Resiliency and Barriers to Successful Aging Among Middle-Aged Mexican Immigrants Residing in a Rural Agricultural Community.

OBJECTIVES: The Latino population is one of the largest, most diverse, and fastest-growing demographic groups in the United States. Although Latinos enjoy longer life spans and reduced mortality risk relative to non-Hispanic Whites, they have higher rates of chronic health conditions such as diabetes and dementia and live more of their older years with poor health and disability. Such inequities point to the need for this research focused on examining resiliency strategies and barriers to successful aging among various U.S. Latino subgroups. METHODS: This qualitative study used thematic content analysis to examine resiliency strategies and barriers to successful aging among Mexican immigrant women (n = 40) residing in an underserved agricultural community and entering mid-life (mean = 49 years old). RESULTS: With regards to barriers to successful aging, 3 themes emerged: (1) stressful lifestyle in the United States compared to the participants' home countries; (2) stress from expectations at home; and (3) stress due to work and the various components around work. The following 4 resiliency strategies emerged: (1) family as a motivation for moving forward in life and focusing on the success of children; (2) having a positive mindset; (3) praying to God for strength to overcome obstacles; and (4) self-care. DISCUSSION: Despite experiencing barriers to successful aging, participants practice various resiliency strategies to age successfully. Because many of the barriers identified are related to poverty-related stressors, systemic solutions addressing the social determinants of health are needed.

[Operational domains of healthy aging: a qualitative description in older adults in Peru]. / Dominios operativos del envejecimiento saludable: una descripción cualitativa en personas adultas mayores de Perú.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Understanding the domains of healthy aging (HA) through the perceptions of older adults is important for the multidimensional determination of the construct according to the culture of Peru and for the development of plans that promote the health, well-being, resources and strengths of older adults. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively explore the operational domains of HA in Peruvian older adults. METHOD: The approach adopted was fundamental qualitative descriptive. A purposive sampling was used and 26 participants attending senior centers belonging to the municipal commune of Lima were recruited (Medad=67.9; SD=6.64). Semi-structured interviews were conducted and the content analysis was carried out using an inductive method identifying the units of meaning of the HA. RESULTS: The content analysis showed 11 sub-themes and 4 main themes. The identified themes were as follows: "functional health", "psychological well-being", "active engagement with life" and "religion". Given this, the results demonstrate the multidimensionality of HA in Peruvian older adults. CONCLUSION: The operational domains of HA indicate the importance of individual perceptions considering functional health, psychological well-being, active engagement with life, and religion. This perspective supports the multidimensional concept of HA. This can be implemented as a guide for government entities working with PAMs. In addition, to formulate new public policies focusing on the domains of HA.

The Association Between Physical Activity and Cognition in a Racially/Ethnically Diverse Cohort of Older Adults: Results From the Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences Study.

OBJECTIVE: Most prior research on physical activity (PA) and cognition is based on predominantly white cohorts and focused on associations of PA with mean (average) cognition versus the distribution of cognition. Quantile regression offers a novel way to quantify how PA affects cognition across the entire distribution. METHODS: The Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences study includes 30% white, 19% black, 25% Asian, and 26% Latinx adults age 65+ living in Northern California (n = 1600). The frequency of light or heavy PA was summarized as 2 continuous variables. Outcomes were z-scored executive function, semantic memory, and verbal episodic memory. We tested associations of PA with mean cognition using linear regression and used quantile regression to estimate the association of PA with the 10th-90th percentiles of cognitive scores. RESULTS: Higher levels of PA were associated with higher mean semantic memory (b = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.14) and executive function (b = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.09). Associations of PA across all 3 cognitive domains were stronger at low quantiles of cognition. CONCLUSION: PA is associated with cognition in this racially/ethnically diverse sample and may have larger benefits for individuals with low cognitive scores, who are most vulnerable to dementia.

