Observing the influence of the physical environment on family involvement in a rehabilitation setting.

INTRODUCTION: Health professionals and institutions need to understand how to facilitate family involvement within settings designed prior to the adoption of patient- and family-centered philosophies. This study sought to explore how the physical environment of an inpatient rehabilitation setting influenced family involvement in health care delivery. METHOD: We conducted this study on the inpatient acquired brain injury ward of a Canadian adult rehabilitation center. This study used a basic interpretive qualitative approach. We conducted observations of how the physical environment influenced the conversations, interactions, and activities, which were central to family involvement, in this setting. We used a systematic qualitative analysis method. This study received research ethics board approval prior to commencing. RESULTS: We conducted 26 2-hr observation sessions. Five sessions occurred in the morning, 17 in early and late afternoon, and 4 in the evening. Eighteen sessions occurred on a weekday and 8 on a weekend day. The following 6 categories emerged from the field data: (a) accessing health professionals, (b) awareness of family presence, (c) facilitating family presence, (d) facilitating patient-family activities, (e) providing information for families, and (f) facilitating family involvement in therapy. DISCUSSION: This study provided information to inform future discussions and strategies for facilitating family involvement within the existing physical environments of health care institutions. Initial steps should consider ways to help families feel welcomed, such as including additional seating in spaces, posting signage inviting families into spaces, having resources tailored to families readily available, and creating a visible sign-in/sign-out board for families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Environmental factors and risk of delirium in geriatric patients: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with delirium have increased risk of death, dementia and institutionalization, and prognosis differs between delirium motor subtypes. A few studies have identified associations between environmental factors like room-transfers and time spent in the emergency department (ED) and delirium, but no studies have investigated if environmental factors may influence delirium motor subtypes. We wanted to explore if potentially stressful events like ward-transfers, arriving ED at nighttime, time spent in ED and nigthttime investigations were associated with development of delirium (incident delirium) and delirium motor subtypes. METHODS: We used the DSM-5 criteria to diagnose delirium and the Delirium Motor Subtype Scale for motor subtyping. We defined hyperactive and mixed delirium as delirium with hyperactive symptoms, and hypoactive and no-subtype delirium as delirium without hyperactive symptoms. We registered ward-transfers, time of arrival in ED, time spent in ED and nighttime investigations (8 p.m. to 8 a.m.), and calculated Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) to adjust for cognitive impairment and comorbidity. We used logistic regression analyses with incident delirium and delirium with hyperactive symptoms as outcome variables, and ward-transfers, arriving ED at nighttime, time spent in ED and nighttime investigations as exposure variables, adjusting for age, GDS and CIRS in the analyses for incident delirium. RESULTS: We included 254 patients, mean age 86.1 years (SD 5.2), 49 (19.3%) had incident delirium, 22 with and 27 without hyperactive symptoms. There was a significant association between nighttime investigations and incident delirium in both the unadjusted (odds ratio (OR) 2.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17 to 4.22, p = 0.015) and the multiadjusted model (OR 2.61, CI 1.26 to 5.40, p = 0.010). There were no associations between any other exposure variables and incident delirium. No exposure variables were associated with delirium motor subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Nighttime investigations were associated with incident delirium, even after adjusting for age, cognitive impairment and comorbidity. We cannot out rule that the medical condition leading to nighttime investigations is the true delirium-trigger, so geriatric patients must still receive emergency investigations at nighttime. Hospital environment in broad sense may be a target for delirium prevention.

The experience of lived space in persons with dementia: a systematic meta-synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Identifying how persons with dementia experience lived space is important for enabling supportive living environments and creating communities that compensate for the fading capabilities of these persons. Several single studies have explored this topic; however, few studies have attempted to explicitly review and synthesize this research literature. The aim of this systematic meta-synthesis was therefore to interpret and synthesize knowledge regarding persons with dementia's experience of space. METHODS: A systematic, computerized search of AgeLine, CINAHL Complete, Embase, Medline and PsycINFO was conducted using a search strategy that combined MeSH terms and text words for different types of dementia with different descriptions of experience. Studies with 1) a sample of persons with dementia, 2) qualitative interviews as a research method and 3) a description of experiences of lived space were included. The search resulted in 1386 articles, of which 136 were identified as eligible and were read and assessed using the CASP criteria. The analysis was inspired by qualitative content analyses. RESULTS: This interpretative qualitative meta-synthesis included 45 articles encompassing interviews with 672 persons with dementia. The analysis showed that living in one's own home and living in long-term care established different settings and posed diverse challenges for the experience of lived space in persons with dementia. The material revealed four main categories that described the experience of lived space: (1) belonging; (2) meaningfulness; (3) safety and security; and (4) autonomy. It showed how persons with dementia experienced a reduction in their lived space due to the progression of dementia. A comprehensive understanding of the categories led to the latent theme: "Living with dementia is like living in a space where the walls keep closing in". CONCLUSION: This meta-synthesis reveals a process whereby lived space gradually becomes smaller for persons with dementia. This underscores the importance of being aware of the experiences of persons with dementia and the spatial dimensions of their life-world. To sustain person-centred care and support the preservation of continuity and identity, one must acknowledge not only the physical and social environment but also space as an existential experience for persons with dementia.

