japanese women, indicating that calisthenics may be a useful type of exercise for promoting dementia prevention.

Effects of long-term high-load exercise on the anatomy of the hip joints: a preliminary report.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of different sports on hip joint anatomic parameters in athletes. This was a cross-sectional study of eight male trampolinists, eight male weightlifters, and eight male volunteers enrolled in July 2014. Hip joint anatomic parameters were measured from plain radiographs taken at the level of the lesser trochanter center. Data were compared between groups using the χ-test or one-way analysis of variance with the Bonferroni post-hoc test. There were no significant differences among groups in age, height, or weight. Compared with the controls, trampolinists showed higher pelvic width, femoral neck length, metaphyseal width (T0), width 20 mm above T0 (T+20), width 20 mm below T0 (T-20) and center edge (CE) angle, and lower head-trochanter ratio, joint space, neck-shaft angle, and articular cartilage angle (P<0.05). Compared with the controls, weightlifters showed lower pelvic femoral index, joint space, length of femoral neck, eccentricity, neck-shaft, and AC angle, and higher pelvic width, femoral head radius, and CE angle (P<0.05). Compared with trampolinists, weightlifters showed higher head-trochanter ratio and femoral head radius, and lower pelvic femoral index, femoral neck length, eccentricity, T0, T+20, T-20, neck-shaft angle, CE angle, and articular cartilage angle (P<0.05). Long-term high-intensity training causes adaptive changes in the hip joint structure that differ between trampolinists and weightlifters.

Fiabilidad de los tests de salto vertical en gimnastas prepuberales / Reliability of the vertical jump tests in prepubertal gymnasts

Introducción y objetivos: La fiabilidad de los tests de salto vertical es inferior en niños que en adultos. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar si niñas prepúberes que practican un entrenamiento específico de gimnasia artística son más fiables en distintas pruebas de salto vertical que un grupo control de niñas de la misma edad. Método: Participaron en el estudio 36 prepúberes (19 gimnastas y 17 control), con edades comprendidas entre 7 y 12 años. Para estudiar la fiabilidad de la capacidad de salto «entre intentos» y «entre sesiones» se utilizaron las siguientes pruebas de salto: squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJA) y drop jump (DJ). Se administraron las pruebas en dos ocasiones, realizándose tres intentos en cada sesión. Resultados: Se observaron altos coeficientes de correlación intraclase (ICC≥0,75) entre intentos y entre sesiones para todas las pruebas. Se cuestiona la fiabilidad del CMJ en gimnastas al encontrarse diferencias significativas en la comparación entre intentos y entre sesiones (p≤0,05). Conclusiones: Se concluye que desde temprana edad la capacidad de salto es reproducible y fiable, y que la práctica de gimnasia artística, en niveles de iniciación, no mejora la fiabilidad de la mayoría de tests de salto vertical(AU)

Introduction and objectives: The reliability of vertical jumping tests is lower in children than in adults. The aim of this study is to determine whether prepubertal girls who practice a gymnastics-specific training are more reliable doing some vertical jumping tests than a control group of girls with matched ages. Methods: Thirty-six prepubertal girls (19 gymnasts and 17 control), with ages ranging from 7 to 12 years, participated in the study. To study the reliability of the jumping capacity «between trials» and «between sessions» the following jumping tests were used: squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJA), and drop jump (DJ). Test-retest was performed using 3 trials per session with a 48h gap between sessions. Results: A high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC≥0.75) was observed between trials and between sessions for all tests. The reliability of CMJ was questionable because significant differences were found in the inter-trial and inter-session comparison (P≤0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that overall vertical jumping capacity is reliable from young ages, and artistic gymnastics practice for beginners does not improve the reliability for the majority of the vertical jumping tests(AU)

Historical trends in the size of US Olympic female artistic gymnasts.

UNLABELLED: The lay press, scientists, and physicians appear to believe that gymnasts are continually getting smaller and that their "smallness" is a health risk. PURPOSE: To assess the historical changes in the size and age of the US women's Olympic gymnastics teams from 1956 to 2008. METHODS: The official records from the US Olympic Committee and USA Gymnastics of Olympic team members were assessed at 2 levels: individual height, mass, age, and body-mass index (BMI) and the team performance scores and rankings. Fourteen Olympic teams with a total of 106 team members, including the alternates, were included. Trend analyses were conducted using linear and polynomial models. RESULTS: Simple linear correlations indicated that since 1956, height, mass, age, BMI, and team Olympic rank have been declining. However, second-order polynomial curve fits indicated that in the last 4 Olympic Games the members of the US women's gymnastics teams have been getting larger. CONCLUSION: Women Olympic gymnasts were getting smaller through approximately the 1980s and early 1990s. Since then the size of these gymnasts has increased. The minimum-age rule modifications may have played a role in athlete size changes along with a shift from the near dominance of the former communist Eastern Bloc.