Un punto de partida: opiniones de adultos sobre proyectos de vida para la vejez / A starting point: opinions of adults on life projects for old age

Contexto: El envejecimiento de la población plantea varias cuestiones fundamentales. ¿Cómo podemos ayudar a las personas a que sigan siendo independientes y activas a medida que envejecen? El Proyecto de Vida es un concepto que ha estado vinculado a la necesidad del ser humano de buscar su bienestar. Puede pensarse que, si una persona cuenta con un proyecto de vida preconcebido, al llegar a la vejez su tiempo estará orientado a continuar con metas previamente visualizadas. Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de los adultos sobre su proyecto de vida para la vejez en un área urbana de Tucumán. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo desde un abordaje fenomenológico. Los sujetos estudiados fueron adultos entre 45-59 años, de ambos sexos. Se constituyeron dos grupos focales. Resultados: se obtuvieron las siguientes categorías descriptivas: "Un callejón ¿con salida?", "Descartados y desechos", "Encaminarnos a la vejez", "Revolución de la longevidad", "Un poco de esto, un poco de aquello". Conclusión: Este estudio evidenció las opiniones que tiene un grupo de adultos de Tucumán sobre proyectos de vida para la vejez, identificándose cómo el fenómeno de ageísmo influye en su proyección a futuro. Se vio la importancia de repensar la vejez sin la estigmatización o discriminación social, considerando acompañar activamente a la población en edad prejubilatoria (AU)

Context: The aging of the population raises several fundamental questions. How can we help people to remain independent and active as they age? The Life Project is a concept that has been linked to the need of human beings to seek their well-being. It may be thought that if a person has a preconceived life project, when they reach old age their time will be oriented to continue with previously visualized goals. Objective: To know the opinion of adults about their life project for old age in an urban area of Tucumán. Methodology: A qualitative study was carried out from a phenomenological approach. The subjects studied were adults between 45-59 years old, of both sexes. Two focus groups were formed. Results: the following descriptive categories were obtained: "An alley with an exit?", "Discarded and discarded", "Towards old age", "Longevity revolution", "A little of this, a little of that". Conclusion: This study evidenced the opinions that a group of adults from Tucumán have about life projects for old age, identifying how the phenomenon of ageism influences their future projection. The importance of rethinking old age without stigmatization or social discrimination was seen, considering actively accompanying the pre-retirement age population (AU)

Habitar una adultez posible: Taller neurocognitivo

El presente trabajo propone realizar una reflexión acerca de una experiencia de trabajo interdisciplinario que se viene llevando a cabo desde Septiembre del 2021 hasta la actualidad con adultos mayores y adultos con compromiso cognitivo, en el CeSAC Nº21, del barrio Padre Mugica en Retiro, en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Este trabajo se centra en la estrategia de Atención primaria de la Salud, haciendo eje principalmente en sus aspectos preventivo-promocional, poniendo particular énfasis en la promoción de la salud integral. A continuación se presentará una primera parte más descriptiva donde se podrá encontrar la fundamentación y marco teórico que da sustento a este trabajo. Seguido de la contextualización, origen de la propuesta de trabajo y características específicas de la población que asiste a los talleres. Posteriormente, en una segunda parte de carácter explicativa, se encontrará un eje que analiza el trabajo en grupo con Adultos Mayores y en segundo eje que reflexiona sobre el trabajo en equipo interdisciplinario. Por último, encontraremos las conclusiones de este trabajo donde intentamos compartir, reflexionar y expandir las posibilidades del trabajo interdisciplinario con adultos mayores. (AU)

Efectos en adultos mayores de su participación en un proyecto comunitario basado en activos para la salud / Effects on older adults of their participation in a community project based on health assets

Introducción: el envejecimiento poblacional y el incremento de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles están generando un gran impacto en los sistemas de salud a nivel mundial. Articular el sistema de salud con los recursos comunitarios es fundamental para poder coordinar la atención sociosanitaria, descomplejizar la atención de los adultos mayores y promover el envejecimiento activo. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar la relación entre la participación de adultos mayores en un proyecto de mapeo de activos para la salud y los efectos percibidos en esta experiencia. Métodos: la intervención consistió en un taller de seis encuentros semanales donde se aprendió a reconocer activos para la salud. Estos fueron volcados en un mapa virtual de acceso libre y gratuito para ser compartido con toda la sociedad. En el taller también se reforzó la importancia de la relación entre los participantes para mejorar los apoyos sociales. Utilizamos un diseño cualitativo de tipo interactivo con una estructura interconectada y flexible de los componentes de la investigación. Se observaron las interacciones y diálogos que se produjeron entre moderadoras-participantes y participantes entre sí, y se incluyeron los registros del cuaderno de campo de las moderadoras. Al finalizar el último encuentro, y cumplidos tres meses, se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a quienes asistieron, al menos, a la mitad de los encuentros. Se utilizó una guía con preguntas abiertas, para conocer la perspectiva de los participantes acerca de eventuales cambios percibidos a partir de la experiencia vivida en el taller. Los datos se categorizaron y, posteriormente, se triangularon para garantizar la validez del análisis. Resultados: se identificaron las siguientes categorías que sitúan las experiencias de los participantes en relación con su paso por el proyecto: la generación de vínculos entre pares, los vínculos con las moderadoras, la dinámica de taller, la sustentabilidad del proyecto y la resignificación del barrio. Conclusión: es factible generar cambios positivos en la salud de los adultos mayores, potenciar los espacios de socialización y contribuir satisfactoriamente en la resignificación de los barrios a través del mapeo de activos para la salud. (AU)