Entorno construido en función del nivel de desarrollo de los distritos de la ciudad de Madrid / Built Environment according to the level of development of districts in the city of Madrid

Objetivo: describir los elementos del entorno construido (EC) de Madrid en relación con el nivel de desarrollo de los distritos de la ciudad. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal. Los datos del EC de la ciudad (demográficos, de renta, superficie, acceso a recreación y bienes básicos, estética, zonas verdes, transporte público y ambiente de los barrios) se extrajeron de fuentes documentales: páginas web, sistemas de información geográfica, organismos oficiales. Se consideraron los 21 distritos de la ciudad estratificándolos en cuatro niveles de desarrollo en función de su resultado en un índice combinado de salud, conocimiento y renta. Se realizó un análisis estadístico univariante y bivariante (Chi cuadrado y ANOVA); se calcularon intervalos de confianza al 95% de seguridad (IC95%). Resultados: se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p≤0,05) en la dotación de escuelas infantiles y centros de mayores (superior en distritos de desarrollo bajo); los centros deportivos y áreas infantiles para menores de 14 años (mayor en distritos de desarrollo medio alto); la renta media neta anual de los hogares, el comercio, las líneas de metro y bus, los elementos disuasorios del uso de automóvil y las concentraciones de población y vivienda (mayores en los distritos de desarrollo alto). Conclusiones: los distritos más desarrollados obtuvieron más indicadores en primera posición. Es necesario avanzar en relación a qué elementos son los que más mejoran el EC de los barrios (AU)

Objective: to describe the elements of the Built Environment (BE) according to the level of development in the city districts. Method: a descriptive transversal study. Data on the city BE (demographical, income, surface, access to recreation and basic commodities, appearance, green areas, public transport, and neighbourhood environment) were extracted from documentary sources: web-pages, geographical information systems, and official organizations. The 21 city districts were stratified into four levels of development based on their outcomes in a combined index for health, knowledge and income. A univariate and bivariate analysis was conducted (Square CHI and ANOVA); confidence intervals were calculated at 95% (CI95%). Results: statistically significant differences (p≤0.05) were found in funding for children’s schools and centres for the elderly (higher in low-development districts); sports centres and areas for <14-year-old children (higher in districts with medium-high development): the mean net annual income of homes, commerce, underground and bus lines, elements to discourage the use of cars, and concentration of population and housing (higher in those districts with high development). Conclusions: districts with higher development obtained more indicators in the first position. It is necessary to move forward regarding which elements improve the BE in neighbourhoods (AU)

Facility characteristics and inhospital pediatric mortality after severe traumatic brain injury.

More than 500,000 children sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year. Previous studies have described significant variation in inhospital mortality after pediatric TBI. The aim of this study was to identify facility-level characteristics independently associated with 30-day inhospital mortality after pediatric severe TBI. We hypothesized that, even after accounting for patient-level characteristics associated with mortality, the characteristics of facilities where patients received care would be associated with inhospital mortality. Using data from the National Trauma Data Bank from 2009-2012, we identified a cohort of 6707 pediatric patients hospitalized with severe TBI in 391 facilities and investigated their risk of 30-day inhospital mortality. Pre-specified facility-level characteristics (trauma certification level, teaching status, census region, facility size, nonprofit status, and responsibility for pediatric trauma care) were added to a Poisson regression model that accounted for patient-level characteristics associated with mortality. In multivariable analyses, patients treated in facilities located in the Midwest (risk ratio [RR]=1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.81) and South (RR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.12-1.72) regions had higher likelihoods of 30-day inhospital mortality compared with patients treated in the Northeast. Other facility-level characteristics were not found to be significant. To our knowledge, this is one of the largest investigations to identify regional variation in inhospital mortality after pediatric severe TBI in a national sample after accounting for individual and other facility-level characteristics. Further investigations to help explain this variation are needed to inform evidence-based decision-making for pediatric severe TBI care across different settings.

Increasing ambulatory surgery potential by non-medicalized accommodation: matched comparison of the 2011 national hospital activity data to 66 local stays.

INTRODUCTION: Several policy and cultural factors still hinder the development of ambulatory surgery (AS) in France. Our surgery unit developed a day-surgery approach with extension of a non-medicalized post-operative stay in a hotel-like structure within the hospital, called an "ambulotel". The present study aims to evaluate the potential of this approach in increasing the possibilities of ambulatory surgery by comparing our stays to those of a nationwide database. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We matched 66 patients according to seven criteria in our one-day ambulotel program to the 2011 DRG national database and then compared their characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 10,428 patients in the database with one-night stays in a traditional surgery unit, more than half (52%) would probably have been eligible for ambulatory surgery with a potential theoretical savings estimated at €12,806,568. CONCLUSION: This estimated amount of savings represents a major medical and economic issue. The savings could contribute to increased ambulatory surgery activity in France by creating new dedicated Ambulatory Units, pooling conventional beds, or using night accommodation in non-hospital nursing homes, for example.

Innovative Designs for the Smart ICU.

Successfully designing a new ICU requires clarity of vision and purpose and the recognition that the patient room is the core of the ICU experience for patients, staff, and visitors. The ICU can be conceptualized into three components: the patient room, central areas, and universal support services. Each patient room should be designed for single patient use and be similarly configured and equipped. The design of the room should focus upon functionality, ease of use, healing, safety, infection control, communications, and connectivity. All aspects of the room, including its infrastructure; zones for work, care, and visiting; environment, medical devices, and approaches to privacy; logistics; and waste management, are important elements in the design process. Since most medical devices used at the ICU bedside are really sophisticated computers, the ICU needs to be capable of supporting the full scope of medical informatics. The patient rooms, the central ICU areas (central stations, corridors, supply rooms, pharmacy, laboratory, staff lounge, visitor waiting room, on-call suite, conference rooms, and offices), and the universal support services (infection prevention, finishings and flooring, staff communications, signage and wayfinding, security, and fire and safety) work best when fully interwoven. This coordination helps establish efficient and safe patient throughput and care and fosters physical and social cohesiveness within the ICU. A balanced approach to centralized and decentralized monitoring and logistics also offers great flexibility. Synchronization of the universal support services in the ICU with the hospital's existing systems maintains unity of purpose and continuity across the enterprise and avoids unnecessary duplication of efforts.