Influência do Código de Pontuação no treino da Ginástica Artística Masculina / Influence of code of points in men’s gymnastics training

O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a influência das novas regras do Código de Pontuação na sistematização do treino da Ginástica Artística Masculina. Para compreender estas alterações, oito treinadores de seleções nacionais, de Portugal e Brasil, foram entrevistados, sobre como essas regras influenciam o treino. Foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo para avaliar os comentários. Os treinadores esclareceram que as novas regras implicaram em mudanças na estrutura das séries e manifestaram novas tendências na sistematização do treino.

The aim of this study is to verify the influence of Code of Points new rules on the systematization of Men’s Artistic Gymnastics training. To understand these alterations, eight coaches of Portugal and Brazil national teams were questioned about how these rules affects the training. For the comments, a content analysis was run. The coaches mentioned that the new rules imply changes in routines composition and noticed new tendencies in training systematization.

Relación entre variables psicosociales y la salud percibida / Relationship between psychosocial variables and perceived health

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar las relaciones entre el autoconcepto físico, el índice de masa corporal y la actividad físico-deportiva con la salud percibida. La muestra está compuesta por 518 personas adultas entre los 19.4 y 49.7 años de edad (M = 30.79 años; DE = 9.24), 301 mujeres (58.1%) y 217 varones (41.9%). Los resultados señalan que los sujetos que tienen un mejor autoconcepto físico se perciben con un alto grado de salud en comparación con los sujetos que tienen un autoconcepto físico bajo, los cuales creen que su salud no es buena. En cuanto al análisis de regresión logística múltiple, los resultados han confirmado que el autoconcepto físico está significativamente relacionado con la percepción de la salud tanto en mujeres como en varones. Asimismo, en la muestra femenina dos subdominios han aparecido relacionados significativamente con la percepción de la salud, la condición física y el atractivo físico (AU)

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationships among physical self-concept, body image, body mass index and physical activity and perceived health. The sample was composed of 518 subjects between 19.4 and 49.7 years of age (M = 30.79 years old; SD = 9.24), of whom 301 were female (58.1%) and 217 male (41.9%). The results show that the subjects who showed a better physical self-concept were healthier than the subjects who had a low physical selfconcept and believed that their health was not good. Bearing in mind the multiple logistic regression, the results show that physical self-concept is significantly related to the perception of health in females and males. In females, two subdomains - physical condition and attractiveness - are related to perception of health (AU)

Prevalence of protein supplement use at gyms Estudio estadístico del consumo de suplementos proteícos en gimnasios

At the present time, the abuse of all class of sport nutritional supplements (NS) has extended the people who go regularly to gymnasiums. Between these substances there are the Protein Powder Supplements (PPS). The purpose of this study is to examine the consumption of PPS in 415 individuals from Seville fitness centers. All individuals were evaluated with anthropometric measurements and completed a questionnaire previously reviewed, evaluating the validity of the content, application, structure and presentation. 28% of the individuals were using or used PPS. Of the total, 42.7% of male individuals compared to 3.2% of the females. The use of PPS was higher than what has been reported in previous studies about supple ment use in fitness center, 28% vs 10-14% aprox. The SPP use is associated with sex, age, and time of sport practiced. More than a 25% of the total individuals that attend a gym use PPS. The total individuals that attend a gym and use PPS far exceed the RDA of protein for general population and/or athletes, being able to cause problems of health (AU)

En la actualidad, el abuso de toda clase de suplementos nutricionales (SN) deportivos se ha extendido a las personas que acuden a gimnasios regularmente. Entre estas sustancias están los Suplementos Proteicos en Polvo (SPP). El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar el consumo de suplementos proteicos en un grupo de 415 usuarios de gimnasios sevillanos. Los usuarios fueron valorados antropométricamente y realizaron un cuestionario que previamente fue evaluado para conocer la validez del contenido, aplicación, estructura y presentación. El 28% de la muestra consumían o habían consumido SPP, resultando, el 42,7% del total de los hombres frente al 3,2% del total de las mujeres encuestadas. El porcentaje de consumo de SPP está por encima de los valores aportados por otros estudios que evalúan la suplementación en gimnasios, 28% vs 10-14% aprox. El consumo de SPP está asociado con el sexo, la edad y el tiempo de práctica deportiva. Más de una cuarta parte de las personas que acuden regularmente a un gimnasio consumen SPP. El total de los usuarios de un gimnasio que consumen SPP realizan un consumo diario de proteínas mucho mayor que el recomendado para la población normal y/o deportista, pudiendo ocasionar problemas de salud (AU)

The reemergence of the trampoline as a recreational activity and competitive sport.