Introduction: population ageing and the increase in chronic non-communicable diseases are having a major impact on health systems worldwide. Linking the health system with community resources is essential in order to coordinate social and health care, decomplexify the care of older adults and promote active ageing. Our objective was to analyse the relationship between the participation of older adults in a health asset mapping project and the perceived effects of this experience. Methods: the intervention consisted of a workshop of six weekly meetings where participants learned to recognise health assets from the perspective of each participant. These were then uploaded onto a virtual map that could be accessed free of charge and shared with the whole of society. The workshop also reinforced the importance of the relationship between participants to improve social support.We used an interactive qualitative design with an interconnected and flexible structure between the research components. The interactions and dialogues that took place between moderators-participants and participants with each other were observed, and the field notebook records of the moderators were included. At the end of the last meeting, and after three months, in-depth interviews were conducted with those who attended at least half of the meetings. A guide with open-ended questions was used to find out the participants perspective on possible changes perceived as a result of the workshop experience. The data were categorised and then triangulated to ensure the validity of the analysis. Results: the following categories were identified that situate the participants experiences in relation to their time in the project: the generation of links between peers, the links with the moderators, the workshop dynamics, the sustainability of the project and the re-signification of the neighbourhood. Conclusion: it is feasible to generate positive changes in the health of older adults, to strengthen the spaces for socialisation and to successfully contribute to the resignification of the neighbourhoods through the mapping of assets for health. (AU)

Social representations of the body and bodily care practices of older adults / Representações sociais do corpo e práticas de cuidado corporal de pessoas idosas / Representaciones sociales del cuerpo y prácticas de cuidado C=corporal para personas mayores

This study analyzed the relations between social representations of the body and the body care practices of older adults. Forty older adults, with ages varying from 60 to 84 years (M = 69; SD = 7), matched by sex, took part in the study. The data were collected by means of in-depth thematic interviews, with the corpus analyzed using the IRaMuTeQ software. Differences between men and women were verified in representational contents and body practices. The male participants' social representations of the body were associated with biological functionality and health concerns, while the women emphasized the importance of physical appearance in their social relationships. Regarding body care practices, there was a higher incidence of food concerns in the men and the performance of physical activities in the women. Therefore, the results indicated that the body care practices vary according to the socials representations of the body and the sex of the participant. (AU)

Esse estudo analisou as relações entre as representações sociais do corpo e as práticas de cuidado corporal de pessoas idosas. Participaram da pesquisa 40 idosos, com idades entre 60 e 84 anos (M=69; DP=7), pareados por sexo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista bitemática em profundidade, cujo corpus foi analisado com auxílio do software IraMuTeQ. Verificou-se diferenças dos conteúdos representacionais e das práticas corporais entre homens e mulheres. As representações sociais do corpo do público masculino foram associadas à funcionalidade biológica e preocupação com a saúde, enquanto as mulheres ressaltaram a importância da aparência física nas relações sociais. Em relação às práticas de cuidado corporal, houve maior incidência de cuidados alimentares para o público masculino e de realização de atividades físicas para o público feminino. Assim, os resultados indicaram que as práticas de cuidado corporal variam segundo as representações sociais de corpo e conforme o sexo dos participantes. (AU)

Este estudio analizó las relaciones entre las representaciones sociales del cuerpo y las prácticas de cuidado corporal de las personas mayores. En el estudio participaron cuarenta ancianos, con edades entre 60 y 84 años (M = 69; DS = 7), emparejados por sexo. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevistas con doble temática realizadas en profundidad, cuyo corpus fue analizado a través del software IraMuTeQ. Se averiguaron diferencias en el contenido representativo y en las prácticas corporales entre hombres y mujeres. Las representaciones sociales del cuerpo de los participantes varones se asociaron con la funcionalidad biológica y los problemas de salud, mientras que las mujeres enfatizaron la importancia de la apariencia física en las relaciones sociales. Con respecto a las prácticas de cuidado corporal, hubo una mayor incidencia de preocupaciones alimentarias en los hombres, y la realización de actividad física en las mujeres. Por lo tanto, los resultados indicaron que las prácticas de cuidado corporal varían según las representaciones sociales del cuerpo y el sexo de los participantes. (AU)

Testing a Proactive Model of Successful Aging Among Older Adults in Costa Rica and Spain.

The purpose of this study is to examine successful aging among Spanish-speaking older adults in Costa Rica and in Spain using the proactive framework proposed by Kahana et al. (2014). More specifically, we hypothesized that older adults' life satisfaction would be positively associated with the frequency and perceived level of social support, spirituality/having purpose in life, and the use of proactive physical, cognitive, and social self-care behaviors. Our results confirmed these hypotheses, not only for the overall group of participants, but also separately for older adults in Costa Rica and in Spain. The present study contributes to the literature of successful aging among older adults, by examining the protective factors associated with life satisfaction among Spanish speaking older adults in Costa Rica and in Spain. It identifies specific protective factors (spirituality/purpose in life, social support, and self-care) associated with the values and preferences held by participants in the study.

Tailoring digital apps to support active ageing in a low income community.

Despite physical activity being one of the determinants of healthy aging, older people tend to become less active over the years. Maintaining physical activity levels during the life course is a motivational challenge. Digital tools have been used to change this pattern, such as smartphone applications to support physical activity; but there is a lack of in-depth research on the diversity of user's experiences, especially considering older users or non-users of information and communication technologies. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to identify requirements for designing a mobile app to encourage physical activity in a low-income community population of older people in Brazil (i.e. over 40 years old). METHOD: We conducted a qualitative focus group study, involving by co-design of a physical activity application (Pacer)®. Seventeen volunteers were divided into 2 focus groups of physical active and insufficiently active, and 2 further 4 subgroups in each characterised by digital engagement. The following procedures were performed: (i) baseline assessments; (ii) a focus group with physically active older people and a focus group with insufficiently active older people (iii) design activities with both groups to re-design Pacer. RESULTS: Developing physical activity apps for older people should consider the following features: free application, simple interface, motivational messages using audio and visual information, sharing information among users, multimedia input and sharing and user customisation. In particular, we recommend that exercise apps in low-income communities be tailored to our four categories of users differing in baseline physical activity and digital engagement, to match the social and behavioural preferences we discovered.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of successful aging scale in community-dwelling older adults.

There is a growing consensus regarding the multidimensional nature of successful aging (SA), including both the biomedical and psychosocial domains of the aging process. The Successful Aging Scale (SAS) is a self-rated instrument addressing both of these components. The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the SAS (SAS-B) with regard to reliability and validity in 949 Brazilian community-dwelling older adults (53.60% women; M = 69.49 years; standard deviation = 7.67). Confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) was performed to provide evidence on its structural validity. Convergent and divergent validity was studied by means of examining the relationships of SAS-B with scales concerning resilience, life satisfaction, self-esteem, social support, perceived stress, and health, as well as mental health. The CFA showed that the SAS-B is multidimensional with three correlated factors (χ2 /df = 2.74; standardized root mean square residual = 0.03; root mean square error approximation = 0.04; comparative fit index = 0.91), and its factors showed adequate reliability (ω = 0.70 for Healthy living habits, ω = 0.69 for Adaptive coping, and ω = 0.70 for Engagement with Life). Convergent and divergent validity was endorsed by correlations with related factors. The SAS-B is a reliable and valid self-rated instrument to measure the SA from a multidimensional perspective.

Planejamento Financeiro para a Aposentadoria: Uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura Nacional sob o Viés da Psicologia / Financial Planning for Retirement: A Systematic Review of National Literature / Planificación Financiera para la Jubilación: Una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura Nacional Bajo el Sesgo de la Psicología