The recreational use of trampolines is widespread and growing rapidly around the world. The reported incidence of significant injuries continues to increase despite more than three decades of attempts to educate the public on the inherent dangers of trampolines and appropriate safety rules for their use. Competitive trampolining also is growing, although there is scant medical literature related to training issues and injuries to assist the physician in guiding and treating these athletes. It is anticipated that with the increased use of trampolines and with the evolution of ever more complex competitive techniques and routines, the potential for catastrophic injuries in competition will increase. This article discusses awareness of the risks and attempts to mitigate injuries. It remains unclear, from an injury risk standpoint, whether trampolines can be used with an acceptable degree of safety.

Ginástica laboral: âmbito de atuação da fisioterapia ou da educação física? / Labor Gymnastics: should be carried by a Physical therapy or Physical Education professional?

A Ginástica Laboral consiste na prática de exercícios realizados no ambiente de trabalho, com a finalidade de prevenir e/ou diminuir a incidência de lesões por esforços repetitivos ou distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho (LER/DORT), sendo um tema abordado em muitos estudos de Fisioterapia e de Educação Física. Diante do crescente emprego da Ginástica Laboral nas empresas, aplicado tanto por Fisioterapeutas quanto por Educadores Físicos, aumentam as discussões sobre qual profissional está capacitado para esta função, e qual dos dois âmbitos de atuação é o mais adequado para incluí-la. Perante a esse contexto, o presente estudo objetiva discutir o tema mediante a legislação e as diretrizes curriculares de ambos os cursos. Assim, concluiu-se que a Ginástica Laboral está inclusa no âmbito de atuação da Fisioterapia e da Educação Física e que ambos os profissionais são capacitados para realizá-la.

The Labor Gymnastics consists of physical activity carried out in the workplace, aiming at preventing and/or diminishing the incidence of Repetitive Strain Injuries or Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (RSI/WRMD), and is subject of many studies of Physical Therapy and Physical Education. Considering the increase of companies that have started to implant Labor Gymnastics programs, carried out by both Physical therapists and Physical Educators, we come across a debate on which professional is enabled to this activity, and which one of the two professionals is more suitable. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to discuss the subject through legislation and guidelines of both careers. It was concluded that Labor Gymnastics is included in both Physical therapy and Physical Education scope and that both professionals are well trained to carry it out.

Differencies in morphologic characteristics between top level gymnasts of year 1933 and 2000.

In 1933, at the 5th Regional Sokol Meeting in Ljubljana which was at the time a place in the Yugoslav Kingdom, Skerlj carried out the first measurements of 189 gymnasts, active competitors; in 2000, at the World Cup Meeting in Ljubljana, Cuk and associates carried out measurements of 40 top gymnasts. Our analysis of identical variables has shown that there is no difference in body height and weight of the gymnasts in 1933 and those in 2000, while there is a significant difference in the width of their shoulders and pelvis, the contemporary athletes being wider in their shoulders and narrower in their pelvis. The differences can be assigned to the new requirements in contemporary gymnastics as exercises are becoming more difficult, including more rotation around the vertical and horizontal axis.

Mecanismo que explicam o efeito da atividade fisica na prevençao de acidente vascular encefalico / Mechanism that explain the effect of physical activity in preventing encephalic stroke

O sedentarismo vem sendo apontado como fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares, como hipertensao arterial e acidente vascular encefalico(AVE). Adicionalmente estudos epidemiologicos mostram que atividade fisica moderada pode modular os niveis pressoricos. Entretanto o mecanismo de açao ainda nao está bem elucidado. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar os possiveis mecanismos que explicam a influencia da atividade fisica na prevençao do AVE. Foi encontrada uma forte associaçao entre atividade fisica e AVE por propaveis mecanismos tais como desaceleraçao do processo aterosclerotico, modificaçao na estrutura das arterias, melhora do perfil lipidico, diminuiçao dos niveis de fibrinogenio e diminuiçao da agregaçao plaquetaria. Estudos relatam que a atividade fisica aerobica de intensidade moderada, como por exemplo, a caminhada, por no minimo cinco vezes por semana, pode aumentar valores de HDL colesterol, regular atividade fibrinolitica, reduzir indice de massa corporal, reduzir pressao arterial sistolica, reduzir frequencia cardiaca e aumentar a captaçao de oxigenio e, mesmo no caso da ocorrencia de AVE, ha uma reduçao da incidencia e severidade de sequelas relacionadas.