O envelhecimento populacional é uma realidade tanto a nível global quanto nacional. No que diz respeito à aposentadoria, o planejamento financeiro para esta etapa da vida é um dos responsáveis por viabilizar o envelhecimento saudável. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever e analisar o estado da arte nacional sobre o planejamento financeiro para aposentadoria, sob o escopo da Psicologia. Foi realizada a busca pelas palavras-chave "planejamento" ou "preparação" e "aposentadoria", em cinco indexadores. A princípio, foram encontrados 270 artigos que, ao passar pelos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram reduzidos para 40 artigos. Os mesmos foram analisados a partir de sete categorias: ano de publicação, abordagem metodológica, setor, público investigado, instituição, elaboração de escalas e forma de abordar o planejamento financeiro. Ao final, foi constatada a necessidade de desenvolver novos estudos e políticas organizacionais que conduzam ao planejamento financeiro para a aposentadoria, fundamental para envelhecer com qualidade. Além do âmbito acadêmico, ações estratégicas precisam ser traçadas principalmente pela área de Recursos Humanos, a fim de sensibilizar os trabalhadores quanto ao planejamento financeiro como medida que deve acompanhar toda a trajetória profissional, para promover bem-estar dentro e fora do trabalho. (AU)

Population aging is a reality at both global and national levels. With regard to retirement, financial planning for this stage of life is one of the responsible for enabling healthy aging. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the state of the art on financial planning for retirement, under the scope of Psychology. For the present systematic review of the literature, the search for the keywords "planning" or "preparation" and "retirement" was carried out in five indexers. At first, 270 articles were found that, when passing through the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were reduced to 40 articles. They were analyzed from seven categories: year of publication, methodological approach, sector, investigated public, institution, elaboration of scales and approach to financial planning. It was verified the need to develop further studies and organizational policies that lead to financial planning for retirement, fundamental to aging with quality. In addition to the academic scope, strategic actions need to be traced mainly by the Human Resources area, in order to sensitize workers about financial planning as a measure that must accompany the entire professional trajectory, to promote well-being inside and outside work. (AU)

El envejecimiento de la población es una realidad tanto a nivel global como nacional. Con respecto a la jubilación, la planificación financiera para esta etapa de la vida es una de las responsables por posibilitar un envejecimiento saludable. El propósito de este estudio es describir y analizar el estado del arte nacional sobre la planificación financiera para la jubilación, en el ámbito de la Psicología. La búsqueda de las palabras clave "planificación" o "preparación" y "jubilación" se llevó a cabo en cinco indizadores. Al principio, se encontraron 270 artículos que, al pasar por los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se redujeron a 40 artículos. Se analizaron siete categorías: año de publicación, enfoque metodológico, sector, público investigado, institución, elaboración de escalas y manera de abordar la planificación financiera. Se verificó la necesidad de desarrollar más estudios y políticas organizacionales que conduzcan a la planificación financiera de la jubilación, fundamental para el envejecimiento con calidad. Mas allá del ámbito académico, las acciones estratégicas deben ser rastreadas principalmente por el área de Recursos Humanos, con el fin de sensibilizar a los trabajadores sobre la planificación financiera como una medida que debe acompañar toda la trayectoria profesional, para promover el bienestar dentro y fuera del trabajo. (AU)

The healthy aging phenotype in older people in Manizales / [Fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable de personas mayores en Manizales].

Introduction: The healthy aging phenotype is present in those individuals that age with low morbidity, no functional or cognitive deterioration, and retain an acceptable level of wellness and social participation. Objective: To establish the frequency of the healthy aging phenotype in older people in the community using a multidimensional, a biomedical, and a psychosocial model and to identify the predicting factors in each model. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. We assessed individuals (n= 402; 50.1% female) aged 65 years or older (69.2 years average) from the urban area of Manizales. The healthy aging phenotype included five domains: biomarkers of physiological and metabolic health, physical capability, cognitive function, and social and psychological wellbeing. We also analyzed sociodemographic- and health-related factors. Results: In the multidimensional model the prevalence of the healthy aging phenotype was 15.5% while in the biomedical model it was 12.3% and in the psychosocial one it was 63.3%. Good self-perceived health was an independent predictor of healthy aging in all the models assessed. Having enough income was a predictor in the biomedical and psychosocial models while being married was the only significant predictor in the psychosocial model. Conclusions: The prevalence of the healthy aging phenotype was low in the biological and multidimensional models (1 of every 10 individuals) and higher in the psychosocial one (6 of every 10 persons). However, independent predictor factors were the same in all models: Self-perceived good or very good health, having enough income and being married.

Introducción. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable está presente en aquellos individuos que envejecen con poca morbilidad, sin deterioro funcional ni cognitivo, y con un nivel aceptable de bienestar y de participación social. Objetivo. Establecer la frecuencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable según un modelo multidimensional, uno biomédico y uno psicosocial, y determinar los factores de predicción en cada uno de ellos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de diseño transversal, observacional y descriptivo, que incluyó a 402 personas (50,1 % mujeres) de 65 años y más (promedio de edad, 69,2) en el área urbana de Manizales. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable se caracterizó en cinco dimensiones: salud metabólica y fisiológica, función física, función cognitiva, bienestar psicológico y bienestar social. Los factores asociados incluyeron aspectos sociodemográficos y de salud. Resultados. La prevalencia de envejecimiento saludable fue de 15,5 % en el modelo multidimensional, de 12,3 % en el biomédico y de 63,3 % en el psicosocial. El tener autopercepción de buena salud fue un factor de predicción independiente de envejecimiento saludable en los tres modelos, así como la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos en el modelo biomédico y en el psicosocial. Un tercer factor de predicción fue el estar casado, aunque fue significativo solamente en el modelo psicosocial. Conclusiones. La prevalencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable fue baja en el modelo biológico y en el multidimensional (1 de cada 10 personas), y mayor en el modelo psicosocial (6 de cada 10). A pesar de ello, los factores predictores independientes fueron los mismos: la autopercepción de buena o muy buena salud, la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos y el estar casado.

Reserva Cognitiva e Abertura à Experiência em idosos sem demência: um estudo correlacional / Cognitive reserve and openness to experience in non-demented elderly people: a correlational study / Reserva cognitiva y apertura a la experiencia en ancianos sin demencia: un estudio correlacional

O objetivo deste artigo foi investigar acerca da Reserva Cognitiva (RC) e da Abertura à Experiência (AE) em idosos sem demência. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, descritiva, correlacional e quantitativa, da qual participaram 31 idosos divididos em dois grupos: Saudável e Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve (CCL). Houve correlação moderada, positiva e significativa (r = 0,463; p < 0,01) entre RC e AE. Percebeu-se que os idosos saudáveis (M = 0,53; DP = 0,10) apresentaram significativamente [t = (29) 3,785; p < 0,01] maior índice de RC em comparação aos idosos com CCL (M = 0,39; DP = 0,11). Os dados confirmaram que existe associação entre RC e AE, e que idosos saudáveis apresentam maior RC, comparados a idosos com CCL. Este estudo possibilitou conhecer possíveis relações e diferenças subjacentes ao processo de aquisição das reservas cognitivas e de fatores relativos a AE, podendo contribuir para que mais pesquisas sejam feitas, buscando maiores evidências no campo da ciência.

El objetivo de este trabajo fui investigar la Reserva Cognitiva (RC) y la Apertura a la Experiencia (AE) en ancianos sin demencia. Es una investigación de campo, descriptiva, correlacional y cuantitativa. Los participantes fueron 31 ancianos divididos en dos grupos: ancianos cognitivamente saludables (GS) y ancianos con deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL). Existió una correlación moderada, positiva y significativa (r = 0.463; p < 0.01) entre RC y AE. El GS (M = 0.53; SD = 0.10) presentó significativamente [t = (29) 3,785; p <0.01] mayor índice RC comparado con el DCL (M = 0.39; SD = 0.11). Los datos confirmaron que existió una asociación entre RC y AE, y que los ancianos cognitivamente sanos tuvieron una RC más alta en comparación con los ancianos con DCL. Este estudio permitió conocer las posibles relaciones y diferencias subyacentes al proceso de adquisición de reservas cognitivas y factores relacionados con la AE y puede contribuir a una mayor investigación, buscando mayor evidencia en el campo de la ciencia.

This paper aimed to analyze the relationship between Cognitive Reserve (CR) and Openness to Experience (OE) in non-demented elderly people. Descriptive, correlational and quantitative research was undertaken. The sample consisted of thirty-one elderly people divided into two groups: healthy and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). There was a moderate, positive and significant correlation (r = 0.463; p < 0.01) between CR and OE. It was found that the healthy controls (M = 0.53; SD = 0.10) present significantly [t = (29) 3,785; p < 0.01] higher CR compared to the elderly with MCI (M = 0.39; SD = 0.11). The data confirm that there was an association between CR and OE and that healthy controls have higher CR compared to the MCI group. This study allowed to know possible relationships and differences underlying the acquisition process of cognitive reserves and factors related to OE and may contribute to further research, seeking more evidence in the field of science.