Importancia del ejercicio físico en el tratamiento del dolor lumbar inespecífico / Importance of physical exercise in the treatment of non-specific low back pain

El ejercicio es una modalidad terapéutica muy utilizada en pacientes con lumbalgia. Optimizar la gestión de unos recursos sanitarios limitados obliga a decidir a qué pacientes y en qué momento evolutivo prescribir determinados ejercicios, asociándolos o no a otras terapias. En este artículo revisamos el papel de la cinesiterapia en el tratamiento del dolor lumbar inespecífico. Nos hemos basado en publicaciones de la mayor validez científica para realizar una síntesis de las mejores evidencias disponibles sobre el efecto del ejercicio físico en la prevención y en el tratamiento del dolor lumbar idiopático agudo, subagudo y crónico, así como tras cirugía lumbar. Existen evidencias consistentes de que el ejercicio parece ser la única medida preventiva eficaz del dolor de espalda. No hay evidencias que sustenten la recomendación de ejercicios en lumbalgias agudas ni subagudas, ya que no parecen más útiles que otros tratamientos. En el dolor lumbar crónico la cinesiterapia parece ser más efectiva, a largo plazo, que las modalidades pasivas, siendo los ejercicios más útiles en el seno de programas multidisciplinarios, sobre todo si van dirigidos a facilitar la vuelta a las actividades cotidianas y la reincorporación al trabajo. No parece haber superioridad de un tipo de ejercicios frente a otros. Conviene tener claro cuáles son los objetivos que se pretenden alcanzar con ellos, para seleccionar un determinado tipo de programa, instruir al paciente y estimular a que los haga de modo regular. Sería deseable poder recomendar pautas específicas pero, con los datos actuales, sólo es factible dar orientaciones generales que habrán de adaptarse e individualizarse para cada paciente concreto con lumbalgia crónica. Hay evidencia fuerte de que programas de ejercicio intensivo, iniciados 4-6 semanas después de una cirugía discal, son más eficaces a corto plazo que programas de ejercicios más suaves. No está aún completamente esclarecido el modo concreto por el que el ejercicio produce su efecto terapéutico en los pacientes con lumbalgia. (AU)

Aspectos metabolicos e cardiorrespiratorios na ginastica aerobica / Metabolic aspects and cardiorrespiratory in the aerobic dance

O presente estudo objetivou,por meio de revisao de literatura os aspectos metabolicos na ginastica aerobica.A ginastica aerobica vem sendo utilizada como um dos meios para desenvolver a resistencia cardiorrespiratoria em sedentarios.No entanto,a modalidade em questao,apresenta caracteristica diferenciadas das atividades ciclicas como a corrida,a natacao,o ciclismo,entre outros;onde o comportamento da frequencia cardiaca e mais facilmente controlado.Na ginastica aerobica a frequencia cardiaca apresenta variacaoes causando dificuldade no controle e na montagem da aula.A intensidade interfere diretamente no aspecto metabolico e nas adaptacoes fisiologicas relacionadas ao exercicio aerobico,pois segundo a Americam College Sport Medicime(1995),atividades utilizando valores superiores a 85-90 por cento da frequencia cardiaca maxima,o sistema anaerobico pode ser predominante

Perfil de demanda e habitos sociais de individuos que aderem a pratica de atividades fisicas supervisionadas / Profile of the demand and social habits of individuals that stick its practices of supervised physical activities

As ultimas decadas tem sido marcadas pela crescente preocupacao com a qualidade de vida.Tal fato vem favorecendo a adesao a pratica de atividades fisicas(AF) e o controle dos habitos sociais(HS) fumo,alcool e cafeina.O prpposito deste estudo foi identificar a demanda na procura de AF supervisionadas e verificar a incidencia destes HS em iniciantes nestas praticas.A amostra foi composta por 787 individuos do sexo masculino(SM) e 994 do sexo feminino(SF) com idades entre 13 e 53 anos,subdivididos em 8 intervalos etarios(IE).Os dados foram coletados atraves de questionario.Tanto no SF quanto no SM observou-se que os individuos priorizaram a reducao de gordura corporea e o aumento da massa corporal magra.Quanto ao HS,verificou-se em ambos os sexos a preferencia pelo elitismo,seguido respectivamnete pele ingestao de cafeina e tabagismo,mesmo considerando-se as variacoes em funcao dos IE.Estes rsultados ao menos na amostra estudada,permitem concluir que:os individuos ao procurarem uma AF orientada estao privilegiando dois aspectos de fundamental importancia para a aptidao fisica: a composicao corporal e a forca muscular,o alcool e o habito social de maior incidencia,o alto percentual de consumidores de alcool entre os IE mais baixox,de ambos os sexos merece atencao especial,o fumo em ambos os sexos apresentou baixos percentuais,indicando que as campanhas contra tabagismo estao surtindo efeito,pricipalmente entre os mais jovens