Community Gerontology Model for Healthy Aging Developed in Mexico Framed in Resilience and Generativity.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this paper are to present the evolutionary development of the Community Model of Healthy Aging (CMHA) and to show the main results of the community gerontology studies framed in each of the stages of the CMHA. METHOD: The study employs a qualitative community-based participatory research approach. We also measured several biochemical parameters, social support networks, and indicators of physical and cognitive functioning. RESULTS: We identified three stages in the development of the CMHA. The first stage was informative (CMHA-I, 1994-2000) with more than 70% of the older adults participating in self-care programs for health. The second stage was formative (CMHA-F, 2001-2015) with more than 80% of older adults participating in self-care, mutual aid, and self-management programs. The third stage was emancipatory (CMHA-E, 2016-2018). In this last stage, we added resilience and generativity as basic elements to strengthen and enhance human capacities during aging, and more than 90% of older adults made optimal use of social support networks as a key strategy. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the addition of resilience and generativity in the CMHA contributed to the active participation of older adults in the maintenance of functioning and the prevention and control of diseases linked to aging.

Life experiences that favor the plenitude and transcendence of the elderly being: a phenomenological-hermeneutical study.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the life experiences that favor the plenitude and transcendence of the elderly being. METHOD: Qualitative study of hermeneutical phenomenological approach. It was conducted from January 2014 to March 2017 in two social groups for seniors. Selection of participants was by intentional sampling with information saturation. Characteristics of participants: men or women aged 60 years and over. Data collection through a phenomenological interview. Study in compliance with the General Law of Health, Subject of Health Research and the Declaration of Helsinki. Analysis through the Heidegger's hermeneutic circle: Pre-understanding, understanding and interpretation. RESULTS: Units of meaning arose. Ontologically, seniors are revealed in their historicity and temporality, emphasize fear and anguish in their daily life, and fall into a feeling of nothing with the need to be authentic that is achieved through care. This understanding of the being is transcendence, and its manifestation is enlightenment. CONCLUSION: Transcendence is favored by care in the life cycle. Nursing as a science of care can promote actions that facilitate the reach of the encounter of seniors at different stages of their lives.

Default Mode Network, Meditation, and Age-Associated Brain Changes: What Can We Learn from the Impact of Mental Training on Well-Being as a Psychotherapeutic Approach?

Aging is a physiological process accompanied by cognitive decline, principally in memory and executive functions. Alterations in the connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) have been found to participate in cognitive decline, as well as in several neurocognitive disorders. The DMN has antisynchronic activity with attentional networks (task-positive networks (TPN)), which are critical to executive function and memory. Findings pointing to the regulation of the DMN via activation of TPN suggest that it can be used as a strategy for neuroprotection. Meditation is a noninvasive and nonpharmacological technique proven to increase meta-awareness, a cognitive ability which involves the control of both networks. In this review, we discuss the possibility of facilitating healthy aging through the regulation of networks through meditation. We propose that by practicing specific types of meditation, cognitive decline could be slowed, promoting a healthy lifestyle, which may enhance the quality of life for the elderly.

Egocentric and allocentric spatial memory in healthy aging: performance on real-world tasks.

Although normal aging has been related to several cognitive difficulties, other processes have been studied less, such as spatial memory. Our aim was to compare egocentric and allocentric memory in an elderly population using ecological tasks. Twenty-eight cognitively unimpaired participants performed Egocentric and Allocentric Spatial Memory Tasks, as well as Spatial Span from CANTAB, Benton's Judge of Line Orientation test (JoLO), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (MoCA). The results revealed that younger participants showed better performance than older participants on both the Egocentric and Allocentric Spatial Memory Tasks, although only the Egocentric test was able to discriminate between younger, middle, and older elderly participants. Learning effect was found in Allocentric Spatial Memory Task in younger and older groups, but not in the middle group. Allocentric and egocentric performance was not related to other visuospatial neuropsychological scores and gender did not influence performance in any task. Egocentric and Allocentric Spatial Memory Tasks may be useful tools in early screening for cognitive decline, as they are able to detect age differences in the cognitive unimpaired elderly population.

[Psychological well-being in non-dependent active elderly individuals and its relationship with self-esteem and self-efficacy]. / Bienestar psicológico en las personas mayores no dependientes y su relación con la autoestima y la autoeficacia.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological well-being, self-efficacy and self-esteem in non-dependent individuals over the age of 60. The participants included 148 seniors between 60 and 96 years of age. Data were collected through the following questionnaires: autonomy and physical and social activity scale, self-efficacy for aging scale, self-esteem scale, and the Spanish version of the wellness psychology scale. The results suggest that psychological well-being was not associated with age, but with a set of psychological factors. Psychological well-being was associated with health perception, physical and sports activities, self-efficacy, self-esteem and autonomy. The last three variables are predictors of psychological well-being. Consequently, self-efficacy and self-esteem are considered promoters of physical, psychological and social well-being, encouraging participation in physical and sports, recreational, social and cognitive activities promoting wellness and, ultimately, active aging.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar las relaciones entre el bienestar psicológico, la autoeficacia para envejecer y la autoestima en personas mayores de 60 años no dependientes. Han participado 148 personas con edades comprendidas entre 60 y 96 años, completando una batería de instrumentos relacionados con la autonomía, el grado y tipo de actividad, la autoeficacia para afrontar el proceso de envejecimiento, la autoestima y el bienestar psicológico. Los resultados indican que el bienestar psicológico no está asociado con la edad, sino con un conjunto de factores de corte psicológico. En concreto la percepción de la salud, las actividades físico-deportivas, la autoeficacia para envejecer, la autoestima y la autonomía se relacionan con el bienestar psicológico, aunque sólo los tres últimos indicadores lo explican. Por tanto la autoeficacia y la autoestima funcionan como promotores del bienestar físico, psicológico y social, de manera que resulta fundamental motivar la participación de los mayores en actividades físico-deportivas, recreativas, sociales y cognitivas promoviendo así su bienestar.

Bienestar psicológico en las personas mayores no dependientes y su relación con la autoestima y la autoeficacia / Psychological well-being in non-dependent active elderly individuals and its relationship with self-esteem and self-efficacy

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar las relaciones entre el bienestar psicológico, la autoeficacia para envejecer y la autoestima en personas mayores de 60 años no dependientes. Han participado 148 personas con edades comprendidas entre 60 y 96 años, completando una batería de instrumentos relacionados con la autonomía, el grado y tipo de actividad, la autoeficacia para afrontar el proceso de envejecimiento, la autoestima y el bienestar psicológico. Los resultados indican que el bienestar psicológico no está asociado con la edad, sino con un conjunto de factores de corte psicológico. En concreto la percepción de la salud, las actividades físico-deportivas, la autoeficacia para envejecer, la autoestima y la autonomía se relacionan con el bienestar psicológico, aunque sólo los tres últimos indicadores lo explican. Por tanto la autoeficacia y la autoestima funcionan como promotores del bienestar físico, psicológico y social, de manera que resulta fundamental motivar la participación de los mayores en actividades físico-deportivas, recreativas, sociales y cognitivas promoviendo así su bienestar.

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological well-being, self-efficacy and self-esteem in non-dependent individuals over the age of 60. The participants included 148 seniors between 60 and 96 years of age. Data were collected through the following questionnaires: autonomy and physical and social activity scale, self-efficacy for aging scale, self-esteem scale, and the Spanish version of the wellness psychology scale. The results suggest that psychological well-being was not associated with age, but with a set of psychological factors. Psychological well-being was associated with health perception, physical and sports activities, self-efficacy, self-esteem and autonomy. The last three variables are predictors of psychological well-being. Consequently, self-efficacy and self-esteem are considered promoters of physical, psychological and social well-being, encouraging participation in physical and sports, recreational, social and cognitive activities promoting wellness and, ultimately, active aging.

Egocentric and allocentric spatial memory in healthy aging: performance on real-world tasks

Although normal aging has been related to several cognitive difficulties, other processes have been studied less, such as spatial memory. Our aim was to compare egocentric and allocentric memory in an elderly population using ecological tasks. Twenty-eight cognitively unimpaired participants performed Egocentric and Allocentric Spatial Memory Tasks, as well as Spatial Span from CANTAB, Benton's Judge of Line Orientation test (JoLO), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (MoCA). The results revealed that younger participants showed better performance than older participants on both the Egocentric and Allocentric Spatial Memory Tasks, although only the Egocentric test was able to discriminate between younger, middle, and older elderly participants. Learning effect was found in Allocentric Spatial Memory Task in younger and older groups, but not in the middle group. Allocentric and egocentric performance was not related to other visuospatial neuropsychological scores and gender did not influence performance in any task. Egocentric and Allocentric Spatial Memory Tasks may be useful tools in early screening for cognitive decline, as they are able to detect age differences in the cognitive unimpaired elderly population.